Conference Session

CoED: Potpourri

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jiawen Wang, University of Detroit Mercy; Chaomin Luo, University of Detroit Mercy; Wenbing Zhao, Cleveland State University; Xinde Li, School of Automation, Southeast University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

[4].This study follows this line of research and intends to fine-tune the project-based methodology(PBM) in a lab course design under the theoretical framework of self-regulation. We believe thePBM enhanced with some features of self-regulation will not only achieve PBM’s originalpurpose of immersive experience but also empower the students in the sense of becoming activeagents seeking to achieve goals through self-reflection and self-adjustment [8].Under the framework of social cognitive theory of learning mainly driven by Albert Bandura [5,6], people, and not environmental forces, are the predominant causes of their own behavior [9].This personal agency, the potential to control our own behavior, grows out of our skills of self-control and

Conference Session

Computing Technology Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

A Gavrin, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Rebecca Susan Lindell

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

. CN supports all common browsers and platforms, and is also accessible throughiOS and Android Apps.Although CN includes many of the features of a traditional learning management system (LMS),CN offers several unique benefits, and is quite distinct from typical LMS systems such as Canvasand Blackboard. It is notable that the CN interface highlights student contributions, rather thanfaculty-defined course structure. The bulk of the screen “real estate” is devoted to a running listof students’ posts and reflections on posts. The appearance is similar to a Facebook “wall.”Students and faculty can post freely to this area in a number of formats, including “posts,”“polls,” and “reflections” on previous input. Posts may include images, videos, links

Conference Session

Software Engineering Concepts

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anurag Goswami, North Dakota State University; Gursimran Singh Walia, North Dakota State University; Ganesh Padmanabhan, North Dakota State University; Mark E McCourt, Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

saccades instead of reading in a linearfashion. Modern eye tracking system works by reflecting infra-red light on an eye, and recordingthe reflection pattern. Early research [26] in eye tracking showed that, people tend to incorporateregressive fixations and saccades (instead of reading in a linear fashion) when faced withcomprehension difficulty to review their understanding and retention.These eye movement factors represents the amount of cognitive processing involved by anindividual [27]. Cognitive psychologists used eye tracking technology [28], [29] to understandVisual/Verbal and Sequential/Global LS preference of individuals by displaying information ona computer monitor. The results showed that visual learners tend to focus at the pictures

Conference Session

First Year Computing Topics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Krishnendu Ghosh, Miami University; Michele D Dickey, Miami University; Laurena Werner, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

procedural steps and important concepts in the assignment. e. My group was satisfied with how our assignments turned out.The aforementioned assignment helped the students to demonstrate their project based on theirimplementation and also, critique the projects of other students who were members of theirgroup. The in-class assignment and reflection gave exposure to other student projects. Also, theinstructor provided feedback on the Software version 1.0 and additional features wererecommended to be incorporated in Software version 2.0.Software version 2.0: Modify the Software version 1.0 based on the feedback received. State clearly how you have incorporated the feedback in Software version 2.0.The assignment, Software version

Conference Session

Computing Technology Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Carlson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Ryan Smith, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

strategies for completing the assignment. The third and fourth segments (Peer Review and Self- Review) accelerate learning throughapplication of a rubric and reflection on self-performance. In these segments, studentsdemonstrate an understanding of task requirements by critiquing the work of others. Then,students consolidate their learning gains by reviewing their own submission and reflecting onways to improve. The fifth and last segment collects performance data /peer commentary anddisplays results both to instructors and students. This last segment reinforces learning by givinga composite

Conference Session

Work-in-Progress Posters: Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tara N. Kimmey; Thad B. Welch, Boise State University; Cameron H. G. Wright P.E., University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

heat; e. simple electromagnets and magnetism; and f. historical contributions in understanding electricity.SOL 5.2 states: The student will investigate and understand how sound is created andtransmitted, and how it is used. Key concepts include: a. compression waves; b. vibration, compression, wavelength, frequency, amplitude; c. the ability of different media (solids, liquids, and gases) to transmit sound; and d. uses and applications of sound waves.5.3 states: The student will investigate and understand basic characteristics of visible light andhow it behaves. Key concepts include: a. transverse waves; b. the visible spectrum; c. opaque, transparent, and translucent; d. reflection of light from reflective

Conference Session

Computing Technology Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Petr Johanes, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

., students elaborating, paraphrasing, or reflecting onconflicts between prior and new knowledge) compared to when the format was inconsistent. Theresearchers found a main effect of text type, F(1, 73) = 8.43, p < 0.010, η2 < 0.10, significantinteraction between text type and epistemic beliefs, F(1, 73) = 15.08, p < 0.001, η2 < 0.17, but nomain effect of epistemic beliefs, F(1, 73) = 2.75, p < 0.100. Second, students recalled moretextual information when the text representation was congruent with student epistemic beliefsthan when the text representation was incongruent with student epistemic beliefs. For instance,the metaphorical group recalled more textual information from a metaphorical than from arational text, t(47) = 2.49, p

Conference Session

CoED: Potpourri

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald F. DeMara P.E., University of Central Florida; Baiyun Chen, University of Central Florida; Richard Hartshorne, University of Central Florida; Ramtin Zand, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

reflection and growth. Specific and structuredfeedback that can be provided via digitized formative assessments facilitate student mastery andhave a positive correlation with student achievement. Further, digitized formative assessmentsallow instructors to mine assessment results for learning gaps and misconceptions, informingmodifications to instructional approaches, pace, and ordering of content. Digitized formativeassessments become a critical component of a comprehensive pedagogical framework, whichmaximizes the benefits of particular instructional strategies, while mitigating specific drawbacks.A comparison between some of the existing digitization approaches for STEM programs and theapproaches covered in our ADI Workshop is provided in Table

Conference Session

Work-in-Progress Posters: Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Darren K. Maczka, Virginia Tech; Jacob R. Grohs, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

shaping), it is especially relevant when makingdecisions regarding how to synthesize these results into practice. Any changes to assessment mustalways be accompanied with reflection about how changes might affect different people, inparticular those who have been historically disadvantaged. In short, we caution against rushing toFigure 1: Screenshot of ELAN during data analysis. The large pane contains the screen capturevideo, the smaller window shows the front facing camera of a member of the research team fordemonstration purposes. These two video streams, and the audio, are played in sync using theplayback controls below the video panes. Below that we see the audio waveform and customdefined tiers, ELAN’s term for a single analytic layer of

Conference Session

Work-in-Progress Posters: Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ting-Ting Wu, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology; Yueh-Min Ray Huang, National Cheng-Kung University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

. Fostering students' creative thinking and unleashing theirimagination thus develops their capacity for innovation, which is now essential inengineering education.IntroductionCompetitive market structures are changing, and industry is gradually demanding anincreasingly large number of cross-disciplinary and innovative employees. Therefore,engineering education should, in addition to teaching traditional skills, also focus ontraining students in the ability to solve engineering problems innovatively. Creativethinking and an integrated curriculum can be used to develop students' creativethinking, critical reflection, and adaptation skills.Creativity education curricula have traditionally differed because there are differentopinions and explanations

Conference Session

CoED: Potpourri

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Osman Yasar, State University of New York, Brockport; Jose Maliekal, The College at Brockport, State University of New York; Peter Veronesi, The College at Brockport - SUNY; Leigh J Little, SUNY Brockport

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

underlyingstructure. This duality of basic computation manifests itself in other higher level processes aswe discuss it later.Another cause may be the control and use of electronic devices by biological computingagents. Our use of an electronic device can certainly reflect the way we use our ownbiological computing device (i.e., our mind). Their utilization, however, depends on how weuse them. So far, we have used electronic devices in various ways, including programming(text-based and visual), office work, communication, visual arts, video games, virtual reality,modeling and simulations. These range from easy tasks (e.g., automation of repetitive andvoluminous work) to complex tasks (e.g., solving systems of differential equations for whichthere is no

Conference Session

Computing Technology Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Swaroop Joshi, The Ohio State University; Neelam Soundarajan, Ohio State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

public university in theMidwestern United States, participated in this study. 24 of them answered a post-activity ques-tionnaire which reflected, among other things, the demographic information. The respondentsconsisted of 83% CS majors and 17% non-majors. Three-fourths of the respondents were males.About 46% of them identified as Caucasians and an equal number were Asians, while 4% of therespondents were African-Americans and 8% Hispanics.3.2 ProceduresThe students of the course were given two assignments in the form of online-discussions on the twotools: (1) Piazza (http://piazza.com), a popular online-discussion forum used in thousandsof courses across the world, including CSE courses at this university, and (2) CONSIDER, the webapp we

Conference Session

COED: EE Topics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua Alexéi García Sheridan, Virginia Tech; Richard M. Goff, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education; Carl B Dietrich P.E., Virginia Tech; Vuk Marojevic, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Nicholas F Polys, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; R. Michael Buehrer, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

observed were most certainlysignificant themselves as shown by the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test. As stated before, thequizzes were structured similarly to one another, but did not necessarily cover exactly the sameproblem topics or types in each of the three iterations. It is therefore possible that concepts moreeffectively learned in the classroom were more salient in Quiz 2 than either of the other twoquizzes.Additionally, the Wilcoxon test decisively shows that the quiz performance differences forstudents that received the intervention did not approach a point that was significant for Quizzes 1and 3, and there were several more cases where students did worse overall than better on theQuiz 3. This is also reflected in the general means for quiz

Conference Session

First Year Computing Topics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vanessa Svihla, University of New Mexico; Woong Lim, University of New Mexico; Elizabeth Ellen Esterly, University of New Mexico; Irene A Lee, MIT; Melanie E Moses, Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico; Paige Prescott, University of New Mexico; Tryphenia B. Peele-Eady Ph.D., University of New Mexico

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

conductstructured observations of in-class engagement.Our preliminary analysis suggests that building on the interests, experiences, and knowledge thatpotential CS majors bring with them to class, and connecting curricula to emerging issues cansupport the learning experiences of students traditionally underrepresented in CS. For example,in the extension of the week 2 module in which students programed agents to draw their names,students were asked to create a design to reflect something about themselves. Students drewspirals, sine waves and other geometric shapes; some students wrote their names in cursive (onewith step-by-step agent instructions, another creating curves from mathematical functions); manydrew intricate emblems or logos illustrating aspects

Conference Session

CoED: Computer Science Topics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Curtis Cohenour P.E., Ohio University; Audra Anjum, Ohio University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

ETM program must take and pass as a requisite for subsequent ETMcourses. The class is taught online and is approximately 50% Microsoft Excel, 40% Access, and10% other Microsoft Office products, including PowerPoint and Visio. Database skills arenecessary for subsequent courses taught in detail using Microsoft Structured Query Language(SQL). Access® introduces the students to tables, keys, relationships, and queries which are usedin the subsequent classes.The main motivation for developing the grader was to provide detailed, timely, and objectivefeedback on a high volume of gradable material to students in a large online class. Thepromptness of the feedback was crucial, as it allowed students to reflect on their errors, takecorrective actions

Conference Session

CoED: Embedded Systems and Robotics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cameron H. G. Wright P.E., University of Wyoming; Thad B. Welch, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

challenges cameradesigners. For example, normal glass appropriate for visible wavelengths tends to reflect ratherthan pass IR wavelengths, and normal camera imaging sensors (CMOS or CCD) have IR-blockingfilters to prevent saturation.21–23 This latter point is required because the silicon-based sensor ar-rays respond strongly to what are called the near-IR wavelengths, as can be seen in Figure 2. Theseand other challenges have been overcome by camera designers, and IR cameras are now availablethat combine reasonable price with acceptable image measurement quality. 10 km 10 m 10 mm 10 µm 10 nm 10 pm wavelength

Conference Session

CoED: Computer Science Topics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahmoud K Quweider, University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley; Fitratullah Khan, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

step; the visualizationsdefined the pre-conditions before which a student can watch or run them, so that context is well-defined and not lost; and finally, the visualizations were organized to reflect the mentalorganization that the student is creating.The paper gives details about the visualization algorithms, the criteria for their selection andinclusion in the curriculum, the students’ immediate feedback, and survey results, taken by thestudents, that contrast the traditional ways of teaching CS and STEM concepts vs. the additionaluse of the developed visualizations. Our survey results shed light on whether visualizations makegood tools for teaching, and if they have an effect on the rate (how quickly) of learning.Conclusions and

Conference Session

Computing Technology Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elif Miskioglu, Bucknell University; Kaela M Martin, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

noted, students in the orbitalmechanics class are from two different tracks (aeronautics or astronautics) as well as differentclass years (juniors and seniors). While these students have shared aspects of their curricularexperiences, they have not taken all of the same core technical courses together. The separationscourse, on the other hand, is a class of chemical engineering juniors who have shared their entiredisciplinary coursework. Thus, the variability in their experiences with respect to instructor andchemical engineering curriculum is negligible. This may reflect why the chemical engineeringcourse showed no statistically significant results, and the relatively small variability in answersobserved. In fact, all students in the

Conference Session

First Year Computing Topics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nebojsa I Jaksic P.E., Colorado State University, Pueblo; Boyan Li; Benjamin Maestas; Katheryn Michelle Rothermal

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

includes sections on previous work, curricular context, description of the robotichardware with associated integrated development environment (IDE), and educationalexperiences for the robot builders as well as the first-year students. The results of a shortquestionnaire are provided and analyzed and appropriate conclusions drawn.Previous WorkThe importance of laboratory experiences and projects in engineering education can be justifiedby various learning theories, e.g., “Kolb’s Experiential Learning Cycle.” According to Kolb1,regardless of the learning style, people learn best if they follow a cycle consisting of four steps(axes): experiencing (concrete experience), watching (reflective observation), thinking/modeling(abstract conceptualization

Conference Session

CoED: Computer Science Topics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Afrin Naz, West Virginia University Institute of Technology; Mingyu Lu, West Virginia University Institute of Technology; Cody Ryan Zackoski, West Virginia University Institute of Technology; Caleb R Dingus, West Virginia University Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

user to learn about reflection, rotation, and transcribingpoints using a square with four points on the corners. Pressing the buttons shows how each pointis moved around the graph.Sample Scratch project developed for English class:The Vocab Project is a program that allows the user to take a vocab quiz to test their knowledgeof words taught in class. The program will tell the user if they got the answer right or not andexplain what words they need to review the definitions.Sample Scratch project developed for Music class:The Music Intro Project is a fun and simple program to introduce the rules and expectations of amusic/digital arts class. It uses animations and music to explain the syllabus and some of theguidelines for the class

Conference Session

COED: EE Topics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rustin Webster, Purdue University, New Albany; Joseph F Dues Jr., Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

decades. VR might be able to address them all with its ability to offer anew type of discovery and organic exploration to encourage lifelong learning.  Attention Gap. Attention spans have been decreasing over the past decade with the increase in external stimulation (Statistic Brain Research Institute, 2016). An exception to this is gaming, where it has shown that users are able to engage for extended periods.  Time-Effective Use Gap. Opportunities for a learner to apply the knowledge and/or practice the skills that are being taught are limited.  Pedagogy Gap. Modern pedagogy is not reflective of how the world looks and acts like in the 21st century and shows much resistance to change.Of course, with any new

Conference Session

CoED: Embedded Systems and Robotics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Henry Schulz, The Ohio State University; Evan J. Danish, The Ohio State University; Tyler Wolf Leonhardt, Microsoft Corporation; John William Jackson, Ohio State University; David Joseph Frank, Ohio State University; Richard J. Freuler, The Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

took for events on thecourse to be reflected on the course computer’s display. This was caused by the overheadinvolved with creating and sending the messages, and with generating the address for a messagereceiver. Network packets sent via UDP, as in the original framework, are not guaranteed toarrive at their destination nor to arrive in any particular order, and issues involving droppedpackets impacted performance as well.These issues impacted the students because the tasks that their robots completed would notregister as soon as they needed to for the students to adequately progress in the challenge.Additionally, the steep learning curve of the system made it difficult to learn for new developers,which hindered the original intent for a

Conference Session

CoED: Computer Science Topics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lulu Sun, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach; Christina Frederick, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach; Li Ding, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Rebecca Rohmeyer, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

are those of the authorsand do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. The authors alsowould like to acknowledge the effort from Ms. Caroline Liron, Dr. Matthew Verleger, whohelped conduct the project in their classes, Dr. James Pembridge who offered suggestions on theproject design and implementation, and the support from the Institution Research at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University who conducted and collected the survey data for this project.Bibliography1. Bualuan, R. (2006). Teaching Computer Programming Skills to First-year Engineering Students Using Fun Animation in MATLAB,” Paper presented at the 2006 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, Chicago, IL.2

Conference Session

Computing Technology Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M T Taher; Usman Ghani, Robert Morris University; Ahmed S. Khan, DeVry University, Addison

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

methodology will not only improve students’ learningbut will also offer low-cost and flexible training platform necessary for 21st century students.Even though AUC is a preferable type of feedback compared to KCR, it is more complex andtherefore expensive to develop. Instructional designers are often interested in efficiency. It mightbe expected that the additional steps necessary for AUC would require more study time.References [1] Nahvi, M. (1996). Dynamics of student-computer interaction in a simulation environment: Reflections on curricular issues. Proceedings of the IEEE Frontiers in Education, USA, 1383-1386. [2] Hsieh, S., & Hsieh, P.Y. (2004). Integrating virtual learning system for programmable logic controller

Conference Session

Work-in-Progress Posters: Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oscar Antonio Perez, University of Texas, El Paso; Peter Golding, University of Texas, El Paso; Virgilio Ernesto Gonzalez, University of Texas, El Paso; Mike Thomas Pitcher, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

PT Work Family Other Students 104 3 33 38 33 Percentage 97.20% 2.80% 30.80% 35.50% 30.80% Table 5. Shows question 5 and the results of the answers received for question 5In addition to results shown in Table 5 reflecting what other commitments students have everyweek; an average of Work/Family/Other commitments was calculated with results showing anaverage of 52.1 hours committed to activities per student. Table 6 shown below displays thestudents’ preference by grouping the answers from question one into two groups. These twogroups being prefer and not prefer

Conference Session

Computing Technology Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emre Tokgoz, Quinnipiac University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

responses. The nature of quantitativeresults consist of probabilities that reflect the students’ technology preferences and the variationanalysis of the programming preferences across different research questions. The results presentedin this paper help to determine and understand engineering students’ technology choices forsolving different calculus problems based on their technology education. The participants of thisInstitutional Review Board (IRB) approved research completed the third calculus course of a four-course calculus sequence. This article is a continuation of another IRB approved research that wasconducted by the researcher at a large Midwest U.S. institution.Key Words: Computer programming preference; Undergraduate education

Conference Session

Computing Technology Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter J Clarke, Florida International University; Debra Lee Davis, Florida International University; Raymond Chang Lau, Florida International University; Yujian Fu P.E., Alabama A&M University; James D Kiper, Miami University; Gursimran Singh Walia, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

introduction to the instructors’view of WReSTT-CyLE, one (1) session on using DLOs in WReSTT-CyLE, two (2) sessions on de-signing and conducting a research study, and two (2) sessions on using software testing tools in theclassroom. Additional details of the workshops can be found at http://wrestt.cis.fiu.edu/events.On average for each WISTPC workshops held at FIU, there were 19 applications for the work-shops, 14 applicants attended the workshops, 27 total attendees (including PIs and students) at-tended the workshops, and 18 institutions were represented at the workshops. Based on the surveysconducted at the workshops the attendees found the workshops to be very helpful, relevant to theircourses and interesting. This was reflected in attendees

Conference Session

Computing Technology Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan L. Miertschin, University of Houston, College of Technology (MERGED MEMBERSHIP WITH COE); Barbara Louise Stewart, University of Houston; Carole E. Goodson, University of Houston (CoT)

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

they need technical support. It isinteresting to note that these findings were consistent among students regardless of their levels ofexperience with online and face-to-face course formats. We might conclude that these aregenerally universal needs for all students, and thus, issues of prompt communication andfeedback may merit solid attention from course designers and faculty members.Value for instructor roles related to technologyOverwhelmingly student responses to the question “What can your instructor do with technologyto better support your academic success?” requested more use of technology. This reflects apositive outlook for the use of technologies to increase learning. Because students saw greatopportunities to enhance their success

Conference Session

Computing Technology Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Petr Johanes, Stanford University; Larry Lagerstrom, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

personalcomputer in the 1980s and the obvious possibility of using the computer as an automated form oftutor, or as an “intelligent tutoring system” (ITS). [42] An ITS is “any computer system thatperforms teaching or tutoring functions (e.g., selecting assignments, asking questions, givinghints, evaluating responses, providing feedback, prompting reflection, providing comments thatboost student interest) and adapts or personalizes those functions by modeling students’cognitive, motivational or emotional states.” [31] As might be expected, STEM topics – andcomputer science in particular – proved well-suited to these modeling efforts. Not only werecomputer scientists the ones designing the computers in the first place, but they were alsooperating in a