Conference Session

Student Development and Assessment in IE Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kim LaScola Needy, University of Arkansas; Edward A. Pohl, University of Arkansas; Eric Specking, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

economic analysis, sustainable engineering, and integrated resource management. She is a member of ASEE, ASEM, APICS, IIE, and SWE. She is a licensed P.E. in Kansas.Dr. Edward A. Pohl, University of Arkansas Edward A. Pohl is an Associate Professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering at the University of Arkansas. Pohl spent 20 years in the U.S. Air Force, where he served in a variety of engineering, analysis, and academic positions during his career. He received a Ph.D. in system and industrial engineering from the University of Arizona in 1995, a M.S. in reliability engineering from the University of Arizona in 1993, a M.S. in system engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) in 1988, a M.S

Conference Session

Advances in Engineering Economy Pedagogy

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jane Fraser, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Ray Tsai, Taiwan

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

: choice among three carsBecause Car 1 has the lowest miles, lowest price, and newest year, it is better than the other twocars on every criterion and the decision is easy. Car 1 dominates the other Cars. We call adecision problem containing a dominated alternative “not interesting.” We call a decisionproblem containing no dominated alternative “interesting.”Assuming no ties in preferences among alternatives, we can represent a decision problem with 3alternatives and 3 criteria in a 3 x 3 matrix; an example is shown in Figure 2, where B indicatesthe best value on that criterion, W the worst value, and M the middle value. Each column musthave one B, one M, and one W. Criterion

Conference Session

Engineering Economics New Frontiers

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hector E. Medina, Liberty University; Kyle Michael Ceffaratti, Liberty University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

consideration. The presentworth (PW) and Costs (C) associated with those alternatives are provided in Table 1.Alternatives are labeled A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H, for simplicity. Using incremental BCRanalysis, determine the best alternative to be recommended.Solution (Note: All cash flows presented from now on are to be understood as to be multipliedby 1000. So for example, in table 1, the cost of alternative A is to be understood as $4 million($4,000 *1000), the PW Benefit of alternative H as $20 million (20,000 *1000), and so forth.):Step 1) Since the potential alternatives are already provided, step 1 is already taken care of. Step2) we calculate the BCR of each alternative, which is shown in Table 2; only those alternativeswith BCR ≥ 1 are further

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Isaac W Wait, Marshall University; Sameh M. El-Sayegh, American University of Sharjah; Salwa Mamoun Beheiry, The American University of Sharjah

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

. (2008). Understanding randomness and its impact on student learning: lessons learned from building the Biology Concept Inventory (BCI). CBE-Life Sciences Education, 7(2), 227-233. [4] Smith, M. K., Wood, W. B., & Knight, J. K. (2008). The genetics concept assessment: a new concept inventory for gauging student understanding of genetics. CBE-Life Sciences Education, 7(4), 422-430. [5] Midkiff, K. C., Litzinger, T. A., & Evans, D. L. (2001). Development of engineering thermodynamics concept inventory instruments. In Frontiers in Education Conference, 2001. 31st Annual (Vol. 2, pp. F2A- F23). IEEE. [6] Martin, J., Mitchell, J., & Newell, T. (2003, November). Development of a concept inventory

Conference Session

Advances in Engineering Economy Pedagogy

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Ristroph, University of Louisiana, Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

equivalent to be placed at the time of the last series flow, and b. the last parameter to equal the number of series flows, the time of the last flow minus one period before the first flow. 3. Note that F|P has a last parameter equal to the number of periods, the time of the com- pound amount minus the time of the prior amount. 4. Present why F|A needs: a. the prior amount placed before the first series flow, and b. the last parameter to equal the number of series flows, the time of the last flow minus one period before the first flow. Unknown deposits are shown in Figure 2. The typical three-step solution uses factors differ-ent from the unknown withdrawals problem, even though the

Conference Session

Engineering Economy -- The Introductory Course

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Jablonowski, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

in project economics andengineering statistics.The Base CaseWe first examine a risk-neutral utility maximizing decision-maker with a utility function givenby U *$ X + ? Xu , where u is the unit of utility.b The base case is depicted in Figure 1. The Page 13.1335.2decision-maker faces a choice between investing in a project or doing nothing. If he invests, theunconditional probability of success is estimated to be 0.15 with a payoff of $500. Theunconditional probability of failure is estimated to be 0.85 with payoff of -$100. If he doesnothing, the payoff is $0. The expected utility of node B is computed as follows:EU *B + ? 0.15U *$500

Conference Session

Advances in Engineering Economy Pedagogy

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abhijit Gosavi, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

, (b) using a combination of DAVN and EMSR todetermine the seat-allocation for a small network with 5 legs, and (c) usingpriceline.com or some other travel website to obtain trends on how airlineprices are changed over time by the airlines especially in the last few daysbefore takeoff. Most of the projects had a significant programming Page 14.1149.6component since practicing revenue managers are expected to be verycomfortable with computer programming.4. OutcomesTeaching the course resulted in numerous outcomes that will be describedhere. Unfortunately, no student evaluations were available because theinstructor (author) had already resigned from the department

Conference Session

Applications of Engineering Economy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Robertson, Arizona State University; Michael Kozicki, Arizona State University; Slobodan Petrovic, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

environment Exploit 8 System technology qualified 9 Technology has successful mission operations Figure 1. Technology Readiness Levels The TRI is important because it is accepted for risk identification and analysis. The levels are defined in great detail in the DOD literature but they can also be summarized concisely and usefully as shown in figure 1. The limitation of the TRI is that it was designed to assess components and cannot handle the diversity of concepts and expectations involved in determination of a whole new technology. It was the starting point for the work described in this paper. b. The risk attaching to

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hector E. Medina, Liberty University; Benjamin T. Scoville, Liberty University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

, and marine aquaculture. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016Implementation and Evaluation of Visual Algorithm to Teach Benefit-to-Cost Ratio AnalysisIn the recent past, we developed a novel, visual, simple algorithm to teach incremental benefit-to-cost ratio (BCR) analysis to first- and second-year engineering students. The impetus behindthat endeavor was twofold: (a) BCR analysis is the most used technique for economic analysisand decision making in the public sector, and (b) to accommodate to the visual learning stylethat dominates in the engineering student demographics. In the present follow-up work, we: (1)carried out statistical analysis to assess the reception and

Conference Session

New Topics in Engineering Economics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Ristroph, University of Louisiana-Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

thatessentially has the same questions, but with different numbers. Please read the followingalternatives carefully and indicate whether you think that this is a good idea IF: a. No answers or solutions are available. b. Answers are provided for some of each student's problems, but no solutions. c. Answers are provided for some of all of each student's problems, but no solutions. d. Answers are provided for some of each student's problems, and solutions are provided for some of each student's problems(before the homework's due date). e. Answers are provided for all of each student's problems, and olutions are provided for each problem, but the solution uses ifferent numbers than the student's problem. f. Answers are provided for all of

Conference Session

Integrating Research

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen M. Bursic, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

, introduced the same course material, and students were given the samehomework assignments, quizzes, and exams. Clickers were introduced in the experimentalsection but not in the two comparison sections. The experimental section (fall, 2011) consistedof 67 industrial engineering students and while comparison section A (fall, 2010) also consistedof only industrial engineering students (61 students enrolled), comparison section B (fall, 2011)consisted of 69 students that were primarily civil engineers but also included students frommechanical, computer, and electrical engineering. In addition, while both the experimental andcomparison section A were taught in two one hour and fifteen minute lectures per week,comparison section B was taught in one two

Conference Session

Frontiers in Engineering Economy

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Brach, University of the District of Columbia; Ahmet Zeytinci, University of the District of Columbia; Pradeep Behera, University of the District of Columbia

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

fee will be Page 14.551.6considered as interest.Capital Recovery SchemesIn Figure 1, Diagrams A, B, & C illustrate three ways of recovering the value of a loan (capitalrecovery). Diagram A is the method proffered by this paper. The principle would be paid backin equal installments. There would be no interest in the traditional sense; there would be a fee ofeither 1% or 0.5% annually of the total value of the loan paid monthly with the principle.Diagram B represents the payment of a constant amount of the loan paid back with interest eachmonth on the unpaid balance of the loan. Diagram C represents the traditional equal monthlypayments

Conference Session

Effective Tools for Teaching Engineering Economy

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Ryan, Iowa State University; John Jackman, Iowa State University; Rahul Marathe, Iowa State University; Pavlo Antonenko, Iowa State University; Piyamart Kumsaikaew, Iowa State University; Dale Niederhauser, Iowa State University; Craig Ogilvie, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

average, greater separationbetween the signal and noise means ( A′ = 0.994) than other teams; their average B′′ value of-0.014 indicated a bias towards the yes response (meaning that, on average, they picked a highernumber of resources as relevant, even though some of them were irrelevant). On the other hand,teams selecting outsourcing cost as the most critical parameter had on average slightly smallerseparation than the previous group ( A′ = 0.992) and a slightly larger bias towards yes signals( B′′ = -0.125). The eight teams that selected labor costs as the most critical parameter had thelowest Hit and False Alarm rates compared to the previous two groups, resulting in a slightlysmaller separability ( A′ = 0.991) and a net bias towards the no

Conference Session

Improving course effectiveness

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abhijit Gosavi, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Jane M. Fraser, Colorado State University, Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

positive outcomes shown in the literature that are particularlyrelevant to us are: a. Students retain what they have learned over a long period of time (Dochy et al.1). b. Students can generalize what they have learned to other areas in related fields (Patel et al10). c. Students are encouraged to be curious (Hmelo-Silver et al.5). d. Students gain more domain knowledge (Mergendoller et al.8). e. Students are encouraged to think simultaneously rather than sequentially and question prior learning (Gallow3).It is necessary to explain how these claimed benefits can result from using PBL. PBL forcesstudents to think on their own. Very importantly PBL helps them recognize that many conceptsin IE were

Conference Session

Integrating Research

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kellie Grasman, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Suzanna Long, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Sean Michael Schmidt, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

AC 2012-3147: HYBRID DELIVERY OF ENGINEERING ECONOMY TOLARGE CLASSESKellie Grasman, Missouri University of Science & Technology Kellie Grasman serves as an instructor in engineering management and systems engineering at Missouri University of Science and Technology. She holds graduate degrees in engineering and business admin- istration from the University of Michigan and began teaching in 2001 after spending several years in industry positions. She was named the 2011-12 Robert B. Koplar Professor of Engineering Management for her achievements in online learning. She serves as an eMentor for the University of Missouri System and earned a Faculty Achievement Award for teaching.Dr. Suzanna Long, Missouri

Conference Session

Frontiers in Engineering Economy

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Lundquist, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

recovery period in B-2 can B-1 be used.These tables provide three different recovery periods labeled class life, GDS (MACRS)and ADS. Class life is the number of years used to establish the GDS and ADS for eachkind of property. GDS is the MACRS property class and is the most widely usedrecovery period. ADS refers to the Alternate Depreciation System which is a straight linedepreciation method which can be elected in many cases but would rarely beadvantageous. The ADS recovery period is always greater than the GDS recoveryperiod.Each of the five books provides a table based on Publication 946 with examples drawnfrom tables B-1 and B-2. Each, as would be expected, uses different examples. Two failto make it clear that the brief table is only a

Conference Session

Instructional Design

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Naveen Seth, New Community College at CUNY; Donald P. O'Keefe, Farmingdale State College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

ork. The estim mates repressent “planneed value” forr a task and aarecompared d with actuaal value that is i accountedd for while trracking prodduction whenn the taskcommencces. The proj oject manageer collects job b tickets from the site thhat show ratee of productiionfor the taask. The dataa tells them if i they are unnder or over budget or ahhead of or behind scheddule.The impo ortance has always a been stressed thaat project maanagers shouuld be aware of how theproject was w estimated d in case anyy changes occcur.Data thatt is proprietaary or that is acquired thrrough a subsscription fee can presentt a barrier

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

K. Jo Min, Iowa State University; John Jackman, Iowa State University; Michelle Zugg, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

on engineering projects.Under these circumstances, for such projects, it is essential that engineering students have: A. active decision making capabilities exploiting the aforementioned strategic flexibility as the uncertainties such as electric power prices or fossil fuel costs unfold over time. B. a useful framework for critical decision making that adds managerial insights and facilitates development of intuition behind decision making under uncertainties. For example, why does volatility increase the value of flexibility (when the flexibility is viewed as an option, its holders do not lose from increased uncertainties if things turn out wrong, but gain if they turn out right because the real

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert P. Leland, Oral Roberts University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

., Zeytinci, A, Behera, P., “Engineering Economics Applied to Public Policy Issues,” ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings, 2009. 9. Fragoso-Diaz, G. M., Gray, B., Jones, E., “Enhancing Students’ Learning Experience Using Case Studies,” ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings, 2015. 10. Tong, J., Nachtman, H., “Economic Analysis of disruptions on the Mississippi River: An Engineering Economy Educational Case Study“ ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings, 2016. 11. Ivry, Bob, “Woman Who Couldn’t Be Intimidated by Citigroup Wins $31 Million”, Bloomberg, May 31, 2012, www.yahoo.com/news/woman-who-couldn%E2%80%99t- be-intimidated-by-citigroup-wins--31-million.html . 12. Nessman, Ravi, Professor on quest for India’s hidden

Conference Session

Innovative IE Course Content

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Ann Layton, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Thomas Reed Willemain, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

.,gender, number of previous statistics courses). Later, final exam grades were added to thedataset. Each record was de-identified and given a random identification number based on thestudent’s current course (e.g., MAU04 or QC12). Since the experiments were embedded withina normal course format, student subjects are unlikely to have perceived an extraordinary stress,which in any case should be less than that of a conventional course requirement (e.g., classassignments), particularly since performance on these exercises was not used in a calculation ofthe course grade. The experimental stimulus selected was the Web Visitors exercise (SeeAppendices A and B). It was chosen because of its relative simplicity, open-endedness, andcompatibility with the

Conference Session

Innovative IE Course Content

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John P. Mullen, New Mexico State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

to the publisher and gets four new copies for the coming month. On the average,how many copies of Fantastic Fireflies will Sam sell per month? a) Four copies b) Between three and four copies c) Three copies d) Fewer than three copiesTypically, very few, if any, students initially select the right answer (d). Students are guided tothe correct answer through an interactive discussion. Two arguments I often follow up with are:Argument 1: A characteristic of the Poisson distribution is that the demand in any month can beany non-negative integer value, so in some months the demand will be greater than four copies.However, Sam can sell no more than four, so in those months, the number Sam sells will be lessthan the demand and that

Conference Session

Frontiers in Engineering Economy

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John White, University of Arkansas; Kenneth Case, Oklahoma State University; David Pratt, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

recipient of numerous prestigious awards and has published numerous papers and books. A consultant to a wide variety of organizations, his primary professional interests are in quality and reliability engineering and economic analysis. Active in scouting, he has received the Distinguished Eagle Scout and Silver Bear medals.David Pratt, Oklahoma State University David B. Pratt, PhD, PE, is Associate Professor and Director of the Undergraduate Program in the School of Industrial Engineering and Management at Oklahoma State University. An APICS Certified Fellow in Production and Inventory Management and an ASQ Certified Quality Engineer, he held technical and managerial positions in the aerospace

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paulina Z. Sidwell, McLennan Community College

Tagged Topics

ASEE Diversity Committee, Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

students, in teams, were asked to answer questions about how to handle renovation expenses. The students had to write a report and do a presentation while abroad. b. Videologs: The students were tasked with recording 1 to 2 minute long educational videos of various locations we visited. The objective of this project was to encourage students to research the places we were going to in advance. They had to prepare and memorize a script prior to departure, and film at the location using a GoPro camera. The students were told to briefly comment on something interesting, engineering-wise and/or engineering-economics-wise. After the students

Conference Session

Student Development and Assessment in IE Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

levels of productivity. Such exhortations only create adversarial relationships, as the bulk of the causes of low quality and low productivity belong to the system and thus lie beyond the power of the work force.11. a. Eliminate work standards (quotas) on the factory floor. Substitute leadership. b. Eliminate management by objective. Eliminate management by numbers, numerical goals. Substitute leadership.12. a. Remove barriers that rob the hourly paid worker of his right to pride in workmanship. The responsibility of supervisors must be changed from sheer numbers to quality. b. Remove barriers that rob people in management and engineering of their right to pride in workmanship. This means, inter alia, abolishment of the

Conference Session

Pedagogical Advancements in Engineering Management

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

and multiple dimensions of learning. The rubric has been reproduced in Appendix B. 3. The data obtained was based on Likert Scale and was tabulated and recorded using an excel spreadsheet. The scale is named after its inventor, psychologist Rensis Likert and is the most w idely used approach to scaling responses in survey research. Principles of Likert Scale are outlined in Appendix C. 4. Anthony F. Gregorc is best known for his theory of a Mind Styles Model and Gregorc Style Delineator. Discovery approach was strongly influenced by Gregorc’s Mind Styles Model. Dr. Gregorc's powerful and widely used instrument is shown in Appendix D. 5. The data collected has been tabulated using an excel

Conference Session

Engineering Economy: Beyond the Classroom

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Remer, Harvey Mudd College; Karen Ahle, Raytheon; Kevin Alley, Southwest Research Institute; John Silny, Raytheon; Karen Hsin, Accenture; Elijah Kwitman, Harvey Mudd College; Allison Hutchings, Harvey Mudd College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

attendance at conferences,Estimator / Estimating and B. Associate's degree and 5 years experience as described above, leadership positions in Analyst Analysis (SCEA) OR organizations, articles,(CCE / A) C. 7 years experience as described above and a biographical educational programs, sketch demonstrating education, experience, and relevant

Conference Session

Student Development and Assessment in IE Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yaseen Mahmud, Morgan State University; Masud Salimian, Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

the researcher anonymously; with 5 out of the 10students who completed the course responding.The students attending the IEGR461 were already familiar with the structure of the class and itstime requirements. They continued to report: a high self-confidence in their knowledge of thematerial; strengthening of their time management skills; and beneficial participation in a grouplearning environment. They unanimously agreed that enough help was available from theinstructor, classmates, and the supplemental materials.Although the students responding to the survey self-assessed their grades as either ‘A’ or B’, agoal of the survey was to parse out problems areas related to the failure or reduce performanceon the topic tests. When asked, ‘what

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Course Strategy Panel Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

James Burns, Western Michigan University; Bob White P.E., Western Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

Paper ID #34184Course Strategy: Coupling Industry-centered Analyses and EngineeringDesign Principles to Develop Skills Relevant to Students’ CareersDr. James Burns, Western Michigan University Jim Burns, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Industrial and Entrepreneurial Engineering and Engineering Man- agement Department Bio: Jim Burns holds a Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from Western Michigan University, and has more than 10 years industry experience in the manufacturing sector in a variety of roles including process engineering, operations management, and technical sales. His area of expertise centers on applying OR/MS and

Conference Session

Assessment and Accreditation in Engineering Management

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maxwell Reid, Auckland University of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

theconsequent accreditation requirements of the Institute of Professional Engineers New Zealand(IPENZ).The four-year BE programme is internationally benchmarked to the graduate profile agreedby the member countries of the Washington Accord (WA). In New Zealand, the Institute ofProfessional Engineers (IPENZ) acts as the approval and accrediting body in New Zealandand are a signatory of the Accord1.AUT Bachelor programmesAUT offers a four year Bachelor of Engineering (BE) (honours) programme and a three yearBachelor of Engineering Technology (B Eng Tech) programme. The four year BE (Honours)programme at AUT is designed for students who wish to become engineers and preparesgraduates for membership of IPENZ (MIPENZ). The mathematical underpinning of

Conference Session

Innovation in Teaching Engineering Economics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Bursic, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

projects.Overall the students did well on the project; however a closer look at the grading does reveal thatthe majority of points were lost for a weak analysis of the non-economic issues such as theglobal and societal impacts of the two decisions situations. Thus while students did an admirablejob on the economic analysis techniques (including gathering appropriate data, identifyingalternatives, developing potential outcomes and differences in cash flows, applying presentworth analysis, rate of return, or B/C ratios, and making a decision), they did not do a good jobwhen it came to considering the non-economic impacts of their decisions. Such issues as publicconcern over privacy (in the RFID case) and poor public relations for a company as a result ofjob