Conference Session

Technology Integration in the Classroom

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susana Lai-Yuen, University of South Florida; Maria Herrera, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

students could redefinetheir designs and make the necessary changes. Teams of students met with the teaching assistantat the VirtualMD Lab every week to work on their designs and obtain feedback. Students alsoreceived feedback from the medical doctor during the realization of the project.(a) Fusion deposition modeling (FDM) (b) 3D printing machinemachineFigure 2. Rapid prototyping equipment at the VirtualMD Lab.Students worked with SolidWorks® for creating their CAD files during the design stage. Severaldesign iterations were needed until the design was approved for fabrication. Once the design Page 14.767.5was approved, teams were

Conference Session

Innovations in Curriculum and Course Development

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

ofcontemporary issues.I used the techniques, skills, andmodern engineering toolsnecessary for engineeringpractice.Figure 2. Internship Student Survey B- C+ B C D 0% 0% 3% 2% 2% B+ 8% A- 17% A 68% Figure 3 Grade distributions for 58 students completing their internship courseThe author would present supervisor feedback collected by the evaluation form for 22 studentswho recently completed their engineering practice class

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Micah Lande, Arizona State University, Polytechnic

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

movie. Subsequent Universal monster movies included The Bride ofFrankenstein, The Return of Frankenstein, etc. Further instances of the Frankenstein creature inpopular culture include The Munsters television show.Additive InnovationCharacteristics of additive innovation2 describes the open community of sharing and learningthat is in the Maker community. Introduced in this paper as an umbrella concept, AdditiveInnovation is a mode of collaboration where participants in a community are: a) inspired by shared artifacts/ideas, b) openly share (and learn about) technology and processes used to create these, artifacts/ideas, c) design and prototype own modified version of the shared artifact/idea, and d) share their modified

Conference Session

Undergraduate Research and Industry

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jahangir Ansari, Virginia State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

for the three propellers increased almost linearly till reaching maximum value thendroping down for each propeller. Several factors can be responsible for this. The cavitationphenomena are most likely the cause of this problem, particularly in a four-bladed propellerwhere the thrust value drops sharply. The next challenge was the fluctuation of the rod during thetests that led to a severe vibration of the rod. In many cases, increasing the rotational speed wasimpossible. The following methods could resolve these problems.(a) Retest the same rod and propeller assembly using methods in approaches 1 and 2.(b) Use pully and belt mechanism to rotate the propeller. In this case, the shaft length will be minimized, and vibration issue will be

Conference Session

Progress in Manufacturing Education I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hugh Jack P. Eng...., Grand Valley State University; Val Hawks, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Education”, ASEE Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX, June 2012.5. David Wells, “Challenges And Responses Over A Quarter Century Of Manufacturing Education”, ASEE Annual Meeting, Louisville, KY, June 2010. Page 25.155.8Appendix A - Topics with Fewer than 10 OccurrencesTable 1 – Paper Keywords Cited Less Often Page 25.155.9Appendix B – Additional Topic Distribution Graphs Not Discussed Earlier Page 25.155.10Hugh Jack 3/15/12 12:14 PMDeleted: Page 25.155.11

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University; John M. Mativo, University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Box Model was further analyzed as shown in Figure 6a, b, c. Figure 6c below is presenting some of the additional observations from the students as they analyzed the work. Figure 3. Dinoco Cruz Ramirez Figure 4. Black Box Model Figure 5. Glass Box Model Figure 6 a, b, c. Further study of the Glass Box Model– The next and the last step of the analysis focused on the material and manufacturing processselection.Main synthesis activity happened when the students had to utilize what they learned through theanalysis and evaluation steps for re-engineering or redesign. The students proposed to multiplechanges to the

Conference Session

Manufacturing Curriculum and Course Innovations

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

of the students and faculty.” 8In addition, the components of the 2016-2017 ABET Criterion 3 for Student Outcomes willgreatly impacted by the educational facilities including the outcomes b, c, e, j, and k, as givenbelow9:  (b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data  (c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability  (e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems  (j) a knowledge of contemporary issues  (k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Thomas Bannerman, The Ohio State University; Andrew Theiss, The Ohio State University; Deborah M. Grzybowski, The Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

either electromotive, pressure driven, or capillary force 7. Appropriate valves where needed to control flow 8. If reusable, cleaning and sterilizing approach 9. Chip must be able to plugged into a “reader” that is capable of gathering data from chip using selected detection method(s) (e.g. must have light transparent section for collecting fluorescence data or electrical connection for field effect sensing)Required constraints: 1. Appropriate processing techniques for producing nanoscale, microscale, and other features should be identified where they exist. 2. Human interaction with the device is limited to: (a) loading blood sample and reagents, and (b) inserting the chip into a reader and/or pump. If you

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sven G. Bilen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Timothy F. Wheeler, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Randall G Bock, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

26.1111.6Figure 3: First page of design guidelines provided to students.Figure 4: Rendering of the rockets designed, printed, and launched in the senior-level CAD design course. Page 26.1111.7 (a) (b) Figure 5: (a) Build environment, including 3D printer, for the model rockets; (b) printed rocket being launched.Lessons LearnedThere are several lessons learned that will be incorporated in the next offering of the designcontest:  Student engagement encouraged the expansion and refinement of the design contest.  The availability of reliable 3D printers was critical to

Conference Session

Our Future in Manufacturing

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Danny Bee, University of Wisconsin-Stout; Richard Rothaupt, University of Wisconsin-Stout; Linards Stradins, University of Wisconsin-Stout

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

engineering study, using local media to your advantage, on-campus recruitingtechniques, and ideas to improve student retention in engineering have all been discussed. Weinvite all manufacturing engineering programs to enter a national dialogue on manufacturingengineering education. All parties involved must be active participants in promotingmanufacturing engineering, manufacturing technology, and engineering education for our Page 13.276.9continued success in manufacturing.References1. Bee, D. and Meyer, B., 2007, Opportunities and Challenges for Manufacturing Engineering, 2007 ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings, American Society for Engineering

Conference Session

Innovations in Additive Manufacturing Education

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aditya Akundi, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Figure 3). Later involvedusing this model to replicate the printer’s actions with the help of a programing interface. Thisincluded saving the 3D model developed using solid works to a standard vrml97 format which wasthen converted to a .x file compatible with c-sharp programing language. Illustrated in figure 4 arethe 3D model and its conversion to .X file. Figure 3. uPrint SE plus 3D model developed in SolidWorks software Figure 4. uPrint SE plus 3D model in (a) VRML 97 and (b) X fileThe virtual simulator was initially developed to run on Windows and Mac-OS platform computershowever; with the intention to extend this simulator to be used on mobile based platforms such astablets and cell phones, visual studio was used

Conference Session

Practical Teaching

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William T. Evans PhD P.E., University of Toledo

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

the tap but at the rating of the devicebeing fed.The 10 foot tap rule allows any size wire to be used to tap from the source while the 25 foot taprule allows for wire to be used to tap from a source that is rated 1/3 or more of the rating of thetap. These two rules are summarized in Article 240-21 (b) Feeder Taps in the 2011 NEC. Othersections amplify the tap rule for taps supplying transformers and for conductors outside thecontrol panel. The rules should be read carefully and applied for all electrical installations. Thetap rules allow for distribution of electrical power in a control panel in a practical yet safemanner. An example is shown in the figure below: Not to exceed Device fed by wire

Conference Session

Teaching Design in Manufacturing Curriculum II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Creese, West Virginia University; Deepak Gupta, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

the values for the value) from the following list: following parameters: A. Single point load A. Young’s modulus • Center load B. Yield strength • End load C. Density B. Uniform load D. Melting point E. Cost per unit weightLoad Conditions and Shape Parameters

Conference Session

Best Practices and Lessons Learned in Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

employing multiple projects anddifferent project types is challenging, but maintains student interest during the course since thestudents are working on something they are interested in. This is confirmed by the studentfeedback, and successful project results from most of the projects. Spring 2014 semester is notcomplete. However, student performance from the previous two semesters can be reported andwere excellent. In Spring 2013, Out of the 29 who took the course, 25 students (86%) receivedthe letter grade “A” while the remaining (14%) students earned “A-“ as shown in Figure 6. Asimilar pattern occurred in Fall 2013 as shown in Figure 7. Out of the 37 who took the course, 31(82%) students received “A”, 4 students (10%) “A-“, 2 students (5%) “B

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Session: Make-it!

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Joseph Dennis Cuiffi, Pennsylvania State University, New Kensington; Haifeng Wang, Pennsylvania State University, New Kensington; Josephine Heim, Pennsylvania State University, New Kensington; Brian W. Anthony, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Sangwoon Kim; David Donghyun Kim, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

digital design experience [7]. In addition, SmartManufacturing education further requires data collection and management systems that allow forexploration of data analysis and feedback as demonstrated by [8]. In order to provide a relativelylow-cost training platform for a relatively challenging control problem, D. Kim and B. Anthonydemonstrated a benchtop fiber extrusion system for educational training [9]. This FibeRExtrusion Device, FrED, provided a process that would benefit from complex process control,while also being straightforward to analytically model and test. Recently, S. Kim et al. showedhow deep reinforcement machine learning could even be applied to the feedback control for thisdevice for improving fiber quality [10]. These

Conference Session

Integrating Additive Manufacturing Practices in Education

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Akbar M. Eslami, Elizabeth City State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

://www.nvision3d.com/success-stories/nvision-fain.html3. “Mission Support Inc. Overhauls U.S. air Force B-52s using the FaroARM,” www. Faro.com4. “Blade Inspection and Repair,” Aerospace Manufacturing and Design Magazine, Oct 2012, Page 82.5. “3D Printing: A new Mindset in Product Design,” NASA Tech Briefs Magazine, Mar. 2013, page16.6. “3D Printing’s New Materials,” Desktop Engineering Magazine. Nov 2014, Page 53.7. “Design and Fabrication of a Radio Frequency Grin Lens Using 3D Printing,” Aerospace & Defense Technology Magazine, June 2014 , page 448. “Aluminum Rocket Engine Injector Fabricated 3D Additive Manufacturing,” NASA Tech Briefs Magazine, June 2015, page44.9. “3D Printer Creates First Object in

Conference Session

Manufacturing Education Curriculum

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louis Reifschneider, Illinois State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

removal Product Figure 1 Section views of material removal in a machining process Mold Half A Mold Half B Molds Mated Casting/molding Product Figure 2 Section views of a net-shaped manufacturing process Material removal process Net-shaped process Figure 3 Net-shaped manufacturing requires draft for product release from moldThermoforming as an attractive net-shaped process platform for educationOne of the hurdles faced by product design instructors is the limited time available for studentsto create the product they design. This is especially true for product design involving net-shapedmanufacturing because the product is the result of a

Conference Session

Innovations in Manufacturing Laboratories

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey L. Newcomer, Western Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Robot-ics course is the accumulation of robots over time. Through a combination of grants, industrialdonations (gifts-in-kind), horse trading, and internal support from the Dean and Provost, we havemanaged to accumulate seven working industrial robots, and we are currently working on gettingan eight on line as well. The current equipment for labs includes: • Two Denso HS-45552E/GM 4-axis SCARA robot arms, • Two Denso VS-6577GM-B 6-axis articulated robot arms, • One Fanuc LR Mate 200i 6-axis articulated robot arm, • One FANUC CERT Cart with M-1iA 6-axis parallel-link robot with vision system, • A manufacturing cell with a FANUC M-6i 6-axis articulated robot arm, a HAAS SL10 CNC lathe, and a HAAS VF2 mill, and • A

Conference Session

Automation and Robotics Subjects in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

-Integral-Derivative (PID) controls illustrated in Figure 44. This isassociated with a current research project on Real-Time PAC based controls. Figure 2.a NI LabView Model of a simple digital logic example .b NI ELVIS circuit for the model Page 14.1341.3 Figure 3. PLC Ladder logic for a mixer application written in RS Logix 5003Up to this point, the schedule of the course includes hard-wired controls based on ladderdiagrams and PLC systems programmed by ladder logic. The crucial role of ladder diagrams andladder logic in controls has been covered in detail with the utilization of two these areas. On

Conference Session

Emerging Technologies in Manufacturing Education II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ertunga Ozelkan, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Agnes Galambosi, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 2(1), 71-76.[2] Blust, R. P., Bates, J. B., 2004. Activity based learning - Wagons R us - A lean manufacturing simulation, Proceedings of 2004 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition: Engineering Education Researchs New Heights, Jun 20-23, Salt Lake City, UT, 195-206[3] Chaneski, W. S., 2001. Demonstrating the power of lean manufacturing, Modern Machine Shop, 74 (7).[4] Holweg, M., Bicheno, J., 2002. Supply chain simulation: a tool for education, enhancement and endeavour, Int. J. Production Economics, 78, 163-175[5] Johnson, S. A., Gerstenfeld, A. Zeng, A. Z., Ramos, B., Mishra, S., 2003. Teaching lean process design using a discovery approach, Proceedings of 2003 ASEE Annual Conference and

Conference Session

Green Energy Manufacturing and Sustainable Energy Management

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Toshika Fegade, Drexel University; Yu-Chieh (Jamie) Wu, Drexel University ; Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas at El Paso; Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University; Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation, Manufacturing

. Virtual reality providesimmersive and collaborative technique for students to take part into and work as a group on whatthey learnt in the course class.3. Modeling with SolidWorksSolidWorks is a computer aided design and engineering software used to create and simulate 3Dmodels. Students were instructed to design a small-scale wind turbine in SolidWorks consisting offive different parts: base, stem, turbine, axil and blade. Students decide on their respective modelsafter experimenting with different number and various shapes of turbine blades as shown in Figures2-4. Figure 2 shows wind turbine designed by students with 3 blades. Figure 3 shows wind turbinedesigned by students with 6 blades. Figure 3 (a) design is turbine with flat blades and (b

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul C. Lynch, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College; Joseph Wilck, College of William & Mary; Elizabeth Gaughan, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

manufacturing processes course were asked about their search for asummer internship or co-op opportunity. The students were specifically asked about how theywere able to get their experience and whether or not it was with a manufacturing company. Thedetailed internship/co-op questions can be found in Table 7 below.Table 7: Internship/Co-Op Survey Question Given to Students in Manufacturing ProcessesCourse 11. Internship/Co-Op (A) Did you search for an internship or co-op for Summer XXXX? Y or N (B) If yes in (A), were you successful in securing an internship or co-op? Y or N (C) If yes in (B), how did you get the internship? (circle only one) University Wide Fall/Spring Industrial Engineering

Conference Session

Manufacturing Curriculum and Course Innovations

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zareena Gani, ADMC, Higher Colleges of Technology, UAE; Sangarappillai Sivaloganathan, United Arab Emirates University; sajeev karai, Higher Colleges of Technology; Huned Bohari Bohari, HCT

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

cuttingtools, tool life, cutting fluids and selection of tools and cutting parameters such as cutting speed,feed and depth of cut on the surface finish produced. By using different workpiece materials,they were able to see the effects of varying these parameters on the finished quality of the work.Machining was performed on different workpiece materials such as, Brass, acrylic, Aluminumand Copper with HSS tools and coated carbide tools, with and without cutting fluids and withvarying cutting parameters i.e. spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut and also with sharp toolsand worn tools. Tool wear and surface finish were measured for each input and output parametercombination.Figure 1: Microscopic images of (a) New tool, (b) Tool wear w/o coolant, (c

Conference Session

Supply Chain and Logistics in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher P. Pung, Grand Valley State University; Hugh Jack, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

)   A. Six sigma and organizational goals   B. Lean principles in the organization   C. Design for six sigma (DFSS) methodologies   II. Define Phase (23 Questions)   A. Project identification   B. Voice of the customer (VOC)   C. Project management basics   D. Management and planning tools   E. Business results for projects   F. Team dynamics and performance   III. Measure Phase (23 Questions)   A. Process analysis and documentation   B. Probability and statistics   C. Statistical distributions   D. Collecting and summarizing data

Conference Session

Technology Integration in the Classroom for Manufacturing II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jahangir Ansari, Virginia State University; Amir Javaheri, Virginia State University; Nasser Ghariban, Virginia State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

theengineering field, is a key factor in the advancement of this discipline. CIM laboratory stronglysupports manufacturing engineering curriculum to fulfill some of the ABET requirements forcriteria: (b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data,(c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs, (k) an ability touse the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice.Some key components of CIM and hierarchy of operation in a manufacturing facility are studiedand correlated. They include CAD-CAM link, numerical control, automation, production andmanufacturing control, control through proper communication and computer supervisory control,robotics

Conference Session

Practices for Student Learning Engagement

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Paul Farris, Grand Valley State University; Wendy S. Reffeor, Grand Valley State University; Lisa Karen Kenyon, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, wasfounded. This journal is exclusively devoted to publishing works on the impact of servicelearning in engineering education. One issue in particular, Special Issue: University EngineeringPrograms That Impact Communities: Critical Analyses and Reflection, focused on communityimpact. Schools such asThis increase in project based and service learning has led to a need for students engaged in theseprojects to understand and address stakeholders who do not have a technical background.Zoltowski and Oakes (Carla B. Zoltowski, 2014) discuss this need as well as the need to developand maintain relationships with community partners. Additionally, the difficulty ofunderstanding conflicting priorities of

Conference Session

Practical Teaching in Manufacturing

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sangarappillai Sivaloganathan, United Arab Emirates University; Rajesh Ganithi, Petroleum Institute

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

a work-piece are clamps. Withstanding the primary cutting force is the job ofthe locators and not the job of the clamps. In some applications a single piece partperforms the job of both locating and clamping.2.1.1 Locating the Work-Piece and clampingIn an unconstrained state a solid body has six degrees of freedom made up of threetranslational and three of rotational movements. Locating is the process of keepingthese six dimensional values constant with respect to the work-holding device duringmachining. Figure 1 (a) Mobility of a Solid Body (b) the 3-2-1 PrincipleBenhabib [2] explains the degrees of freedom and the clamping force required torestrict the motion using a figure, which is reproduced here as Figure 1. He

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session - Online and Remote Learning Communities

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas at El Paso; Md Fashiar Rahman, The University of Texas at El Paso; Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Johnny C. Ho, Columbus State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

effectively through reports and graphic display. Moreover, the SolidWorksSustainability tool is available to every SolidWorks user at no cost. The sustainability analysis forthe gearbox using the SolidWorks Sustainability tool is displayed in Figure 3. (a) (b) (c)Figure 3. Sustainability analysis of gear-box (a) sustainability factor of individual components ofthe gear-box(b) color map representation according to the sustainability factors, and (c)Environmental impacts for the gear-box assembly 6LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) of products is an important step for assessing the environmentalimpact of products and

Conference Session

Sustainable Product Development and Manufacturing

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Priya Manohar, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

community center, a library and a theatre but the city council cannot agree on how to evaluate the submitted proposals. The request for proposal (RFP) specified that respondents had to meet certain basic needs, although optional items could be included. The RFP also asked that each respondent calculate a benefit/cost (B/C) ratio using a discount rate of 12%. What are the options for analyzing and making decisions on this public funding proposal? What are the opportunities for negotiation? How do you arrive at the best combination from submitted proposals?3.2 Case AnalysisThe students were provided with discussion question and hints for analysis. Each case wasinitially discussed in the class to facilitate

Conference Session

Technology Integration in the Classroom for Manufacturing I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yongjin Kwon, Drexel University; Shreepud Rauniar, Drexel University; Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Horacio Sosa, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

of expensive measuringinstruments and a lengthy setup. Figure 3. Coordinate system for machine vision (a, b) and SCARA robot (x, y). The scale factors consider the robot Cartesian coordinates at every intersection of the gridlines. Therefore, any point detected within the image plane will be scaled with respect to theincrement in the grid from the origin. The area of a moving object is defined in the form of 40, 41: Ad (mm 2 ) ? e ©{ © Â Â I (a, b) , (5) a bwhere e ? the calibrated pixel size (mm) along vision X axis, { ? the calibrated pixel size (mm)along vision Y axis, and Ê1 if