Conference Session

Latest Trends and Implementations in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Paper ID #11405Research Experiences for High School Teachers and College Instructors inMechatronics, Robotics and Industrial AutomationDr. Sheng-Jen ”Tony” Hsieh, Texas A&M University Dr. Sheng-Jen (”Tony”) Hsieh is a Professor in the Dwight Look College of Engineering at Texas A&M University. He holds a joint appointment with the Department of Engineering Technology and the De- partment of Mechanical Engineering. His research interests include engineering education, cognitive task analysis, automation, robotics and control, intelligent manufacturing system design, and micro/nano manufacturing. He is also the

Conference Session

Manufacturing Processes

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tom Carlisle, Sinclair Community College; Charles Winarchick, Sinclair Community College

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

assembled into any varietyof products. We chose to develop the “Wagons-R-Us” product line (see appendix A andFigures 1B to 4B in appendix B) in which a series of wagons have been designed andbuilt and are used as a model of activity through a series of courses. The K’Nex parts are widely available, reusable, relatively inexpensive, and can beconfigured into any number of products. The variety of components available allows thecomplexity of the problems to increase over time as the student advances from one courseto the next. Couple this product with the use of Creform building materials3 to createthree-dimensional, life-like workstations and you have the basis for the construction of a

Conference Session

Technology Integration in the Classroom for Manufacturing I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt Rosentrater, USDA-ARS; Jerry Visser, South Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

technique in determining plastic injection molding process parameters for a thin-shelled part. Materials & Design Online 3 March 2006.26. Shen, Y. K., Liu, J. J., Chang, C. T., and Chiu, C. Y. 2002. Comparison of the results for semisolid and plastic injection molding process. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 29(1):97-105.27. Ozcelik, B. and Erzurumlu T. 2006. Comparison of the warpage optimization in the plastic injection molding using ANOVA, neural network model and genetic algorithm. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 171(3):437-445.28. Kurtaran, H., Ozcelik, B., and Erzurumlu, T. 2005. Warpage optimization of a bus ceiling lamp base using neural network model and genetic

Conference Session

Manufacturing Materials and Processes

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne P. Hung, Texas A&M University; Adam Farmer, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

all of its advantages canbe applied in academics since students normally practice to fabricate similar components indifferent semesters. This new approach is proposed to replace the traditional manufacturinglaboratory practice. Group cells with different machines are utilized rather than havingduplicated of same machines. The objectives of this paper are to: a) Compare the Traditional and Group Cell approaches for university students, b) Presents an example of machining laboratory exercise.Literature ReviewHands-on laboratory practice is the key to effective learning. "I hear and I forget. I see and Iremember. I do and I understand" was preached by the famous teacher and philosopherConfucius (551–479 BCE) during Spring-Autumn period of

Conference Session

Teaching Design in Manufacturing Curriculum I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Priya Manohar, Robert Morris University; Cathleen Jones, Robert Morris University; Jon Radermacher, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

. (a) (b)Figure 1: Two examples of the artistic visualizations of the products redesigned and Page 12.503.6manufactured by the students: (a) ice scraper, (b) tri-head, toothpaste-dispensingtoothbrush.The entire product development process ended for engineering students with a detaileddesign report and an oral presentation for the entire student body (show and tell session)at the end of the term. The intense work schedule kept students quite engaged with thisproject throughout the term and they found multidisciplinary experience to be interestingand enriching. The following section demonstrates several

Conference Session

Teaching - Best Practices

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne P Hung, Texas A&M University; Wm Adam Farmer, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

havingduplicated of same machines. The objectives of this paper are to: a) Compare the Traditional and Group Cell approaches for university students b) Presents an example of machining laboratory exercise.Literature ReviewIn education, hands-on laboratory practice is the key to effective learning. "I hear and I forget. Isee and I remember. I do and I understand" was preached by the famous teacher and philosopherConfucius (551–479 BCE) during Spring-Autumn period of Chinese history. Leighbody andKidd also concluded "learning requires active experiences" in their survey3.Nowak4 ranked teaching strategies and learning activities within technology education. Thehighest ranked strategy was the one with product-oriented and laboratory-based content

Conference Session

Student Learning Assessment Methods

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Hua Li, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Kai Jin, Texas A&M University, Kingsville

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

the internaland external audits. After completing the course modules, students are expected to be able to (a)understand and discuss the aims of the audits, including how to verify a system is working as it issupposed to, how to find out where it can improve, and how to correct or prevent problemsidentified; (b) lead or participate in a team to prepare for the internal and external audits; and (c)identify the opportunities and strategies of continuous improvement.Manufacturing related materials standards provide a framework for the manufacturers andcustomers to reach to consensus regarding desired properties. Moreover, these engineeringstandards provide analysis methods to measure the properties and leading to standardmanufacturing procedures

Conference Session

Advances in Additive, Hybrid, and Digital Manufacturing Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ahmed Cherif Megri, North Carolina A&T State University; Sameer Hamoush, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

3Dscanner.Without deep mathematics knowledge, students were able to conceptualize, customize andprototype their design. The visual nature of these tools (Autodesk Inventor) and the 3D printingtechnology enabled high-school students to grasp the technology and concepts very quickly(figure 1).On the last day of camp, each group of students gave a twenty-minute PowerPoint presentationon their design, followed by a ten-minute discussion during which the student is expected toadvocate the use of certain tools or features in their design. Parents were invited to thepresentations (figures 2 &3). 3Figure 1 (a): camp activities Figure 1 (b): camp activitiesFigure 2 (a): last day presentation

Conference Session

Progress in Manufacturing Education I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University; Punit Deotale, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

pollClicking the audience poll lifeline opens a window with a bar graph showing the percentage of avirtual audience who thinks a particular answer is correct. For example, in Figure 9, the bargraph indicates that 80% of the virtual audience thinks that answer “B” is correct. This lifelinehas eighty percent chance of yielding a correct answer for the player. Figure 8. Audience poll button. Figure 9. Audience poll screen.Each of the lifelines can be used only once per category. After using a lifeline once, the button isautomatically disabled. The button is activated again only when the user selects a new categoryand if he has not used his lifeline in that other category of questions.PointsEach successful answer earns points

Conference Session

Manufacturing Laboratory Experience

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University; Hye Jeong Kim, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

11.262.6 Figure 5. Layout for Workcell with One Robot. (a) (b) Figure 6. (a) Design Alternatives; (b) Close-up of Selected Design Alternative.3. MethodologyA prototype version of the toolkit was evaluated by 27 undergraduate students in Fall 2005. Theobjectives were to find out:‚ Can student translate a series of operations into a network structure?‚ How do students use the toolkit? Can they enter data into toolkit?‚ Student opinions about various aspects of the toolkit, such as effectiveness, ease-of-use, and relevance to their education.‚ Student commentsIn addition, a learning styles inventory was administered to find out more about these

Conference Session

Design Education in Manufacturing Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Guanghsu Chang, Minnesota State University, Mankato; William Peterson, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Assessment Criterion 2 by Bridge Design Project (Supporting Evidence) Outcomes a-k Pratt bridge truss, Warren truss, HoweRecognize different types of trusses b,f roof truss, Fink roof truss Axial tension, bending, and axialIdentify forces in structures

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary and Project-based Experiences in Manufacturing

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne Hung, Texas A&M University; Sriharsha Sundarram, Texas A&M University; Fatih Ozkeskin, University of Michigan; Mike Powers, Agilent Technologies; Juan Manriquez, Cideteq; Venkata Vasiraju, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

. Figure 3: Current density as a function of electrode gap. (a) (b) Figure 4: Effect of frequency on machined feature sizes. Page 14.524.7 3,500,000 3,000,000 Closed Loop 24 Vpp 2,500,000 MRR (µm3/ sec) Open Loop 24 Vpp 2,000,000 Theory

Conference Session

Innovations in Advanced Fabrication Technologies

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

R. Radharamanan, Mercer University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

parts: arms, body, and legs; thenMeshMixer helped to fix the corner from the part using the tool, make it solid, that gave the finallook to the part. Figure 1 shows the CAD of the arm in the MeshMixer ready to print. Figure 1: CAD of the armThe four arms were printed in the MakerBot Replicator 2X11 3D printer using ABS material. TheABS has a good balance of strength and flexibility besides being very rigid and light, it was abetter choice for the arms than the PLA. The temperature used to print the arms was 230ºC; theplatform temperature was 110ºC; the layer height was 0.20mm; and the infill was 75%. Figures2(a) and 2(b) show details of dimensions and print setting respectively for the arm. (a) Dimensions

Conference Session

Teaching and Assessment Methodologies

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan Song, Alamo College

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

straight 8 hours/day, 5 days/week for 5 straight semesters.Figure 5 (a) shows a student weekly schedule and Figure 5(b) illustrates a whole schedule for atwo-year span. Students stay in college on Tuesday and Thursday from 7am to 5pm to strictlyfollow our developed curricula for each semester and work on the floor at Toyota on Monday,Wednesday and Friday. Every course for each semester is industry-driven and pre-selected for Page 24.77.7maximum preparation for advanced manufacturing. In addition, to ensure student engagement,student attendance is tracked daily and reported weekly by the engaged faculties. Absence/latearrivals/early departures are

Conference Session

Strategies for Effective Education in Manufacturing

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua Gargac, University of Mount Union

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

sections in the Course Content module on which theytested poorly. Afterward revisiting these sections, the student can retry the Post-Assessment. Anexample question from the Post-Assessment is shown in Figure 2B.Figure 2: Example of THORS interface for Course Content (A) and Post-Assessment (B) [9].*Used with permission from THORS eLearning Solutions.In lieu of homework assignments, students were assigned THORS courses (Tab. 1)corresponding to hands-on and active lecture components. Students were given 3 weeks tocomplete each course. Their Post-Assessment score was established as the grade for the self-learning component of the course.Table 1: THORS courses assigned during semester. Students were given 3 weeks to completeeach course

Conference Session

Manufacturing Processes Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Slifka, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST)

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

learning points taken from each.Question 1: Have you ever worked with lathes, mills or drill presses? Page 15.121.3 - Hands-on experience with machine tools - Inputs that are required to operate machine tools - Consumables - Costs - Operator training - Part geometries - Secondary operations - SafetyQuestion 2: What are your learning expectations of this course? - General discussion of manufacturing familiesQuestion 3: Which is a larger tolerance zone? a. ± .005 b. + .000 / - .012 c. + .006 / - .002 - What is a tolerance - Why

Conference Session

Design Education I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Priya Manohar, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

challenge of making theSAE Baja all-terrain vehicle as shown in Figure 12. Page 15.39.64. Student PerformanceFinal grade distribution is given in Table 1 below. Table 1: Student final grade distribution for Production Engineering Grade Fall „06 Fall „07 Fall „08 A 37.5% 81.8% 40.0% A- - 18.2% 40.0% B+ 25.0% - - B 12.5% - - C+ 12.5

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan W. Krauss, Grand Valley State University; Chad Thomas VanderRoest, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

− cosθ )Using Lagrange’s equations, a model with the pendulum in the down position will take theform Cˆ θ¨ + Aˆ sin θ = Bu ˆDividing by Cˆ gives θ¨ + A sin θ = BuLinearizing about θ = 0 produces θ¨ + Aθ = BuLinearizing about the vertically up position (θ = π) leads to θ¨ˆ − Aθˆ + Buwhere θˆ = θ − π. It is important to note that the A and B coefficients in the up and down positionsare the same. This means that system identification in the stable, downward position can be usedto experimentally determine the values

Conference Session

Technology Integration in the Classroom for Manufacturing I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohamed Gadalla, Texas State University - San Marcus

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Industrial Technology Curriculum Sheets Case StudyIn order to verify the concept of the information model and the course structure layout presentedin this paper, a case study was taken from an existing school. The three programs are offered in asingle department; Manufacturing Engineering, Manufacturing Engineering Technology, andIndustrial Technology. Figures 4, 5 and 6 show the program curriculum sheet for three programs.The detailed statistical break down for each program is listed in table 1. Figs. 7 a, b, c show thepie chart representation of table 1. Table 1 the Distribution of the Credit hours among the three Programs Courses Engineering Engineering

Conference Session

Innovations in Manufacturing Laboratories

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne P. Hung, Texas A&M University; Adam Farmer

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

learning activities within technology education. Theauthor concluded that the highest ranked strategy was the one with product-oriented andlaboratory-based content. The second highest rank was for strategy using technology focus, andthe lowest was for strategy that relied heavily on classroom orientation.Having hands-on laboratory is one condition, but the laboratory practices should be relevant toprepare graduates for their manufacturing career. Miller3 surveyed 25 department heads of USmanufacturing programs and concluded that an exemplary manufacturing program should: a) Require more technical coursework, b) Require or strongly encourage cooperation with industry, c) Maintain closer relationships with industry, d) Has more manufacturing

Conference Session

Best Practices and Lessons Learned in Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University (Tech.); Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University (Tech.); Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Joshua Konstantinos

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

. Head numberone is dedicated to print a very strong ABS plastic material. The second print head would printwith a dissolvable support material –such as polyvinyl alcohol, a plastic that is dissolvable inwater. (a) (b)Figure 3. (a) Concept Sketch of the Ketos Pellet to Filament System (b) SolidWorks® renderingof Ketos Filament Extrusion SystemTwo additional print heads are also needed - one to print conductive plastic and another to print aslightly more resistive plastic so that resistors can be printed. The design team developed anovel two-motor multi-head system – currently patent pending – that will allow controlling anumber of print heads with only two motors (US Patent

Conference Session

Design & Development Projects and Practices

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Huseyin Sarper P.E., Old Dominion University; Nebojsa I Jaksic P.E., Colorado State University, Pueblo

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

common cuts needed by Facility 1. A typical frogcontains two or more of the cuts shown in Table 1. Table 1. Twenty-Four Common Rail Cuts Used in Frog Manufacturing in Facility 1 16' 6 9/32" 54' 7" 38' 3" 36' 6 5/8" 32' 4" 49' 7" 29' 10 ½” 63' 1" 54' 10" 25' 1" 30' 2" 63' 2" 30' 6" 16' 6" 26' 0" 15' 0" 24' 0" 51' 4" 62' 0" 35' 0" 59' 6" 39' 7" 46' 10" 45' 5"Figure 4 shows cutting of an 80' long rail to yield the desired cut lengths. Figure 4. A Rail Being Cut into Required Lengths for Use in Frog ManufacturingSample Problem 1.29' 10 ½" (A), 36' 6 5/8" (B), 38' 3" (C), 54' 7" (D

Conference Session

Supply Chain and Logistics in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas - El Paso; Aditya Akundi, University of Texas - El Paso; Juan Alejandro Saavedra, University of Texas - El Paso; Eric D. Smith, University of Texas - El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

hands-on simulation somestudents did not participate as much, but with the computer based simulation, all students created the changespersonally on their simulations allowing a better understanding of the process and the improvement.References 1. Stone, Kyle B. "Four decades of lean: a systematic literature review." International Journal of Lean Six Sigma 3.2 (2012): 112-132. 2. Kanakana, Grace Mukondeleli. "Lean in Service Industry." Southern African Institute of Industrial Engineering 2013. 2013. 3. Womack, James P., Daniel T. Jones, and Daniel Roos. Machine that changed the world. Simon and Schuster, 1990. 4. McManus, Hugh L., et al. "Teaching lean thinking principles through hands-on simulations." (2007). 5. Badurdeen

Conference Session

Learning Strategies

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Khalifa H. Harib, United Arab Emirates University; Sangarappillai Sivaloganathan, United Arab Emirates University; Hayder Zulafqar Ali, United Arab Emirates University; Bobby Mathew, United Arab Emirates University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

the net [2,3]) Table 1: Component Groups in a Bearing Puller Assembly Number Component Group Name Notation in Product 1 Cross Arm A 1 2 Beam Pairs B 3 3 Claw legs C 3 4 Forcing Screw D 1 5 Nuts and bolts (Fasteners) 6The assembly process starts with the first component, called the base component, onto

Conference Session

Innovations in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Terence Fagan, Central Piedmont Community College

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

-123JSpring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm 5. http://www.sfi.mtu.edu/About_SFI.htm 6. http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/lcaccess/ 7. Pre Product Industrial Consultants "Eco-indicator 99 Manual for Designers: A damage Oriented Method for Life Cycle Impact Assessment" 2000, Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment. 8. Diamond J. “Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed” 2005, Penguin Group USA. 9. Lovins A., Lovins, H., Hawken P. “Natural Capitalism Creating the Next Industrial Revolution” 2000, Little Brown & Company. 10. Coulter, S., Bras, B., Foley C., “A Lexicon of Green Engineering Terms” Praha, August 22-24 1995, International Conference on Engineering Design

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Madeleine Jennings, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Brooke Charae Coley, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Audrey R. Boklage, University of Texas, Austin; Nadia N. Kellam, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

studentand university names provided in this paper are pseudonyms. The student pseudonyms werecreated to include the race and gender of the participant. For example, if a student indicated thatthey were Black on the demographic survey, their pseudonym would begin with the letter B. Inaddition, if they indicated that they are a female, we would give them a name that generallycorresponds with that gender. In the case of a student who indicated that they are female and Black,a name such as Becky would be used. If they checked more than one race, their name would beginwith the letter M to represent multiracial. Table 1-Student ethnicity by gender Table 1 Student Ethnicity by Gender

Conference Session

Best Practices and Lessons Learned in Design Projects

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Y. Chiou, Drexel University; Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University; Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas - El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

team waspaying special attention to the length of the pipe runs to minimize heat losses. The new base frameshape also allowed us an area to build a cabinet type enclosure for the tank and an elevatedmounting surface above the cabinet. Casters were installed beneath the base frame to facilitatetransportability. (a) (b) Figure 2: (a) T-shaped base frame and cabinet and (b) Greenhouse mountFigure 2(a) also depicts the design of the greenhouse integrated with the solar collectors’ circuit.Ventilation holes were cut into the floor of the house holding the flower pot. The legs of the housewere extended so that it could sit above the storage tank. The hot water tubes enter the

Conference Session

Practical Teaching

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sangarappillai Sivaloganathan, United Arab Emirates University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

economy and efficiency [1]. Eder [2] outlines that a designer must havecertain types of knowledge and skill, and illustrates it with a schematic diagram which isgiven here in Figure 1. Theory Technology Design Approach Design Realization A B Design Method Working Constraints Figure 1: Designer’s Knowledge [2]Eder defines the components in the following way. Page 23.1370.2 i. Theory: Mathematics and its applications to

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session Innovative Pedagogy in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Shuvra Das, University of Detroit Mercy; Megan O. Conrad, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

usingunregulatedmaterialsintherealclinicalworldwouldbeplaced.Intellectualpropertyandowners’copyrightlegalissueshavealsobeenareasofgrowingconcernforthemedical3Dprintingcommunity.Itisurgentandmandatorytoclarifyalltheseconflictiveareasandrapidlyadaptregulationstoemergentscenariosastheonelivedduringthispandemic.ThefollowingreferencescontaininformationabouttheapprovalprocessandconsiderationsforsomeoneventuringintomanufacturingPPEdevices: a. FDAprocessfor3Dprintingtechnology[54] b. QualitySystemRegulation[55] c. 3Rsof3Dprinting:RoleofFDA[56] d. FDA Guidance Document [57]Notably, the FDA also highlights a concern regarding the effectiveness of 3D printedcomponentstophysicallyblockdropletsandotherbodilyfluidsthatmaycontainavirus.Specifically,theFDAstatesthefollowing:“PPEincludesprotectiveclothing,gowns,gloves,faceshields,goggles,facemasks,andrespiratorsorotherequipmentdesignedtoprotectthewearerfrominjuryorthespreadofinfectionorillness.Whileitispossibletouse3DprintingtomakecertainPPE,therearetechnicalchallengesthathavetobeovercometobeeffective 16enough.Forexample,3D

Conference Session

Innovations in Manufacturing Laboratories

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Rodriguez P.E., Western Michigan University; Pavel Ikonomov, Western Michigan University; Alamgir A. Choudhury, Western Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

.   2                                 For the communication and documentation of ideas, CAD software (Creo Parametric) wasused to create and visualize all aspects of the proposed design. The final design of the machinecalled for four main sub-assemblies (CAD renderings shown in Figure 1): a) base, b) bed, c)bridge, and d) carriage. The base sits flat on the table, containing the ball screw and linear railsfor the y-axis motion. The bed is attached to the base, and contains a flat surface for parts to beprinted or a work piece to be secured. Figure 1. CAD rendering of the four main sub-assemblies: a) base, b) bed, c) bridge, and d) carriage. The bridge is attached to the y-axis