Conference Session

Design Education I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jahangir Ansari, Virginia State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

, andreliability. At the end of the course, student groups are required to demonstrate their designthrough a final formal presentation to the faculty, fellow students, peers and a jury of industryguests and faculty from other departments. Students also write a detailed design report as part ofthe course requirements.Students are assigned to select a project in the area of (a) Manufacturing Process System Designor (b) Product Design.The scope of the work in format (a) may be summarized as follows: 1. Design a simple product using available resources of our CIM facility. 2. Design and develop an automated manufacturing process using CIM facility. 3. Implement, debug, test the system, and run production with minimal human intervention. 4

Conference Session

Educational Methods and Technologies

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janus Liang, Yung-Ta Institute of Technology and Commerce

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

: (a) learning activities, (b) students, and(c) instructors. They further suggested that blended learning environments vary widely accordingto the following goals: pedagogical richness, access to knowledge, social interaction, personalagency, cost effectiveness and ease of revision. Assuming such an environment results instudents having more control over their learning [16-17]; improves student learning motivationand overall satisfaction [18]; enhance information skills acquisition and student achievement [19]and foster communication and closeness among students and instructors [20].It appears that blended learning methods are effective in facilitating the process of onlinecollaborative learning [21-23]. Another problem in blended learning is

Conference Session

Incorporating Advanced Technologies into Curriculums

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne Hung, Texas A&M University; Jorge Leon, Texas A&M University; Luis San Andres, Texas A&M Univeristy

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

2008.[6] Ozkeskin, F.M., Feedback Controlled High Frequency Electrochemical Micromachining, Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2008.[7] San Andrés, L., Kim, T.H., Ryu, K., Chirathadam, T. A., Hagen, K., Martinez, A., Rice, B., Niedbalski, N., Hung, W. and Johnson, M., Gas Bearing Technology for Oil-Free Microturbomachinery – Research Experience for Undergraduate (REU) Program at Texas A&M University, Proc. ASME Turbo Expo 2009, Paper No. GT2009-59920, Orlando, Florida, June 2009.[8] San Andrés, L., Camero J., Muller S. Chirathadam T., and Ryu K., Measurements of Drag Torque, Lift Off Speed, and Structural Parameters in a First Generation Floating Gas Foil Bearing, Proc. 8th IFToMM Inter. Conf. on Rotodynamics, Seoul

Conference Session

Automation Subjects in Manufacturing Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Eric Carr, Drexel University; Robin Kizirian, Drexel University; Yueh-Ting Yang, Drexel University; Brittany Killen, Drexel University; Yongjin Kwon, Ajou University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Figure 2. The uPrint Personal 3D Printer as shown in Figure 3 is used toprint out the major mechanical pieces used in the prototype. Leg Bracket Chassis Shoulder Servomotor Knee Leg Servomotor Figure 1: The walking robot designed in Google SketchUp. (a) (b) Figure 2: (a) The chassis and (b) the shoulder and leg in Google SketchUp

Conference Session

Incorporating Advanced Technologies into Curriculums

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Wells, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

% <4% :=% 7% % 9 % 3 34 ?% 9: % 13;% % :=% 3 0 * % : F 7 4 < .4 % A% 2 D 5 B ) % > 79 *% 5678 *% './ '% ,% 34% DD1A 2:6; /% < @; 24 >< ?2 8 BB !"#$% !""$% &$$$% &$!$% Figure 1: An abbreviated view of the introduction of new required topics into manufacturing engineering education over three decades-plus1 It is fully recognized that university

Conference Session

Past and Future of Manufacturing Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Wells, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

theprofession of manufacturing engineering; forums that [a] articulated technologies new to thegenerally-accepted field of ‘manufacturing’ and [b] broadened the focus in the discipline from‘production’ to ‘product realization’.[16,17,18] In parallel, a nascent movement to rename theuniversity field of study to include ‘product engineering’ remains localized.[13,14,15] Thelasting effect of these forums and parallel initiatives is yet to be determined.2010+: Where does all of this rich history leave us? What progress has been made formanufacturing engineering education over the past quarter-century? What lessons have beenlearned and insights developed for addressing the persistent problems of our educational genre

Conference Session

Manufacturing Processes Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Slifka, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST)

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

learning points taken from each.Question 1: Have you ever worked with lathes, mills or drill presses? Page 15.121.3 - Hands-on experience with machine tools - Inputs that are required to operate machine tools - Consumables - Costs - Operator training - Part geometries - Secondary operations - SafetyQuestion 2: What are your learning expectations of this course? - General discussion of manufacturing familiesQuestion 3: Which is a larger tolerance zone? a. ± .005 b. + .000 / - .012 c. + .006 / - .002 - What is a tolerance - Why

Conference Session

Design Education I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Priya Manohar, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

challenge of making theSAE Baja all-terrain vehicle as shown in Figure 12. Page 15.39.64. Student PerformanceFinal grade distribution is given in Table 1 below. Table 1: Student final grade distribution for Production Engineering Grade Fall „06 Fall „07 Fall „08 A 37.5% 81.8% 40.0% A- - 18.2% 40.0% B+ 25.0% - - B 12.5% - - C+ 12.5

Conference Session

Industrial Interactions and Educational Resources

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Roe, Polk Community College - Corp. College; Ernie Helms, Polk Community College - Corp. College; Bob Lachford, RWD Technologies; Rick Johnson, Mosaic Company

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

and employers with a competitive edge.”3In October of 2008, to ensure that apprenticeship remains a highly successful talent developmentstrategy, the US DOL published revised regulations governing the National Apprenticeship System.These revised regulations update Title 29 CFR, part 29 and provide a framework that supports anenhanced, modernized apprenticeship system. Important to the apprenticeship program at Mosaic,the revised regulations, specifically §29.5(b)(2), present a new competency-based pathway forprogress through a registered apprenticeship program, “competency-based approach, involvingsuccessful demonstration of acquired skills and knowledge by an apprentice, as verified by theprogram sponsor, with an OTJ learning component and

Conference Session

Manufacturing Processes Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raghu Echempati, Kettering University; Andy Fox, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

rotate the meshed component about by selecting it from the other drop down box. Highlight the purple B box by clicking next to it then click a node on the meshed component to indicate the origin the part will be rotated about. Specify the angle that you wish to rotate the component by typing it into the angle box then click the rotate + or rotate – box to reorient the meshed component. Repeat for theother two axes if necessary. Click return. Page 15.407.14

Conference Session

Design Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martin McCarthy, University of Auckland

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Approach to Teaching Design For Manufacturing, in 4th ASME Design for Manufacturing Conference. 1999: Las Vegas.13. D. Jonassen, J. Strobel and L.C. B (2006) Everyday Problem Solving in Engineering: Lessons for Engineering Educators. Journal of Engineering Education, 92 (No.2), p. 139-15114. C.E. Abrahamson (1998) Storytelling as a pedagogical tool in higher education. Education. 118, 3, p. 1215. R. Schank and R. Abelson, Knowledge and Memory: The Real Story, in Knowledge and Memory: The Real Story, R. Wyer, Editor. 1995, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: New Jersey. p. 1-85.16. J.S. Bruner (1996) The Culture of Education. Harvard University Press Cambridge, Ma.17. T. Anderson, Practice Guided by Research in

Conference Session

Program Development and Pipelines for Recruitment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jaby Mohammed, The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi; Ramesh Narang, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Jihad Albayyari, Indiana-Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AC 2010-940: DEVELOPING A NEW MANUFACTURING ENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGY CURRICULUMJaby Mohammed, The Petroleum Institute, Abu DhabiRamesh Narang, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort WayneJihad Albayyari, Indiana-Purdue University Page 15.377.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 DEVELOPING A NEW MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY CURRICULUMABSTRACTManufacturing is one of the areas that had been deeply hit by globalization and most of themanufacturer’s associate globalization with outsourcing due to recent history of U.S.manufacturing. Approximately 300,000 jobs were outsourced to foreign countries in 2003 andresearch predicts that 3.4

Conference Session

Automation Subjects in Manufacturing Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lie Tang, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Robert Landers, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AC 2010-1436: REMOTE USE OF A LINEAR AXIS RAPID DEVELOPMENTSYSTEMLie Tang, Missouri University of Science and TechnologyRobert Landers, Missouri University of Science and Technology Page 15.1027.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Remote Use of a Linear Axis Rapid Development SystemAbstractA Linear Axis Rapid Development System (RDS) was developed and tested in a previousresearch study. The Linear Axis RDS, which is based on Matlab Simulink, provides the studentwith a tool to explore all phases of controller development (i.e., simulation, emulation, andimplementation) after the theoretical work is complete. However, the Linear Axis RDS did notprovide

Conference Session

Design Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Chen, Bradley University; Ye Li, Bradley University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AC 2010-1780: INCORPORATING ENTREPRENEURSHIP INTO A HANDS-ONFACILITY PLANNING COURSEJoseph Chen, Bradley University Joseph C. Chen, Ph.D., PE is a Professor and Department Chair in the Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering & Technology at Bradley University. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Department of Industrial and System Engineering at Auburn University in 1990 and 1994, respectively. His teaching interests include: Lean manufacturing system design, automated manufacturing processes, facility design, Taguchi design in quality, etc. His research interests include: RFID application, manufacturing system control, cellular manufacturing system design

Conference Session

Lean and Six Sigma Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohamed Gadalla, Central Connecticut State University; Mahdy Alam, UTC; Yepery Soro, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AC 2010-312: EXTENDING LEAN MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS THROUGHIMPLEMENTING MOBILITY (A CASE STUDY)Mohamed Gadalla, Central Connecticut State University Dr. Gadalla is currently an assistant professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at Central Connecticut State University. Dr. Gadalla has a Ph. D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Western Ontario in Canada. He graduated with honor from Cairo University with B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering followed by a Master degree (M. Sc.) from the same university. He served as a research engineer and visiting scholar in several universities in USA, Canada, Germany, and Egypt. He also severed as a program coordinator for the computer Integrated

Conference Session

Automation Subjects in Manufacturing Education I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University; Albert Sun, St. Mary's University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AC 2010-511: COMMUNICATION NEEDS IN COLLABORATIVE AUTOMATEDSYSTEM DESIGNSheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University Dr. Sheng-Jen (“Tony”) Hsieh is an Associate Professor in the Dwight Look College of Engineering at Texas A&M University. He holds a joint appointment with the Department of Engineering Technology and the Department of Mechanical Engineering. His research interests include engineering education, cognitive task analysis, automation, robotics and control, intelligent manufacturing system design, and micro/nano manufacturing. He is also the Director of the Rockwell Automation laboratory at Texas A&M University, a state-of-the-art facility for education and research in

Conference Session

Program Development and Pipelines for Recruitment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anoop Desai, Georgia Southern University; Jean-Claude Thomassian, State University of New York, Maritime College

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AC 2010-381: CREATION OF A GRADUATE PROGRAM IN SAFETYENGINEERING: APPLICATION OF BASIC SIX SIGMA PRINCIPLES TOCURRICULUM DESIGNAnoop Desai, Georgia Southern University Dr. Anoop Desai received his BS degree in Production Engineering from the University of Bombay in 1999, and MS and Ph.D. degrees in Industrial Engineering from The University of Cincinnati in 2002 and 2006. His main research interests are in Product Lifecycle Management, Design for the Environment, Total Quality Management including tools for Six Sigma and Ergonomics.Jean-Claude Thomassian, State University of New York, Maritime College Dr. Jean-Claude Thomassian received his BS degrees in Electrical Engineering and Mechanical

Conference Session

Automation Subjects in Manufacturing Education I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jose Gutierrez, Oregon Institute of Technology; John Anderson, Oregon Institute of Technology; David Culler, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AC 2010-992: DEVELOPMENT OF A GENERIC COMMUNICATION SERVICEBETWEEN PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS AND PERSONALCOMPUTERS USING MICROSOFT ROBOTICS DEVELOPER STUDIO FORDATA COLLECTION IN AUTOMATED AND SEMI-AUTOMATEDMANUFACTURING PROCESSESJose Gutierrez, Oregon Institute of Technology Bachelor of Science in Mechatronics, ITESM, MXJohn Anderson, Oregon Institute of TechnologyDavid Culler, Oregon Institute of Technology Page 15.401.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Development of a Generic Communication Service Between Programmable Logic Controllers and Personal Computers using Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio for Data Collection in

Conference Session

Incorporating Advanced Technologies into Curriculums

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University; John Mativo, The University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Reverse Engineering – The Stimulu”, 2002 ASEE Conference Proceedings, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.7. Robertson, J., Wales, B., Weihmeir, J.,“Reverse Engineering as a Means to Understand Complex Tool Design”, 2004 ASEE Conference Proceedings, Salt Lake City, UT.8. Forsman, D., “Reverse Engineering and Rapid Prototyping: A Senior Level Technical Elective for Mechanical Engineering Students and Much More”, 2004 ASEE Conference Proceedings, Salt Lake City, UT.9. Orta, P., Medoza, R. R., Elizalde, H., Guerra, D., “Engineering Education Through Reverse Engineering”, 2006 ASEE Conference Proceedings, Chicago, IL .10. Shooter, S., “Reverse Engineering to Design Forward: An Introduction to Engineering Experiential Learning

Conference Session

Automation Subjects in Manufacturing Education I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nebojsa Jaksic, Colorado State University, Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

b Figure 3. a) PLC Trainer Detail: Top - Solenoids Simulating Valves with a Motor Simulating a Pump; Middle - Page 15.1183.5Piezoelectric Horn and a Thermostat; Bottom - Indicator Lights and Switches b) Top - A Motor with a Lead Screw and Limit Switches Simulating a Liquid Level Indicator; Middle – Relays; Bottom – Switches and Indicators Figure 4. PLC based traffic light experimental setup11Before each laboratory exercise, the instructor demonstrated a possible working design to assurestudents that the laboratory hardware performed correctly, and that the given task is achievable.Cycle 1During the first

Conference Session

Lean and Six Sigma Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Leduc, Ball State University; Gary Hadley, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis; Mark Ratzlaff, 3M

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Content: “The technical content of aprogram must focus on the applied aspects of science and engineering…” and “must develop theskills, knowledge, methods, procedures, and techniques associated with the technical disciplineand appropriate to the goals of the program.” Part d stipulates, the “Capstone or other integratingexperiences must draw together diverse elements of the curriculum and develop studentcompetence in focusing both technical and non-technical skills in solving problems.1”Criterion 3 of the General TAC/ABET criteria provides for the following desired outcomes: a. Demonstrate mastery of knowledge, techniques, skills and tools of the discipline b. Apply current knowledge to emerging applications c. Design and conduct

Conference Session

Design Education I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Creese, West Virginia University; Deepak Gupta, Southeast Missouri State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

total surveys completed were approximately 30. Theresults were similar to the results in previous years. The second survey came approximately 60 percent through the project time. The secondsurvey was completed by the teams and all nine teams completed the survey. This survey is inTable 2 and was a combination of the second and third surveys when four reports were submittedinstead of the current three reports. The last five questions were reminders of what should beincluded in the report and the low values are expected as students tend to focus only on runningthe program and printing the results. Some of the results are interesting as the response toQuestion A was 4.8 and the response to Question B was 5.0. It would be unusual for the

Conference Session

Industrial Interactions and Educational Resources

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gilah Pomeranz, Sinclair Community College; Shep Anderson, Sinclair Community College; Robert Mott, University of Dayton; Steve Wendel, Sinclair Community College

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AC 2010-814: DON’T REINVENT THE WHEEL: METEC MEETS MANY NEEDSFOR NEW ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY EDUCATORSGilah Pomeranz, Sinclair Community CollegeShep Anderson, Sinclair Community CollegeRobert Mott, University of DaytonSteve Wendel, Sinclair Community College Page 15.429.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Don’t Reinvent the Wheel: METEC Meets Many Needs for New Engineering Technology EducatorsBeing a new educator in a college classroom can be an overwhelming experience. Advice,materials, and resources may be abundant, but being able to put your hands on peer reviewed,relevant

Conference Session

Program Development and Pipelines for Recruitment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandy Feola, Sinclair Community College

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AC 2010-804: CAREERME: ENCOURAGING AN ADVANCEDMANUFACTURING WORKER PIPELINESandy Feola, Sinclair Community College Sandy Feola is the Customer Relations Manager for the NCME (National Center for Manufacturing Education) at Sinclair Community College and a part time instructor for the University of Dayton’s Engineering Technology Department (since 2007) and Sinclair Community College’s Operations Technology Department (since 1995), teaching industrial engineering and quality engineering curriculum. As an independent quality professional in Dayton, Ohio since 2004, She provides consultation and training to manufacturing and service organizations for performance improvement initiatives in the

Conference Session

Manufacturing Processes Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joel Dillon, United States Military Academy; Harold Henderson, United States Miliary Academy; Jeffrey Butler, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AC 2010-752: POPPING THE TOP ON BASIC MACHINING INSTRUCTIONJoel Dillon, United States Military AcademyHarold Henderson, United States Miliary AcademyJeffrey Butler , United States Military Academy Page 15.954.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Popping the Top on Basic Machining Instruction  AbstractLearning manufacturing processes, particularly machining, is an important part of the educationof mechanical engineering majors. In most universities’ machine shops, there are typically manymore students than any one type of machine tool. This situation, compounded by the fact thatmachining a part

Conference Session

Past and Future of Manufacturing Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hugh Jack, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AC 2010-64: PERCEPTIONS IN THE MANUFACTURING EDUCATIONCOMMUNITYHugh Jack, Grand Valley State University Hugh Jack is a Professor in the School of Engineering at Grand Valley State University in Grand Rapids Michigan. His interests include Product Design and Manufacturing Engineering, with a particular focus in control systems. Page 15.946.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Perceptions in the Manufacturing Education CommunityAbstractA number of studies have been conducted to assess the status of manufacturing education. Thesefocus on the departments and schools specifically. There is a

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dave Kim, Washington State University, Vancouver; Wei Li, University of Texas; Tamara Wogen, Washington State University, Vancouver

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AC 2010-114: TEACHING OF BIOMEDICAL MANUFACTURING IN THEUNDERGRADUATE MANUFACTURING/MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGPROGRAMSDave Kim, Washington State University, VancouverWei Li, University of TexasTamara Wogen, Washington State University, Vancouver Page 15.1182.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010Biomedical Manufacturing in the Undergraduate Manufacturing/MechanicalEngineering Programs AbstractBiomedical manufacturing defined as “the applications of manufacturing technology toadvance the safety, quality, cost, efficiency, and speed of healthcare service and research”is a rapidly growing field. This field is unlike many other businesses

Conference Session

Educational Methods and Technologies

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Marshall, University of Southern Maine; William Marshall, Alief Independent School District

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AC 2010-1587: IMPROVING ENGINEERING EDUCATION PEDAGOGY VIADIFFERENTIATED INSTRUCTIONJohn Marshall, University of Southern Maine John Marshall received his Ph.D. from Texas A&M University and is the Internship Coordinator for the Department at the University of Southern Maine. His areas of specialization include Power and Energy Processing, Applied Process Control Engineering, Automation, Fluid Power, and Facility Planning.William Marshall, Alief Independent School District William Marshall is the Director of Instructional Technology and Career & Technical Education for the Alief Independent School District in Texas. He provides supervision of Program Managers in the areas of

Conference Session

Past and Future of Manufacturing Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

C. Norman, Applied Research Associates, Inc

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AC 2010-586: IT'S THE MANUFACTURING STUPID! THE NEW US INDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONC. Norman, Applied Research Associates, Inc Awards, Professional Activities, Publications Dr. Norman was awarded the Department Of The Army, ACHIEVMENT MEDAL FOR CIVILIAN SERVICE (Jun 1993). He is a graduate of the Department of Defense; National Security Management Course, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University and Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University (April – May, 1996). He received a Special Commendation Award from the US General Accounting Office for service on the Independent Review Panel for the Safety of the

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University; John Mativo, The University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

the contrary, marrying manufacturing programswith biological and biomedical engineering fields may present a strong alternative. This studywill sketch out a manufacturing engineering curriculum with a minor in bio- or biomedicalengineering as well as a double major opportunity and BS/MS combined integrated programs.Possible course offerings will be included through course descriptions within materials, design,and manufacturing thrust areas and can be found in the appendix. A discussion on ABETimplications of this program development effort and targeted application fields such agriculturaland food processing, energy manufacturing, biological and biomedical, and pharmaceutical willcomplement the argument made by the authors. The paper will