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Displaying results 1 - 30 of 928 in total
Conference Session
Incorporating Projects into the Curriculum
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
B. Terry Beck, Kansas State University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
2006-2048: INTRODUCTION TO AERODYNAMICS: A DESIGN/BUILD/TESTEXPERIENCE FOR UNDERGRADUATE MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGSTUDENTSB. Terry Beck, Kansas State University B. TERRY BECK is a Professor of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering at Kansas State University and teaches courses in the fluid and thermal sciences. He conducts research in the development and application of optical measurement techniques, including laser velocimetry and laser-based diagnostic testing for industrial applications. Dr. Beck received his B.S. (1971), M.S. (1974), and Ph.D. (1978) degrees in mechanical engineering from Oakland University
Conference Session
Learning and Assessment I
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David B. Benson, Kettering University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
AC 2012-5015: SKILL AND CONTENT TRAJECTORY MAPPING IN AMECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM OF STUDYDr. David B. Benson, Kettering University Page 25.1160.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Skill and Content Trajectory Mapping in a Mechanical Engineering Program of StudyAbstract In engineering education there are a number of central concepts and skills that formthreads which connect one content area to another within a discipline. These threads form thecore of an engineering education and are the scaffold upon which all future knowledge is built.An incomplete understanding in
Conference Session
Potpourri - A Mix of All Topics
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Pavan Karra, Minnesota State University, Mankato
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
0 0 A B C D F Grade 2019BeforeCurving 2019 2020 Figure 3: Student performance in Automatic Controls, as measured by a concept inventory. Figure 3 shows student performance in Fall 2020 vs Fall 2019 in five equally spaced tiers.The concept-inventory part of the exam is directly based on the portion of learning levelscovered by category 1 homework. In Fall 2019, there was no pre-test, whereas in Fall 2020there was both a pre
Conference Session
Potpourri - A Mix of All Topics
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Hakan Gurocak, Washington State University-Vancouver
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
machine costs about $16,000, including the motioncontroller, software licenses and a PC. The total cost of the project, including salaries ofresearchers, students, indirect costs, parts, etc. was about $250K. Some of the costs were offset bydonations from industry.Although the lab stations are different machines, they share common features so that generalskills such as jogging axes, I/O mapping, user interface mapping, motion profile programming,etc. are all the same regardless of the machine. Hence, students can use any machine when they (a) Bottle filling (b) Gantry pick-and-place machine(c) Material handling with conveyor (d) Logo stamping on golf balls(e) Winding machine for fishing line
Conference Session
Potpourri - A Mix of All Topics
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Jenna Elizabeth Stolzman, Grand Valley State University; Sanjivan Manoharan, Grand Valley State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
35% and 65% chord length at a high angle of attack and compared to the baseline airfoil andpreviously done semi-circular geometry. The results are summarized in Table 3. It appears therectangular geometry placed at 35% chord length outperformed the competing geometriessignificantly; however, when the varying dimple geometries were placed at 65% chord length,the percent increase in L/D did not vary significantly from geometry to geometry. (a) (b) (c) Figure 15: Dimple with (a) rectangular geometry; (b) triangular geometry; (c) trapezoidal geometryTable 3: Percent increase in L/D
Conference Session
Potpourri - A Mix of All Topics
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Liang Zhu, University of Maryland Baltimore County; Charles D. Eggleton, University of Maryland Baltimore County; L.D. Timmie Topoleski, University of Maryland Baltimore County; Ronghui Ma, University of Maryland Baltimore County; Deepa Madan, University of Maryland Baltimore County
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
. Ronghui Ma, University of Maryland Baltimore County A. Professional Preparation: Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Mechanical Engineering B.E. 1991 Southeast University, Nanjing, China Mechanical Engineering M.S. 1994 Stony Brook University, Me- chanical Engineering Ph.D. 2003 Ph.D. Thesis: Modeling and Design of PVT Growth of Silicon Carbide Crystals Ph.D. Advisors: Professors Hui Zhang and Vish Prasad B. Appointments 1998-2003 Research Assistant, State University of New York at Stony Brook 2003-2004 Post-doctoral Fellow, University of Pennsylvania 2004- 2010 Assistant Professor, University of Maryland Baltimore County 2010- Associate Professor, University of Maryland Baltimore CountyDr. Deepa Madan, University of
Conference Session
Potpourri - A Mix of All Topics
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Sean Michael Quallen, University of Idaho; John Crepeau P.E., University of Idaho; Barry Willis, University of Idaho; Steven W. Beyerlein, University of Idaho; JJ Petersen, University of Idaho
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
with Technology,” 118th ASEE Annual Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 26-29June 2011.[12] J.C. Crepeau, B. Willis, S. Quallen, S. Beyerlein, D. Cordon, T. Soule, P.K. Northcutt, T.Gaffney, J. Kimberling, A. Shears, and A. Miller, “Generation-Z Learning Approaches toImprove Performance in the Fundamentals of Engineering Exam,” 2020 ASEE VirtualConference, Paper #28606
Conference Session
Undergraduate Research and a Force and Moment Lab
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert J. Prins, James Madison University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
supporting equations follow. Figure 3: Free body diagram of member ACThe free body diagram of member AC shown in figure 3 demonstrates that AC is modeled as atwo-force member and establishes an assumed direction of force AC at pin A. No equilibriumequations are necessary. The free body diagram of member HAB shown in figure 4 demonstrates that it is a multi-force member; it includes the reaction force due to the rod being cut (H) as well as pin reactionsat A and B. Figure 4: Free body diagram of member HABThe diagram also establishes an assumed direction of the pin reaction forces Bx and By. A set ofequilibrium equations that support the free body diagram in figure 4 are provided as equations 1,2
Conference Session
Undergraduate Research and a Force and Moment Lab
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michelle Audrey Pang, Sandia National Laboratories; Carolyn Conner Seepersad, University of Texas, Austin; Sheldon Landsberger, University of Texas, Austin, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
students. By the second lecture, students are informed of their projects and project teams. The secondlecture covers engineering methods for conducting research, detailing best practices, availableresources, and an overview of the research process. As a homework assignment, a Mentor-TeamCharter (Appendix B) is completed by the teams and submitted by the third lecture. This charteris to be completed by the student team, with feedback and input from their faculty and/or graduatestudent/post-doctoral mentor. For the third lecture, student teams provide an introduction to their research project for theclass, providing relevant background information. Each team is also asked to present their researchplan for the semester, milestones
Conference Session
New Teaching Pedagogies: Methods and Assessments
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Susan B. Swithenbank, US Coast Guard Academy; Thomas William DeNucci, U.S. Coast Guard Academy
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics
Paper ID #8918Using a ”Flipped Classroom” Model in Undergraduate Newtonian DynamicsProf. Susan B Swithenbank, US Coast Guard Academy Dr. Swithenbank is an Assistant Professor at the US Coast Guard Academy in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering. Prior to working at the USCGA, she was a researcher at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim Norway. She has a PhD from MIT in Ocean Engineering.Prof. Thomas William DeNucci, U.S. Coast Guard Academy Thomas DeNucci is an Assistant Professor of Ship Design at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy in New
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: Mechatronics & Simulation
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Benjamin B. Wheatley, Bucknell University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
Paper ID #31429Appropriate and Ethical Finite Element Analysis in MechanicalEngineering: Learning Best Practices through SimulationDr. Benjamin B Wheatley, Bucknell University Benjamin Wheatley was awarded a B.Sc. degree in Engineering from Trinity College (Hartford, CT, USA) in 2011 and a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Colorado State University (Fort Collins, CO, USA) in 2017. He is currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Bucknell University (Lewisburg, PA, USA). His pedagogical areas of interest include active learning ap- proaches, ethics, and best practices as they relate to
Conference Session
Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer II
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amy L. Hermundstad, Virginia Tech; Thomas E. Diller, Virginia Tech; Christopher B. Williams, Virginia Tech; Holly M. Matusovich, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
out the steps of what you have to do. I really enjoy when teachers in class will be like, ’Oh, well for external flow problems you have to do A, B, C, D, E’, and that really helps me because my brain has to be organized. I have to know exactly what to do next.”This indicates that Chelsea wanted an exact procedure to follow for each type of problem. Shealso stated that the goal of studying was to practice enough problems before the test so that shewould have seen all variations of the problems. “Well, I think the goal is to have done so many problems so that when I get on a test and I've ran into something like that, I am able to work through it. The goal is to work through as many problems so that you come
Conference Session
Statics and Dynamics: What's New?
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Scott Danielson, Arizona State University; Robert Hinks, Arizona State University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
Calculate the (scalar) moment of a 2-D force about a point. 9.6 1.3 Determine support reaction magnitudes and directions using the 6 9.6 1.3 equations of static equilibrium. a) Given a vector, determine its magnitude and direction; and b) Write 7 9.6 1.3 a vector, knowing its magnitude and direction. Apply equilibrium equations to individual parts or sub-system of a 8 9.5 2.0
Conference Session
Computing in the classroom
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
B. K. Hodge, Mississippi State University; Govinda Mahajan, Mississippi State Univeristy
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
Paper ID #7109Using Animations to Enhance Understanding of Energy System ConceptsDr. B. K. Hodge, Mississippi State University B. K. Hodge is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at Mississippi State University (MSU). Prior to retirement, he served as the TVA Professor of Energy Systems and the Environment and was a Giles Distinguished Professor and a Grisham Master Teacher. Since retirement, he has continued to be involved in teaching and research at MSU. Hodge has served as President of the Southeastern Section of the ASEE and Chair of the Mechanical Engineering Division of the ASEE. He is a Fellow of the American
Conference Session
Computing in the classroom
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
B. K. Hodge, Mississippi State University; Rogelio Luck, Mississippi State University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
Paper ID #7133The Use of Symbolic Solvers in Mechanical Engineering EducationDr. B. K. Hodge, Mississippi State University B. K. Hodge is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at Mississippi State University (MSU). Prior to retirement, he served as the TVA Professor of Energy Systems and the Environment and was a Giles Distinguished Professor and a Grisham Master Teacher. Since retirement, he has continued to be involved in teaching and research at MSU. Hodge has served as President of the Southeastern Section of the ASEE and Chair of the Mechanical Engineering Division of the ASEE. He is a Fellow of the American
Conference Session
Improving ME instructional laboratories
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ralph Volino, U.S. Naval Academy; Andrew Smith, U.S. Naval Academy
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
mechanical design course. The students are encouraged to turn theengine by hand and note the opening and closing of the valves (Fig. 7) and relate them to the 4-stroke cycle they have studied in class. Page 11.59.7Figure 3. Engine with flywheel exposedFigure 4. Crankcase showing splash pin for oil extending from piston rodFigure 5. Piston removed from engine Page 11.59.8 a) b)Figure 6. Camshaft a) along with crankshaft installed in engine, and b) along with valvelifters removed from
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Poster Session
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Frassica, University of South Carolina; Jed Lyons, University of South Carolina; Philip Voglewede, Marquette University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
provide thenecessary feedback to the system. The 50:1 gearbox was included to decrease the speed of themotor as relatively small displacements of fluid were actually demanded by the pump-head. Allcomponents were assembled and aligned axially on a custom designed fixture shown in Figure 2. Page 13.57.3 A C B D Figure 2. Completed pump assembly consisting of a A) Encoder, B) Servo motor, C) Gear head, and D) Pump-headControl of the pump system motor (a Yaskawa
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: Mechatronics & Simulation
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Reihaneh Jamshidi, University of Hartford; Ivana Milanovic, University of Hartford
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
. (a) Geometry (b) Material Properties (c) Mesh (d) Boundary Conditions Figure 1. Tensile testing modeling stepsFigures 2(a)-(b) demonstrate the deformation and stress distribution results. Simulations allowfinding the deformation and stress levels at every point in the material, whereas the experimentalresults indicate the bulk behavior of the material only. Students can explore various loadingconditions and visualize their effects on the specimen, and develop deeper understanding of thetheory. Such exposure to simulations in a specific project environment in an early fundamentalcourse is shown to better prepare students for
Conference Session
Statics and Dynamics in Mechanical Engineering
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jennifer Deboer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Maria J. Gerschutz, Trine University; David A. Evenhouse, Purdue University; Nimit Patel, National Science Foundation; Edward J. Berger, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Nick Stites, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Craig Zywicki, Purdue University, West Lafayette; David B. Nelson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Charles Morton Krousgrill, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jeffrey F. Rhoads, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
pedagogical methods to teach core engineering courses and leveraging technology to enhance learning experiences. Nick holds a BS and MS in Mechanical Engineering and has eight years of engineering experience. He also has four years of experience as an adjunct instructor at the community-college and research-university level.Craig Zywicki Craig is a Data and Assessment Analyst in the Office of Institutional Research, Assessment, and Effec- tiveness at Purdue University.Dr. David B. Nelson, Purdue University, West Lafayette c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Paper ID #15763 David B
Conference Session
Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer-Part I
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Simin Hall, College of Engineering at Virginia Tech; Catherine Amelink, Virginia Tech; Sam Conn, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
” work/study situation; therefore, it makes sense to makecourses available to these students.However, there are disadvantages associated with online learning few of which are: (a) in thecomputer-mediated learning social presence consisting of vocal tones and/or facial expressionmay be reduced, therefore, the instructors have to rely on students to communicate his/herchallenge in learning the material, (b) online learning requires students to exhibit higher level ofself-regulated behavior than the students in a traditional classroom setting, and (c) currentpopulations taking these online courses consist of traditional undergraduates who typicallyrequire and expect more structure and instruction2.Social cognitive theories posit that it is possible
Conference Session
Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ioana Voiculescu, City College of the City University of New York; Benjamin Liaw, City College of the City University of New York
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
presents a studentworking for this labwork. A P-3 Wheatstone-bridge strain indicator has been used to measurethe strain. Based on the strains indicated by the three strain gages the students sketched the stress Page 12.83.4and strain diagram around the discontinuity for the specific PMMA bar and calculated the stress(strain) concentration factor. D 2R 2a a) b) R R a a
Conference Session
Microcontrollers, Programming, and Data Acquisition
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sean Patrick Kirby, University Of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Julius Omokiniovo Ejenavi, Morgan State University; Payam Matin, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
mountedon the incident bar, is the specimen length prior to impact, and is the wave speed in theincident bar.As long as the stresses in the bars remain under the elastic limit, the specimen stress may becalculated from the recorded strain history collected from the strain gauge mounted on thetransmitter bar. Kolsky [2] developed the following relation to estimate the specimen stressas a function of time. A   s (t )  Eb  b   T (t ) (3)  As  Page 26.474.8where is the bars’ elastic modulus, is the bars
Conference Session
Design Throughout the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum II
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dustyn Roberts P.E., University of Delaware; Jenni Buckley, University of Delaware
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
. Jorgensen, “The Learning Factory: Industry-Partnered Active Learning,” Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 5–11, Jan. 2008.[2] J. S. Lamancusa, J. E. Jorgensen, and J. L. Zayas-Castro, “The learning factory - a new approach tointegrating design and manufacturing into the engineering curriculum,” Journal of Engineering Education, pp. 103–112, Apr. 1997.[3] V. Wilczynski, C. S. O’Hern, and E. R. Dufresne, “Using an engineering design center to infuse designexperience into a mechanical engineering program,” in Proc. ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Indianapolis,IN, 2014.[4] C. R. Forest, R. A. Moore, A. S. Jariwala, B. B. Fasse, J. Linsey, W. Newstetter, P. Ngo, and C. Quitero,“The invention studio: A
Conference Session
Trends in Mechanical Engineering: Trends and Tools
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Vincent Capece, University of Kentucky
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
below.On a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being poor and 5 being excellent. Please rate the following:1. Overall writing workshop 1 2 3 4 52. Progressive writing assignment 1 2 3 4 53. Grammar lectures 1 2 3 4 54. Grammar handouts 1 2 3 4 55. Report format document and template 1 2 3 4 56. How important do you think good writing ability is to you as a future professional engineer? a) very much    b) somewhat     c) not very important   7. Would you recommend future ME-310 classes be assigned a similar
Conference Session
Outreach, Engagement, and Undergraduate Research
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Natalie Barrett, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
modeling is used to highlight the hidden game inclassroom problems relating to the first law. Also, students collaborate with each other to assistin understanding of first law problems. Finally, the students are given specific feedback from theinstructor and classmates to help students understand how to make judgments about heat transfer,work, and energy in first law problems. Page 25.115.13Figure 9: Alignment of content, assessment, and pedagogyReferencesAnderson, L. W., Krathwohl, D. R., & Bloom, B. S. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives: Longman Pub
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Paul J. Van Susante, Michigan Technological University; Nancy B. Barr, Michigan Technological University; Jason Blough, Michigan Technological University; James P. De Clerck, Michigan Technological University; Michele Miller, Michigan Technological University; Ibrahim Miskioglu, Michigan Technological University; Gregory M. Odegard, Michigan Technological University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
been focused on teaching junior and senior engineering design classes as well as educational and curriculum development. He is coordinator of the first new ME-Practice course in the revised Mechanical Engineering curriculum and faculty advisor of the Mining INnovation Enterprise.Dr. Nancy B. Barr, Michigan Technological University As the Communications and Senior Design Program Advisor, Barr developed a multi-faceted technical communications program in the Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics Department at MTU. She delivers communication instruction to undergraduate and graduate students, assists faculty in crafting critical thinking/communication assignments, and trains GTAs and faculty in best practices in
Conference Session
Design Throughout the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth Lulay, University of Portland; Heather Dillon, University of Portland; Timothy A. Doughty, University of Portland; Deborah S. Munro, University of Portland; Shazib Z. Vijlee, University of Portland
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
. P., Sorensen, C. D., Swan, B. R., & Anthony, D. K. (1995). A Survey of Capstone Engineering Courses in North America. Journal of Engineering Education, 84(2), 165–174. doi:10.1002/j.2168-9830.1995.tb00163.x 7. Atman, C. J., Chimka, J. R., Bursic, K. M., & Nachtmann, H. L. (1999
Conference Session
Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Govind Puttaiah P.E., West Virginia University; Timothy A. Drennen; Samuel C. Brunetti; Christopher M. Traylor
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
(a) Engine Showing Tank in background (b) Engine Showing Solenoid Valve(c) Controller Showing Wiring (d) Simplified Controller Box Page 25.346.12Figure 3. %Hydrogen and RPM for Briggs and Stratton; Without Knock BRIGGS AND STRATTON 23HP ENGINE TEST Ranges of H2 % Injection versus RPM 14 13 12 11 % H2 Injected 10 9 8 7 6 5 1500 2000
Conference Session
Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Zietlow, Bradley University; Jacqueline Henderson, Bradley University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
to applying entropy to a variety of applications in life ranging from theautomobile to natural disasters to medical applications. The 145 statements wereevaluated based on their correctness. A partially correct answer is one where the effect ofentropy was not completely explained. An example of this is the statement “In weather,precipitation is a form of entropy.” A correct answer would be “In weather, precipitationcreates entropy when it erodes farm soil.”The students in the thermodynamics class were given a different assignment for theiressay (Appendix B). Fifty statements from the essays were evaluated based on thecorrectness of the definition of entropy. The results are contained in Figure 8. Thirty fivestatements about the purpose of
Conference Session
Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer-Part I
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Mativo, The University of Georgia; Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
areas such as space and human body. A challenge facing TEGs is their low efficiencydue to obtaining their energy from low energy sources such as waste heat and a low figure ofmerit (ZT) that enable conversion of heat into electricity1. , where T is the absolutetemperature, s is Seebeck coefficient, is electrical conductivity, and k is thermal conductivity.In power generation, the Seebeck effect enables the direct conversion between heat and electricenergy streams. Heating one end of the unit cell while holding the other end cooler induceselectromotive force within the material and may be harnessed for electrical power2. In Figure 1,two dissimilar semiconductors A and B are connected electrically in series but thermally inparallel with