Conference Session

Teaching Technological Literacy - Engaging Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Walk, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

on characteristic patterns in time.A quantitative technology forecast includes the study of historic data to identify one of severalcommon technology diffusion or substitution models. Patterns to be identified include constantpercentage rates of change (so-called “Moore‟s Laws”), logistic growth (“S”- curves), logisticsubstitution, performance envelopes, anthropological invariants, lead/lag (precursor)relationships, and other phenomena. These quantitative projections have proven accurate inpredicting technological and social change in thousands of diverse applications, on time scalescovering only months to spanning centuries.Invariant, or well-bounded, human individual and social behavior, and fundamental humanagency and evolutionary drives

Conference Session

Engineering for Nonengineers: Ideas & Results

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mani Mina, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

- Summer 1998.3. Jones, R. C. ,Kumar, T “Technological literacy for non-engineers,” Frontiers in Education Conference, 1991. Twenty-First Annual Conference. 'Engineering Education in a New World Order.' Proceedings. 21-24 Sept. 1991 Page(s):179 – 184. Page 13.897.54. Krupczak, J.J., Jr.; Ollis, D.; Pimmel, R.; Seals, R.; Pearson, G.; Fortenberry, N. “Panel - the technological literacy of undergraduates: identifying the research issues,” Frontiers in Education, 2005. FIE '05. Proceedings 35th Annual Conference 19-22 Oct. 2005 Page(s):T3B - 1-25. Krupczak, J.J., Jr.; VanderStoep, S.; Wessman, L.; Makowski, N.; Otto

Conference Session

Technological Literacy for K-12 and for Community College Students: Concepts, Assessment, and Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen O'Brien, The College of New Jersey

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

interest in STEM and non-STEM subjects. However,having a population of technologically literate K-5(8) teachers and teacher candidates alsooffers many unique research opportunities. [The definition of “technologically literate” herelikely entails being literate to some degree in the S, M and T&E.] Leaving the teachingeffectiveness benefits aside, a population of technologically literate K-5 teachers, and Page 15.1194.2presumably their K-5(8) students, should enable technological literacy instruments to bebetter designed and calibrated. This has broad implications. Measurements of technologicalliteracy in MST and non-MST teacher populations could

Conference Session

Teaching Technological Literacy - College Courses and Minors

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Austin Talley, University of Texas, Austin; Christina White, Columbia University; Kristin Wood, University of Texas, Austin; Richard Crawford, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

Type Indicator (MBTI) is linked to personality preferences, as shownin Table 1. MBTI summarizes preferences in terms of four categories that represent howan individual processes and evaluates information. The first category describes how aperson interacts with his or her environment. People who take initiative and gain energyfrom interactions are known as Extroverts (E). Introverts (I) on the other hand prefermore of a relatively passive role and gain energy internally. The second categorydescribes how a person processes information. A person who relies on her senses isreferred to as a Sensor (S), while a person who seeks to interpret and gain insight frominformation is called an iNtuitor (N). The Sensor versus iNtuitor category is

Conference Session

Engineering and Technology for Everyone

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

. Page 14.545.7Technological literacy focus courses will go into great depth within one or more technologytopic areas (see Figure 2b) with a higher fraction of C and D values in that column(s) whencompared to a survey course.Technological Literacy Design Courses and Critique, Assess, Reflect, or Connect (CARC)Courses will cover these respective rows in the matrix for one or more of the technology topicareas as shown in Figures 2c and 2d, respectively. It is expected that these courses will also havea higher percentage of C and D values in the corresponding rows – specifically for the detailedcross-cutting concepts within each group – compared to a survey course.To satisfy the diverse requirements of curriculum committees on varied campuses

Conference Session

Service Courses for Non-Engineers

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak, Hope College; Timothy Simpson, Pennsylvania State University; Vince Bertsch, Santa Rosa Junior College; Kate Disney, Mission College; Elsa Garmire, Dartmouth College; Barbara Oakley, Oakland University; Mary Rose, Ball State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

duration, itis not anticipated that any Survey course will fill the entire matrix, but it would be expected thatno row will be entirely blank – if it is, then it will not likely qualify as a good Survey course.Meanwhile, a column could be blank if a technology topic area is not covered due to time limits,but a good Survey will likely cover most of these technology areas.Technological Literacy Focus Courses will go into great depth within one or more technologytopic areas (see Figure 2b) with a higher percentage of C and D values in that column(s) whencompared to a Tech Lit Survey Course.Technological Literacy Design Courses and Critique, Assess, Reflect, or Connect (CARC)Courses will cover these respective rows in the matrix for one or more of the

Conference Session

Service Courses for Non-Engineers

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak, Hope College; David Ollis, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

America Modern,” Wiley (1996).9. Bloomfield, L., How Things Work: The Physics of Everyday Life, 2nd Edition (Wiley, New York, 2001).10. Bloomfield, L., Explaining the Physics of Everyday Life. University of Virginia. 11. Carlson, W. Bernard, “Technological Literacy And Empowerment: Exemplars From The History Of Technology,” Proceedings of the 2006 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference (2006). American Society for Engineering Education. .12. Converging Technologies at Union College, Union College, .13. Daniels, S., M. Collura, B. Aliane, J. Nocito-Gobel, “Project-Based Introduction to Engineering – Course Assessment, Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference

Conference Session

Technological Literacy for K-12 and for Community College Students: Concepts, Assessment, and Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Macho, Buffalo State College

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

, knowledge- intensive jobs and the innovative enterprises that lead to discovery and new technology, our economy will suffer and our people will face a lower standard of living. Economic studies conducted even before the information-technology revolution have shown that as much as 85% of measured growth in US income per capita was due to technological change. (p. 1) Keeping pace with this pressing need, the white house has taken upon the Educateto Innovate (WhiteHouse Press release(s) (2009 & 2010) initiative): The AP (1/7) reports that on Wednesday, President Obama launched his $250 million "Educate to Innovate" campaign "to train math and science teachers and help meet his

Conference Session

Technological Literacy and the Educated Person

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Heywood, Trinity College Dublin

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

remove dust etc passengers and fluid crewTransmission Recirculated air Method of What has to be for heat balance regulation recirculated? What has to be lost?Exhibit 3. B. T. Turner’s application of a matrix developed by G. G. S. Bosworth to the problem ofaircraft ventilation.27 Detail is obtained by further expansion of the boxes (see exhibit 4). For exampleit can show a family tree of

Conference Session

Improving Technical Understanding of All Americans

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kara Harris, College of Technology - Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

. Gray, M. & Daugherty, M. (2004). Factors that influence students to enroll in technology education programs. Journal of Technology Education, 19(2), 5-19.5. Karnes, R. & Starkweather, K. (1999). Technology Education in Prospect: Perceptions, Change, and the Survival of the Profession. Journal of Technology Studies, 15(1) 27-28.6. Litowitz, L. S. (1998). Technology education teacher demand and alternative route licensure. The Technology Teacher, 57(5), 23-28.7. National Academy of Engineering. (2004). The engineer of 2020: Visions of engineering in the new century. The National Academies Press. (pp. 47-57).8. National Science Foundation (2006). Extraordinary Women Engineers: Final Report. Grant

Conference Session

Technology Literacy for Non-Engineers

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Ollis, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

, professionals (corporate management, etc), family, friends and society ?Week four: In nine-ten pages, respond to the following questions: 1. What technical challenge did s/he address? 2. Why did the investigator(s) undertake the task(s) of interest ? 3. What achievement or resolution of the technical challenge was resulted? 4. What social challenges arose during the individual or team effort, and how were the social challenges resolved ? ( within a corporation ? family ? society at large ? other ? ) 5. What recognition, if any, did the investigator receive

Conference Session

Installing & Assessing Technology Literacy Courses

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Camille George, University of St. Thomas; Elise Amel, University of St. Thomas; Karl Mueller, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

Wisconsin-Madison No. RED-9452971).6. Felder, R.M., Felder, G.N., & Dietz, E.J. (2002). The effects of personality type on engineering studentperformance and attitudes. Journal of Engineering Education, 91, 3-17.7. Isaacs, B., & Tempei, P. (2001). Student projects that celebrate engineering: A path to diversity in the profession.ASEE/IEEE Proceedings- Frontiers in Education Conference, 3, S1F/1-4. Reno, NV.8. Williams, R. (2003). Education for the profession formerly known as engineering. The Chronicle of HigherEducation, 49, B12-13.9. Ettema, R. (2000). A drift in the curriculum. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education andPractice, 126, 21-26.10. Beder, S. (1999). Beyond technicalities: Expanding engineering thinking

Conference Session

Technology Literacy for Non-Engineers

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jan DeWaters, Clarkson University; Susan Powers, Clarkson University; Mary Graham, Clarkson University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

National Academy ofEngineering (NAE) and the National Research Council (NRC) defined technological literacybroadly as encompassing three dimensions: knowledge; ways of thinking and acting (criticallyanalyzing, assessing); and capabilities.12Since as early as the 1970’s, environmental science educators and education professionals havealso emphasized the application of skills and knowledge in attempting to set criteria forenvironmental literacy. Environmental literacy lacks a clear definition, but the TbilisiDeclaration of 197715 was modified in 199016 to state: “Environmental literacy is a basicfunctional education for all people, which provides them with the elementary knowledge, skills,and motives to cope with environmental needs and contribute

Conference Session

Technological Literacy and the Educated Person

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Dischino, Central Connecticut State University; James DeLaura, Central Connecticut State University; Patrick Foster, Central Connecticut State University; David Sianez, CCSU

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

impact students depending upon the environments inwhich students learn. Some recommended strategies for reaching all students with STEM afterschool activities are listed below:Content-based Strategies  Use and teach with the latest technologies and provide students with tools from many and various media  Contextualize activities by connecting with real-life situations and societal issues  Provide opportunities for individual student expression and connection to their cultures and experiences  Provide students with as much choice as possible in some aspect(s) of the activity  Provide activities that link content areas (for example, dance and geometry, writing and astronomy)  Provide a varied slate of

Conference Session

Technology Literacy for Engineering Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shayna Stanton, Student; Michael Bailey, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

: An opportunity for design faculty? Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education, Chicago.4. National Academy of Engineering, and National Research Council, Committee on Technological Literacy. (2002). Technically speaking: Why all Americans need to know more about technology. Pearson, Greg, and Young, A. Thomas. (Eds.).5. Mikic, B., and Voss, S. (2006). Engineering for everyone: Charging students with the task of designing creative solutions to the problem of technology literacy. Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Page 12.1610.8 Education, Chicago.6. Christopher

Conference Session

Engineering for Nonengineers: Ideas & Results

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Ollis, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

guitar which is ideal from the players point of view. In sum, the current popularity of the guitar appears due to the follow features: o Acoustic versions have been adapted by composers of virtually every type of music and culture o Electric types have found popularity in both media (radio, TV) as well as large concert settings. Its tenor s an instrument of “revolution” has kept it popular with youth today, just as it was at one point popular with the traveling gypsies of a much earlier era. The guitar, and the loom of the previous example, are both devices which date inancestry back to antiquity, well before the AD era. The incorporation of their products,music and textiles, into societies has therefore long and

Conference Session

Engineering and Technology for Everyone

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Carlson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

SA % a A %b D %c SD %d NE %eThe gains my students and I make in the classroom justify the amount oftime I spend preparing my Moodle course(s). 44.8 57.1 1.7 0 1.7The various class management tools (such as the gradebook, time-stamped submissions, and posting assignments) help me to stay 29.3 58.6 1.7 0 10.3organized.Working to prepare and integrate content, classroom activities, andonline assessment in a Moodle unit has improved my planning

Conference Session

Teaching Technological Literacy - Engaging Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University; Terence Geyer, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

used in this project was bought from sources in Texas, somedating to the late 1870’s. Other items like the glass insulators were purchased locally or donatedby students and staff. Page 15.1004.6 Figure 2. Pioneer Days Technology.All items required cleaning, with special attention given those made from metal – they weresandblasted and painted with a rust-inhibitor. This collection also includes: railroad spikes,animal traps, hay hook, various sized horseshoes, scythe, plow shears, porcelain-enamel pots,and oil lamps. To be able to deliver and display these artifacts in context, an AV cart wasmodified, by attaching

Conference Session

Teaching Technological Literacy - Engaging Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak, Hope College; Kate Disney, Mission College

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

for Engineering Education Annual Conference (2005). American Society for Engineering Education. 13. Orr, J.A., D. Cyganski, R. Vaz, “Teaching Information Engineering to Everyone,” Proceedings of the 1997 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference (1997). American Society for Engineering Education. 14. Pisupati, S. Jonathan P. Mathews and Alan W. Scaroni, “Energy Conservation Education for Non- Engineering Students: Effectiveness of Active Learning Components,” Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference (2003). American Society for Engineering Education. 15. National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators

Conference Session

Technology Literacy for Non-Engineers

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Blake, Austin Peay State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

, Humans, and Society – Toward a Sustainable World, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 2001. ISBN 0-12-221090-5.19. Hjorth, Linda S., Barbara A. Eichler, Ahmed S. Khan, and John A. Morello, Technology and Society – A Bridge to the 21st Century, 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, 2003. ISBN 0-13-092475-X. Note: the 3rd edition is now on the market.20. Johnston, Stephen F., J. Paul Gostelow, and W. Joseph King, Engineering and Society, Prentice Hall, 2000. ISBN 0-201-36141-8.21. Adams, J.L., Flying Buttresses, Entropy, and O-Rings: the World of an Engineer, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991. ISBN 0-674-30689-9.22. Billington, David P., The Innovators: the Engineering Pioneers Who Made America Modern, John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1996

Conference Session

Teaching Technological Literacy - College Courses and Minors

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roy McGrann, State University of New York, Binghamton

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

Page 15.32.6Literacy, National Academy of Engineering; National Research Council; Greg Pearson and A. Thomas Young,Editors (2002), p. 3.2 Linda S. Hirsch, Siobhán J. Gibbons, Howard Kimmel, Ronald Rockland, and Joel Bloom, “High School Students’Attitudes To And Knowledge About Engineering,” 33rd ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, 2003.Paper #1145 Page 15.32.7

Conference Session

Installing & Assessing Technology Literacy Courses

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Ollis, North Carolina State University; John Krupczak, Hope College

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

instruction is encouraged naturally, potentially leading to cost-effective initiatives and reforms. In sum, the national challenge of creating and improving the technology literacyof undergraduates could be approached through the recruitment and reward of designfaculty, inter alia. This instructional group is widely present on every engineeringcampus. Further, as S. Sheppard has documented, the present of device dissection labs inUS engineering schools is also appreciable28. The combined availability of bothinstructors and device lab space suggests a natural doorway for widespread enhancementof technology literacy instruction at the undergraduate level.Acknowledgement The preparation of this paper was supported by the National Science

Conference Session

Defining Technological Literacy

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak, Hope College; David Ollis, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

recall John Truxal’s Page 11.1239.10advice: “Teach from what you know’” The table below shows the clear correlationbetween the disciplinary training of the instructor, and the major theme(s) of each coursesummarized above.Table 2: Correlation of Research Interests with Technological Literacy course themes.Instructor Engineering Dominant Course Theme Discipline______________________________________________________Lienhard* Mechanical Engines of Our IngenuityBloomfield Physics Physics of Everyday LifeGeorge Mechanical Hydrogen Economy – Fuel CellsKuc

Conference Session

Improving Technical Understanding of All Americans

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Rose, Ball State University; Jim Flowers, Ball State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

). Teaching and learning plan: Week 1. Retrieved January 9, 2008, from http://arose.iweb.bsu.edu/BSUCourses/ITEDU_510/LP/LP_1[Intro].htm10. Porter, A. L., Rossinni, F., Carpenter, S. R, Roper, A. T., Larson, R. W., and Tiller, J. S. (1980). A guidebook for technology assessment and impact analysis. New York: North Holland.11. Flowers, J. (2005). Usability testing in technology education. The Technology Teacher, 64(8), 17-1912. Duffy, T.M., & Cunningham, D.J. (1996). Constructivism: Implications for the design and delivery of instruction. In D. H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of research for educational communications and technology (pp. 170-198). New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan.13. Flowers, J. (2007). Technology assessment

Conference Session

Teaching Technological Literacy - College Courses and Minors

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak, Hope College; Mani Mina, Iowa State University; Robert J. Gustafson, Ohio State University; James Young, Rice University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference, June 22 - 25, 2008, Pittsburgh, PA.17. Gustafson, R. J. and B. C. Trott. 2009. Two Minors in Technological Literacy for Non-Engineers, Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference, June 15-17, Austin, TX.18. Krupczak, J. J., S. VanderStoep, L. Wessman, N. Makowski, C. Otto, and K. Van Dyk. 2005. “ Work in progress: Case study of a technological literacy and non-majors engineering course,” Proceeding of the 35th ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, October 19-22, Indianapolis, IN.19. Pintrich, P. R., D. Smith, T. Garcia, and W. McKeachie. 1991. A Manual for the Use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning

Conference Session

Teaching Technological Literacy - Engaging Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Howell, San Jose State University; Patricia Backer, San Jose State University; Belle Wei, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

-7.10 Bogue, B., & Litzinger, M. E. (2004). Wellness strategies for women engineers: An interdisciplinary course designed to help women engineers succeed. Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition.11 Chaturvedi, S., Crossman, G., Swart. W., & Betit, J. (2001). Global engineering in an interconnected world: An upper division general education cluster at Old Dominion University. Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition.12 Herkert, J. R. (1997). STS for engineers: Integrating engineering, humanities, and social sciences. Proceedings of the 1997 American Society for Engineering Education Annual

Conference Session

Improving Technical Understanding of All Americans

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elaine Cooney, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis; Karen Alfrey; Steve Owens, Indiana University - Purdue University-Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

educational objectives.The “class project” and “writing assignments” activities suggested by Chowdhurydemonstrate the higher competencies of synthesis and evaluation and are examples ofPBL. [26] The problems are open ended, and the students determine their own points oflearning needed to solve the problem. Learners interact either with the instructor or eachother by answering questions to determine the validity of the process. Finally, thestudent(s) – not the instructor - decide the best answer.Nasr and Ramadan [27] offer some suggestions for assessment in a PBL environment: (1) ability to reason through given information and identify a solution approach to the problem, (2) ability to solve an unseen problem, (3) based on a brief project

Conference Session

Installing & Assessing Technology Literacy Courses

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Voss, Smith College; Borjana Mikic, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

total of nine projects were developed, with a subset described below.(1) “iPOD® 101” consisted of an interactive large-scale model of an iPOD®. Internal components addressed the technology behind the workings of the lithium-ion battery, the hard drive, and the MP3 format, as well as props to allow the user to learn about the history and evolution of the iPOD® as an innovative design, and the positive and negative societal impact of iPOD®’s (economic aspects, creation of both community and alienation associated with items conferring class status, the isolation of individuals from the larger community, and the distribution of pornography). The team traveled to several houses (i.e., dormitories) to present their “iPOD® 101

Conference Session

Technology Literacy for Engineering Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Camille George, University of St. Thomas; Elise Amel, University of Saint Thomas; Christopher Greene, University of Saint Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

Foundationunder grant # ESI-0341897. The authors would like to thank James Pechacek, Nicole Jackson,Peter Rhode, Karl Mueller and Vern Cottles for their invaluable help in making the activitiescome alive.Bibliography1 National Academy of Engineering (NAE). 2002. Technically Speaking: Why all Americans need to know moreabout technology. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.2 Pisupati, S. V., Mathews, J. P., and Scaroni, A. W., Energy Conservation Education for Non-Engineering Studentsand the Effectiveness of Active Learning Components. 2003, Proceedings of the American Society of EngineeringEducation Annual Conference, Session 2533.3 Krohn, J. L., and Apple, S. C., Energy and the Environment: An Energy Education Course for High SchoolTeachers. 2003

Conference Session

Technology Literacy for Non-Engineers

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barbara Oakley, Oakland University; Lorenzo Smith, Oakland University; Yin-ping (Daniel) Chang, Oakland University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

. Co.; 1982.2. W. B. Stouffer, Jeffrey S. Russell, Michael G. Oliva, "Making the strange familiar: Creativity and the future of engineering education." Paper presented at: American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference, 2004; Salt Lake City, UT.3. Carl Selinger, "The creative engineer: What can you do to spark new ideas?" IEEE Spectrum, 2004, http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/aug04/3842. Accessed Dec 12, 2006.4. The Future of Engineering Research, The Royal Academy of Engineering, 2003, http://www.raeng.org.uk/news/publications/list/reports/Future_of_Engineering.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2006.5. Robert Birnbaum, Birnbaum v. Henry Petroski (interview), The Morning News, 2004, http