Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Paper Session

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Glenn Ellis; Susannah Howe; Donna Riley

different rationales. The first rationalerelates to preparation for professional decision-making, an ability to recognize ethical problemswhen they arise, an ability to practice “defensive” [preventive] ethics, and familiarity withprofessional standards for ethics. Students who raised this rationale also articulated theimportance of being in a practice of ethical problem solving. A second rationale raised by onestudent is that teaching ethics is “a way for the engineering department to be sure that we receivemore of a liberal education than solely a technical education.” Two students raised a thirdrationale, the personal development afforded by an education in ethics.B. Essential ElementsElements that students saw as essential parts of an ethics

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Annie Abell, Ohio State University; Dan Wisniewski, The Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

personal career goals. iii. Students develop an engineering mindset that demonstrates constant curiosity, makes connections between disparate bodies of information, and seeks opportunities to create value.Approach to Developing Content & AssessmentsGiven that this was a redesign project, the instructors had a body of existing course material touse as a starting point for our new version of the course. Many existing lectures, lessons,activities, and assignments were used as a skeleton for the new course material. Keeping with thespirit of the backward design process outlined above, the instructors worked to revise, revamp,and rewrite course materials to connect back to

Conference Session

Developing Young MINDS in Engineering - Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Jones, Louisiana State University; Kelly Rusch, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Warren Waggenspack, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Roger Seals, Louisiana State University; Vaneshette Henderson, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

well academically, and they had a cumulative GPA  of 3.383. With respect to programs, the students have evaluated the seminars positively. The2008 freshman cohort reported that they were actively participating in many of the careerservices (Career Services Center - 88%) and academic assistance programs (Center for AcademicSuccess - 77%) that would impact their academic success, professional development and overallbalance of life.IntroductionFulfilling the need for college graduates in science, engineering and technology has beenidentified as a critical element in maintaining the United States’ progress and leadership in acompetive, technology driven world economy1. Unfortunately, overall enrollment in engineeringdegree programs has declined

Collection

2024 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Molly McVey; Priscilla L. Shum

large contextual projects as part of their coursework) contributed to the developmentof a professional identity amongst recent graduates. Similarly, for undergraduate students, designexperiences [24], participating in technological innovation competitions [25], enjoyment ofelements of professional engineering practice [26], and engagement in engineering-relatedactivities [27] predicted undergraduates’ engineering identity.A sense of belonging is more associated with positive social and relational experiences. Bothformal and informal mentoring, especially for underrepresented students, were important forfostering belonging [11, 28, 29]. Peer mentors with the same identities as mentees could beespecially effective [30, 31]. Actions of faculty

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Andrea Nana Ofori-Boadu, North Carolina A&T State University; Victor Ofori-Boadu, Penuel Consult Inc.; Jacob Randall Vanderpool, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University; Dongyang Deng, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

and construction (AEC) students. In February 2019, Andrea received the prestigious National Science Foundation NSF - CAREER award to research professional identity development processes in undergraduate AEC women. She has also received grants from East Coast Construction Services, Engineering Information Foundation, and the Na- tional Association of Home Builders. Dr. Ofori-Boadu was selected to participate in the 2019 QEM-NSF INCLUDES summit. In 2018, she was selected as a 2018 National Science Foundation - NC A & T ADVANCE IT Faculty Scholar. She also received the 2018 CoST Teaching Excellence Merit Award. Dr. Ofori-Boadu received both the 2017 NC A & T - CoST Rookie Research Excellence Award and the

Conference Session

Freshman Curriculum Development

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Rita Caso; Jeff Froyd; Jan Rinehart; Ahmer Inam; Ann Kenimer; Carolyn Clark; Jim Morgan

at the end of the fallsemester. There was a positive, significant difference in how the students interacted with thefaculty and graduate teaching assistants, interacted with their team members, their study habitsand in their confidence and determination to become an engineer. This demonstrates the sense of Page 7.120.9community for all students. Impressed with comments from faculty and students alike, the Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright Ó 2002, American Society for Engineering Educationcollege, in fall 2001, placed a peer

Conference Session

Makerspaces in the Library: Using 3D printers, Laser Cutters, and Kits to Enhance Learning

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adam Rogers, North Carolina State University Libraries; Ben Leduc-Mills, SparkFun Electronics, Inc.; Brendan C. O'Connell, Smith College Libraries; Brian Huang, Sparkfun Electronics

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

electroniccomponents into a course called Victorian Media Studies. In these cases, the library serves theinteresting role of ‘gap-bridger’, bringing these more engineering-friendly tools into practice inthe humanities.The low barrier to entry of the MaKey MaKey (which is essentially ‘plug-and-play’) combinedwith library support, enabled a Communications faculty member, Nicholas Taylor, to develop aclass assignment using MaKey MaKey in collaboration with a librarian, Brendan O’Connell, forhis Communications and Technology course. Students produced videos in which they builtphysical representations of intellectual concepts from the course using MaKey MaKey. Theyused the MaKey MaKey as an experimental communications medium, learning about both self

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Recruiting and Retention

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Zahrasadat Alavi, California State University, Chico; Kevin Buffardi, California State University, Chico; Kun Zhang P.E., California State University, Chico; Kathleen Meehan, California State University, Chico; Webster R. Johnson, California State University, Chico

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

instructions compared to the 2019 in-person bootcamp was thatthe students who were not willing to reach out to the faculty or the student assistant for help,would get stuck for a while which also resulted in less engagement. In an in-person bootcamp,supervision and identifying the students that needed additional help was significantly easier.Therefore, the number of students who could complete this part of the project was lower than lastyear. A solution to this issue could be creating groups of two students similar to the in-personbootcamp, asking students to work with each other, and joining their Zoom breakout roomsevery 15-20 minutes to see their progress. On the third day, students designed a path for their robots to follow and developed the

Conference Session

First- and Second-year Design and Professional Development in BME

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emma K. Frow, Arizona State University; Barbara S. Smith, Arizona State University; Casey Jane Ankeny, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

include primingstudents for subsequent ‘design spine’ courses and their final-year BME capstone experience, anddeveloping interactive project-based teaching at scale. The two faculty who teach this course(Frow, Smith) have co-developed the content over the past two years; we also meet biweeklyduring the academic year with faculty members teaching the other BME ‘design spine’ courses, tocoordinate program content and learning outcomes across courses.Our semester-long course focuses on global healthcare markets and device design for low-resourcesettings. The course revolves around an open-ended, team-based design project (Smith et al. 2005).A core aim is to foster curiosity and creativity1 in students’ first formal experience of engineeringdesign

Conference Session

STS Perspectives on Engineering Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Atsushi Akera, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Page 25.1322.2translated into a local decision to expand the “humanistic-social” program at MIT to eightsubjects, or one course taken during each semester of a student’s career.7From the standpoint of MIT’s history, the most significant consequence of Compton efforts wasthat it placed MIT squarely within the path of the U.S. science mobilization effort during WorldWar II. As recounted on many occasions, MIT garnered a lion’s share of the total OSRD wartimeexpenditures, a significant portion of which was dispersed across the institute.Origins of the SurveyVarious accounts make it clear that sponsored research was on the minds of many faculty atMIT. Still, as an indication of MIT’s vestigial orientation towards being an undergraduateinstitution

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Homero Murzi, Virginia Tech; Andres Nieto Leal; Anthony Olukayode Yusuf, Virginia Tech; Abiola Akanmu, Virginia Tech; Sheryl Ball; Andrea Nana Ofori-Boadu, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

traditionally marginalized engineering students from an asset-based perspective. Homero’s goal is to develop engineering education practices that value the capital that tra- ditionally marginalized students, bring into the field, and to train graduate students and faculty members with the tool to promote effective and inclusive learning environments and mentorship practices. Homero has been recognized as a Diggs Teaching Scholar, a Graduate Academy for Teaching Excellence Fellow, a Global Perspectives Fellow, a Diversity Scholar, a Fulbright Scholar, a recipient of the NSF CAREER award, and was inducted into the Bouchet Honor Society. Homero serves as the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Chair for the

Conference Session

Building and Engaging Communities for Scholarship, Advocacy, and Action for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janet Callahan, Boise State University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Adrienne Robyn Minerick, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Topics

ASEE Diversity Committee, Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International, Minorities in Engineering

et al., [5] performed an exploratory on a non-traditional first year college student’sexperiences with messaging about engineering by an administrator, engineering faculty, and anacademic advisor. Their ethnographic research revealed tensions between the career goals of thestudent and the prioritization of national economic strength, an emphasis on quantitative andtechnical aspects of engineering practice over social or qualitative aspects, and a focus on theimportance of producing a large number of engineers to bolster the workforce over theeducational goals of the students. The messaging is created and reinforced by individuals atdifferent levels of the university system. This work underscores the need for criticalintrospection by

Conference Session

Relationships Between Skills and Knowledge Domains

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Keith E. Hedges, Drury University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

when architecture majors enroll in engineering coursesin the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB) accredited degree programs. Theproblem deepens when the setting changes from a public institution to a private liberal artsinstitution. In response to these scenarios, the author explored the question, “What is thepersonal nature of the liberal arts in engineering courses and programs from a teacher’sperspective?” To examine this condition, a personal experience narrative was performed todescribe the journey of being a faculty member teaching engineering and architecture courses inABET and NAAB accredited programs, while inside public and private institutions. Theprimary purpose was to explore the nature of liberal arts in engineering

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Technical Session 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saiyn Kurmankulov, Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan; Dinara Dikhanbayeva; Asma Perveen; Mariza Tsakalerou, Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering Division (WIED)

another woman or an acquaintance. It is obvious that the role model fromchildhood in the face of relatives offers obvious advantages, but this is not the only way.People are inspired by the career paths and achievements of various persons. And this instillsin women, especially at the beginning of the career path, a deep conviction that they canachieve similar heights in STEM (Q54).Table 3. Comparison of answers of interviewees with intrinsic ability versus when they had a role model Intrinsic ability Role model “The predisposition to subjects of STEM fields “My role model is a former student of the leading influenced my decision to study at

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Samuel P. Clemence; Daniel J. McGinley

science students and graduates in making the transition from academiato a career in professional practice. Institute programs address those issues which make adefinitive difference between true success and failure in an engineered project.Issues in Professional Engineering Practice ProgramIn 1992 in response to the concerns voiced by the practicing engineering community, the GeneralElectric Fund and the Institute for Professional Practice sponsored the development of a coursecalled Issues in Professional Engineering Practice. The intent of the course is to draw uponpracticing engineers and allied professionals to assist engineering schools in raising the level ofstudent awareness regarding potentially disruptive non-technical issues in

Conference Session

Institutional Perspectives and Boundary Work

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ron D Dempsey, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

SPSU. The institution and faculty have used this component of boundary work as ameans of exercising Gieryn’s concept of expulsion where “boundary work excludes rivals fromwithin by defining them as outsiders.”53 The expertise of “applied” and “hands-on” educationalexperience has allowed the ET programs at SPSU to demonstrate their superiority overengineering. An ET faculty member writes They (ET degrees) train the students for real engineering jobs. They have hands on courses and students also learn computer packages and programs necessary for the jobs. Employers do not need to train the graduates. The graduates have found real engineering jobs because they have learned both theoretical and hands on stuff. The

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Berrisford Boothe; Todd Watkins; John Ochs

course and the capstone e-team experience as described above and special seminars each semester. This first year class has35 students selected from over 600 applicants with a combined average SAT of over 1400. It isexpected that this program will grow in both quality and quantity of students. At the steady statethe program is expected have over 250 students enrolled. A faculty implementation team iscurrently exploring the possibility of a graduate program that integrates a Masters of BusinessAdministration (MBA) and Masters of Engineering (MEngr.) again using the e-team project asan integrating theme.5. Infrastructure Requirements – faculty, staff, facilitiesThe three programs (iP3, IDA and IBE) described above emphasize the integrated

Conference Session

Technology, Communications & Ethics

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Christopher Long

FloorFigure 4 shows that during this particular session, the undergraduates had the floor for themajority of the time, followed by their near-peer graduate mentors and then the faculty. The factthat the students control the floor for substantial periods of time is consistent with the nature ofthe RCS. This differs greatly from usual classroom instruction, in which the instructortraditionally dominates the floor. In the studio, the undergraduates play a more active role intheir own development. However, note that there are more undergraduates than mentors, andmore mentors than faculty, so on a per person basis these numbers still indicate that the facultyand mentors play an active role in driving the discussion.The role activity analysis can be

Conference Session

Basic Concepts in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Neelam Soundarajan, Ohio State University; Rajiv Ramnath, Ohio State University; Bruce W. Weide, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

) greater interest in pursuing IT business ventures, and (3) more en- trepreneurial knowledge and skill than comparable students who do not participate in NEW- PATH? • Are NEWPATH students more likely to pursue IT startup career positions after graduation than comparable students? • Which NEWPATH program components are most critical at producing outcome effects?Quasi-experimental design: The outcome evaluation design consists of administering a pre-and post-test survey to each incoming cohort of NEWPATH students and to a comparison group ofstudents who attended the initial recruitment meeting but did not become members of NEWPATH,then administering a post-test survey at the end of the following academic year to both groups.The pre

Conference Session

Design Across the Curriculum

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aruna Shekar, Massey University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

identify their ownstrengths and areas for personal development. Collaborative learning also takes place, asstudents learn from their own team members, and from observations of other teams.Student evaluation and feedbackIn the 2013 student survey, students have clearly said that they enjoyed the project activities,and the hands-on tasks. Three methods were employed to gather student opinions – an onlinesurvey (147 responses received), face-to-face discussions by staff from the Department ofTeaching and Learning (over 300 students participated), and course feedback. Students saidthat the projects, Stream online support (especially, the weekly study plans), practical andapplied activities, class discussions, problem solving exercises, and field trips

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bimal P. Nepal, Texas A&M University; Michael Johnson, Texas A&M University; Maria Antoun Henri, Texas A&M University ; Norma Perez, Houston Community College; Madeline Burillo, Houston Community College; Roberto Sanchez, Houston Community College

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

peer reviewed conference proceedings articles in these areas. He has B.S. in ME, and both M.S. and Ph.D. in IE. He is a member of ASEE, INFORMS, and a senior member of IIE.Dr. Michael Johnson, Texas A&M University Dr. Michael D. Johnson is an associate professor in the Department of Engineering Technology and In- dustrial Distribution at Texas A&M University. Prior to joining the faculty at Texas A&M, he was a senior product development engineer at the 3M Corporate Research Laboratory in St. Paul, Minnesota. He received his B.S. in mechanical engineering from Michigan State University and his S.M. and Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dr. Johnson’s research focuses on design tools

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ieshya Anderson, Arizona State University; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

the purpose of helping provide insight for further research direction ofculturally contextualized STEM curricula for Tohono O’odham students. The research questionguiding this work is:How do Tohono O’odham Wa:k community members perceive engineering in the context oftheir community and culture?Researcher RoleMy life experiences and beliefs shape my research role. I am a Tohono O’odham woman, bornfor the Diné (Navajo). I am a first-generation college graduate, an engineer, an engineeringeducation PhD student, and a mother. Growing up on the Navajo Nation, my parents and eldersencouraged me and other Native people to pursue higher education. We were encouraged topursue education for the purpose of helping Native people, community, and culture

Conference Session

International Distance & Service Learning for Engineers- Discussion on Best Practices

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Boschetto-Sandoval, Michigan Technological University; Ciro Sandoval, Michigan Technological University; Linda Phillips, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

International

affective as well as effective cultural mediators andambassadors, students acquire an understanding of how a language other than their ownproduces and distributes knowledge within socio-cultural communicative frameworks.As we learned in the spring of 2006, the piloting of a unique collaboration between Civiland Environmental Engineering and Humanities provided a forum for generating furtherreflection on the benefits of cross-disciplinary efforts for both students and faculty. Wediscovered, for example, that cross-disciplinary literacy as a framework for advancinglanguage acquisition and engineering service learning also encouraged language andnon-engineering students to integrate an international field experience into theireducational career goals

Conference Session

Teaching Design Through Projects

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Theodore Pavlic; Prabal Dutta; Michael Hoffmann; Jeffrey Radigan; James Beams; Erik Justen; John Demel; Richard Freuler

popularity of the successful FEH program thus far has fueled a noticeableincrease in the FEH student population. For example, there were about 70 honors students whostarted the FEH sequence in fall quarter of the 1998-99 academic year. A total of 250 honorsstudents began the FEH sequence in fall quarter 2002. Historically, FEH was always able toprovide a significant amount of instructional support to each student, but with such an increase indemand for the program, staffing at all levels—faculty, graduate teaching associates, andundergraduate teaching assistants—becomes more challenging. Several aspects of FEH,including the hands-on lab experiences, were originally designed with a smaller population inmind; population growth has strained resources

Conference Session

Safety and Sustainability in the ChE Classroom

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brittany Lynn Butler-Morton, Rowan University; Cayla Ritz, Rowan University; Elif Miskioglu, Bucknell University; Cheryl A Bodnar, Rowan University; Emily Dringenberg, The Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)

that comes with experience, causingindividuals to make less analytic, rule-based judgments and more quick decisions based on their priorexperiences [10], [21]-[23], [25]. While we cannot teach students the experience of an industryprofessional within a classroom, we can attempt to advance their skills acquisition by exposing them tothe situational context that may influence their judgments and attempt to make them more involved in theoutcomes of their decisions. Implementing frameworks such as the cognitive apprenticeship frameworkwhich focuses on novices learning the problem-solving process of experts from experienced professionalsmay be useful in addressing this gap [19]. Our future research in this area hopes to explore the impact ofsuch

Conference Session

K-12 Outreach Initiatives

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert Vieth; Kazem Kazerounian

) Training of in-career high school SMET teachers in engineering education, primarily through participation in a one - week summer institute and bi-monthly workshops alongside engineering Graduate Fellows; 6) Establishment of a Galileo virtual engineering community using computer infrastructure resources at the University of Connecticut as a major venue for project planning, communication and resource/experience sharing for all participants in this project and the education community in general; 7) Development of a “Master of Engineering Education” degree to provide engineering graduate students interested in exploring teaching careers, or secondary school

Conference Session

Design and Making

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marisa Exter, Purdue University; Iryna Ashby, Purdue University; Colin M. Gray, Purdue University; Denise McAllister Wilder NCIDQ, Purdue University; Terri S. Krause, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

: A Case StudyThe context of this case study is the development of a technology-focused, transdisciplinaryprogram at a large research-intensive Midwestern university. This program is part of a largerinitiative supported by the university to experiment with new educational approaches. The visionfor this initiative was to prepare students to succeed across their future career—which mayinclude jobs that do not exist today. A group of interested faculty fellows were charged withinvestigating new educational approaches that met the values of: (a) viewing the student as awhole person; (b) welcoming diversity and access for all; (c) student autonomy; (d) risk-takingas an important component to learning; and (e) openness fostered through sharing

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Natalie Schaal, Loyola Marymount University; Spencer Edwin Chan, Loyola Marymount University; Julian K. Saint Clair, Loyola Marymount University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

: Word cloud visualization of the college-level challenges faced by the participantsIn addition to a word frequency query, a coding analysis was performed on the responses toquestion M1 from the matching survey to distill this qualitative information. In doing so, fourinductive codes were generated by the researcher while reading and sorting the data: academics,path uncertainty, personal and social struggles, and time balance. The “academics” code wasused to label any struggles related to coursework, such as low grades, dropping courses, or poorstudy habits. The “path uncertainty” code broadly labels any lack of clarity in students’ academicor career trajectory in engineering, such as being unsure about their major or having troublefinding an

Collection

ASEE 2021 Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

B. Michael Aucoin P.E., Texas A&M University; Brandon Bowen, Texas A&M University

mixed signals; even with a stated high level of interest, leadership developmentthere is often haphazard4. For example, none of the engineering graduates surveyed by Watson5were provided any formal training in leadership by their employers. As Kumar and Hsaio 6 cleverlyconcluded, engineers must learn “soft skills the hard way.” In academia, the situation hashistorically been little better. There is sparse room for leadership education in crowded curriculaat universities, and few engineering faculty members have the knowledge or skill for teachingleadership4,6. Unsurprisingly, there are significant deficiencies in engineering education for thesocial skills needed in the workplace7. It is generally accepted that students will have to

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

E. Bernard White, George Mason University

“The perceived diminishedrelevance of Computer Science is being driven by two complementary phenomena: computingapplications are being viewed less as applications of computing technology and more as integralcomponents of everyday tasks, and the field of computing is examining itself in an effort tounderstand how to prepare students for rapidly changing careers increasingly integrated withother disciplines.” These types of observations require that educational program administratorsand other computing professionals continually review the evolving field of computing in aneffort to understand how to prepare students for rapidly changing careers increasingly integratedwith other disciplines.3. Reasons for Loss of IT JobsIt is true that the high