Conference Session

Sustainability, Diversity, and STEM in Contemporary Energy Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randy Dean Kelley, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown; Amy L. Miller, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown; Brandon Dooley, Heat Transfer Research, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

maintaining thedesigned performance? These questions form the basis of the second aforementioned core areaof energy engineering and the main topic of this paper: energy conservation. Owing to their large energy densities and relative ease of use compared with othercombustible fuels, petroleum-derived fossil fuels such as crude oil and natural gas have risen toprominence as the fuel of choice throughout most of the industrialized world.1 However, withvarious markers indicating that we may be in the midst of peak global crude oil production, theworld’s industrialized countries are now faced with the reality that the oil-based economies,which dominated the last century, are on an unsustainable track.2 In the United States, there haslong existed a

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technology Curriculum

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alamgir A. Choudhury, Western Michigan University; Jorge Rodriguez, Western Michigan University; Pavel Ikonomov, Western Michigan University; Joseph McCoy Mydosh, Western Michigan University; Jason Michael Shane

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

practices are introduced in sophomore level thermodynamics andjunior level fluid mechanics courses. A multipurpose laboratory equipped with fluidprocess, sensors, data acquisition system, and application programs is being developed. Aseries of laboratory practices based on use of fluid mechanics principles in energyefficient industrial applications provide students a strong foundation of the subject. Laterin the senior level engineering design classes, these learnings are utilized to practiceinnovative design of energy efficient products. Industrial collaboration is established toensure student exposure to realistic energy efficient products and practices throughcapstone design projects and undergraduate research.1. IntroductionEngineering

Conference Session

"Green" Topics in Architectural Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christian Daniel Douglass, University Of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; James M. Leake, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

. According toCrawley, et. al. although many users rely on a single tool for design decisions, it may be moreproductive to use multiple tools. Additional tools can be used to provide information that asingle tool could not provide, or they can be used as “second opinions” to build confidence in adesign decision7.Building SelectionThe design and floor plan of thebuilding used in the modules arebased on the First Jacobs House8(Figure 1), a 1550 square footresidential building designed byFrank Lloyd Wright in 1936. TheFirst Jacobs House was part ofWright’s Usonia movement. Thebuilding, located in Madison,Wisconsin, was chosen for two mainreasons. One, its smaller size as aresidential building made it moretractable for the purpose of a Figure 1

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric C. Dierks, University of Texas, Austin; Jason M. Weaver, University of Texas, Austin; Kristin L. Wood, University of Texas, Austin; Kendra Crider, U.S. Air Force Academy; Daniel D. Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

inspections. This project exemplifies the energy harvesting field as an excitingeducational tool useful for preparing students for careers in industry, consulting, entrepreneurialventures, or applied research. This paper provides a snapshot of this project and seeks todemonstrate the integration of emerging technology studies in undergraduate curriculum whilethe students explore a suite of concepts to power health monitoring systems.1: Motivation It can become easy for a student to become overwhelmed or lose enthusiasm during theirundergraduate engineering education; solving problems which have already been implemented inindustry for years or working on a project which is not utilized upon completion. On the otherhand, need-based problems

Conference Session

Sustainable Energy Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Chasnov, Cedarville University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

. In 2007, electricity purchasedfrom the local utility company accounted for 74% of the campus energy usage. Since theuniversity does not have direct control over which fuel is being used to provide this neededelectricity and since Congress is currently debating “Cap and Trade” legislation, it behooves theuniversity to take a serious look at its energy conservation practices. Recommendations to the university administration include the following: (1) line-itemthe energy cost to students as a part of their bills, (2) increase the rate of replacing olderequipment with high-efficiency units, (3) develop a plan for becoming carbon-neutral by aspecified date in the future, and (4) sponsor a project which integrates environmental, business

Conference Session

Improving Visualization Skills

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yaomin Dong, Kettering University; Jacqueline A. El-Sayed, Marygrove College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

Engineering Graphics course, severalimprovements were implemented. The enhancements to the existing Engineering Graphicscourse are discussed.1. IntroductionFor the past 75 years, Kettering University has provided its students with top quality classroominstruction, state-of-the-art laboratory facilities and career-oriented work experience in industry.Kettering offers Bachelors Degree programs in engineering, science, mathematics, andmanagement. Kettering students begin a unique five year cooperative education program in theirfreshmen year by alternating 12-week period of classroom studies with related work experiencein over 600 corporate affiliates. The corporate sponsors of Kettering University students includeover 600 other companies as well as the

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ramakrishnan Sundaram, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

plans for the extended outreachcomponent of the program.Section 2: STEM-based ECE Projects for Direct OutreachThe STEM-based ECE project activities on ECE day take place in the following fourECE laboratories of the ECE department. 1. Systems Integration Design and test electronic circuits and systems 2. Electric Drives Control and simulate electric machines 3. Embedded Systems FPGA-based system-on-chip (SOC) design 4. Personal Computing Programming tools and interfaces for PC workstationsThe project overview and the steps required to build and validate the design are presentedby the ECE faculty member in charge of the project activity. The faculty member isassisted by currently

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick A. Tebbe, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Nicholas Saucedo, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Jeffrey Richard Pribyl, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Stewart L. Ross, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

textbookproblem without any additional time required in lecture. Even if a student is not motivated toresearch beyond the problem statement, benefits will still result. As an example, forthermodynamics an existing power plant might be chosen for the scenario. Whereas students aregenerally told “a turbine exists at these conditions,” here they will be told what type of turbine itis, what the turbine’s purpose is, and where the operating conditions come from. The addedvisual information and the move from a generic problem to one with its’ own identity has beenshown during Phase 1 to increase student engagement and subsequently performance.This type of material would be infeasible for traditional paper textbooks due to space and formatlimitations. For this

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Masoud Naghedolfeizi, Fort Valley State University; Sanjeev Arora, Fort Valley State University; Ramana Gosukonda, Fort Valley State University; Nabil A. Yousif, Fort Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

familiarize the student with LabVIEW, the project’s supervisor provided the student with abrief introduction to LabVIEW programming and demonstrated how to develop a simpleprogram under LabVIEW. Then, the student was given pertinent literature and tutorials to gainfurther knowledge and skills in LabVIEW programming. To complete the project, the studentcarried out three main tasks: Design of Front Panel, Design of Wiring Diagram, as well asTesting and Debugging. 1. Design of Front Panel: This phase was relatively simple and the student needed to identify the appropriate controls and indicators in the front panel that provided the graphical user interface. The controls were used to configure data acquisition parameters such as sampling

Conference Session

Developments in BME Pedagogy and Assessment

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah Won, California State University, Los Angeles; Huiping Guo, California State University, Los Angeles; Jianyu Dong, California State University, Los Angeles

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

. More specifically, we used the HP Tablet PC in achieving the following aims: 1) Create interactive in-class exercises which increase class participation 2) Improve learning assessment by monitoring student work in class 3) Enhance student learning by providing immediate feedback 4) Encourage collaborative thinking among students on class projectsThe Tablet PC has features which we expected would encourage active learning [1]. The TabletPC has been used in classrooms and laboratories to engage students in learning subjects rangingfrom physics, chemistry, mathematics, and engineering disciplines such as chemical engineeringand mechanical engineering [2-6]. It has even been employed in the clinical setting to aidtechnicians

Conference Session

Computer Science and Information Technology in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meltem Alemdar, Georgia Institute of Technology; Tony Docal, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

monitoring plans designed to facilitate program improvement. Dr. Alemdar’s leadership evaluation work includes serving as lead evaluator on NASA’s electronic Professional Development Net- work (ePDN), a new initiative dedicated to preparing teachers to engage their students in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) fields through the use of NASA-developed learning materials and resources. She also serves as the lead evaluator on several NSF funded Noyce Scholarship programs. She has direct experience leading evaluation of STEM programs and has contributed to evaluations of leadership and STEM related innovations.Tony Docal, Georgia Institute of Technology 1. Mr. Anthony Docal Anthony Docal has been

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Elizabeth August, Loyola Marymount University; Allison Neyer, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Don Brian Murphy, Loyola Marymount University; Robert Quinlan Thames

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

* Don Murphy* Robert Q. Thames* James Vales* *Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science ** Department of Communication Studies Loyola Marymount University 1 LMU Drive Los Angeles, CA 90045-2659 310-338-5973 saugust@lmu.edu mhammers@lmu.edu waterrose9@aol.com dshokrgo@lion.lmu.edu dmurph21@lion.lmu.edu rqthames@yahoo.com jamesvales226@gmail.comAbstractRather than waiting for students to pursue STEM education, virtual worlds and games can beused to bring science, technology, engineering, and mathematics to the students throughengaging and socially

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Alvarenga, California State University, Los Angeles; Mark Vincent Abbott, California State University, Los Angeles; Alexander Abramyan; Jianyu Dong, California State University, Los Angeles; Oleg Gontar; Huiping Guo, California State University, Los Angeles; Eun-Young Kang, California State University, Los Angeles; Victor Mejia; Phanit Pollavith, California State University, Los Angeles; Ricardo Sanchez; Jose Antonio Zamalloa; Nancy Warter-Perez, California State University, Los Angeles

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

be scientists and engineers for two days and to interact with graduatestudents on a college campus. In addition, the summer camp provides graduate fellows anopportunity to practice conducting activities with kids and communicating science andengineering to a broader audience. IMPACT LA is a National Science Foundation (NSF)Graduate STEM Fellows in K-12 Education (GK12) Program that partners graduate fellowsconducting master’s research in engineering and science with math and science middle and highschool teachers in the East Los Angeles (East LA) area.1 During the year, the graduate fellowsare visiting scientists and engineers, bringing their research into the classroom. The summercamp is the culmination of the summer workshops that are

Conference Session

Design Across Disciplines

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James M. Leake, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; David Weightman, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

: multidisciplinary teams, digital prototyping, design educationIntroductionWith support from Autodesk 1, and with two existing engineering courses serving as scaffolding,engineering and industrial design collaboration has been underway at the University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign (UIUC) since 2008. This collaboration broadly aims to familiarizeengineering students with industrial design thinking, and vice versa. Thus far this collaborationhas taken place on two levels. In a first exposure, engineering students learn about industrialdesign. In a second, deeper exposure, engineering and industrial design students workcollaboratively on product design projects. Engaging in multidisciplinary project-basedcollaboration is in fact the best way to develop the

Conference Session

Sustainability and Humanitarian Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seamus F. Freyne, Mississippi State University; James P Abulencia, Manhattan College; Powell Draper, Manhattan College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

allow students to easily place themselves in the situation and claim a senseof ownership. Students may already know the basic facts of some real, contemporary ethicalcases, which are in abundant supply.4,5,6,7This article presents the findings from a survey given to 459 undergraduate students, bothengineers and nonengineers, during the 2009/2010 academic year. The objective of the survey isto understand what students think about ten contemporary ethical issues. The ethical issuesinvolve the work of engineers, but the topics also fall within the realms of philosophy, politics,economics, law, sociology, and psychology. The ethical issues are as follows:1. New transportation corridors through neighborhoods. Commerce depends on an efficient

Conference Session

Technological Literacy for Undergraduate Students

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert M. Brooks, Temple University; Jyothsna K. S., St.Joseph's College, Bangalore, Department of English; Amithraj Amavasai

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

dealingwith real world technological issues.For the past 20 years the principal author has taught a course, ―The Environment,‖ to non-engineering and non-science majors as a science core requirement. In Fall 2007 a section of thiscourse was taught using the traditional lecture method. In the other sections of the course,methods for improving the technological literacy of these students were developed. Four bestpractices were selected from these methods and taught to an experimental group in summer2010. The best practices are: (1) learning from three hands on and minds on labs, (2) use ofcharts and equations, (3) making students familiar with the top 20 bench mark numbers used inthe industry, and (4) acquiring knowledge about the commercial

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brianna L Dorie, Purdue University; Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Student

Conference Session

Rethinking PowerPoint and Other Acts of Communication

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura R. Grossenbacher, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Christina Matta, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Technical Communication Program

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

senior design faculty and any other faculty who assess student writing in anundergraduate engineering course. We asked our faculty to comment on 17 communication skills– a list we created collaboratively within our program based upon discussions with our IndustrialAdvisory Board members as well as our own teaching practices. These skills are listed in Table1, below. Table 1. Skills included in Spring 2009 faculty survey. Giving clear, organized, and credible presentations Creating a well organized document Communication to a diverse/multidisciplinary audience Integrating research into a report Explaining one’s design decisions

Conference Session

Learning From Experts

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gisele Ragusa, Ph.D., University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

engineeringprograms nationally. This metric was designed and tested as a consequence of ongoing Page 22.580.2conversations with engineering educators nationally and the desire to assess the role thatcomprehensive educational and engineering experiences have in important industrial and   1  academic skill sets: creativity and innovation. Importantly, the instrument is aligned to severaltheoretical perspectives. With regard to creativity theory it is aligned to robust creativityresearch by Torrance,1 Abedi’s and Khatena’s,2 and Rogers’3 work on innovation

Conference Session

Design Education II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert L. Mott, University of Dayton; Terrance L. Speicher, Pennsylvania State University, Berks College

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

region around Xi’an, one ofthe cities visited during the trip being described in this paper.1 Unification of China occurred around the 19th century with simultaneous foreigninfluences, primarily from Europe. A Chinese republic was founded in 1912 and the 20th centurybecame a time of growth in international influence along with political and cultural turmoil.Under leaders such as Sun Yatsen, Yuan Shikai, and Chiang Kaishek, the country moved towarda nationalist form of government. Communism emerged in the 1920s and later its leader, MaoZedong, established the communist People’s Republic of China that persists today, although withcontinuously evolving structure, policies, and practices. The times before, during, and after World War

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven W. Villachica, Boise State University; Donald Plumlee, Boise State University; Linda Huglin, Boise State University; Drew Borresen, Boise State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

AC 2011-1091: ENGINEERING EDUCATION RESEARCH TO PRACTICE(E2R2P)Steven W. Villachica, Boise State University Steven W. Villachica, PhD, CPT, is an Associate Professor of Instructional and Performance Technology (IPT) at Boise State. His research interests focus on leveraging expertise in the workplace. A frequent conference presenter and author, Steve co-authored a chapters on cognitive task analysis and performance support systems that appears in the Handbook of Human Performance Technology and the Handbook of Training and Improving Workplace Performance: Volume 1. Instructional Design and Training Deliv- ery. A certified performance technologist, he completed his doctorate in educational technology at the

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Faculty Development

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia C. Fry, Baylor University; William M. Jordan, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

: o one-day summer workshop o Implementation plan developed and submitted, including assessment plan From the ten implementation plans provided, four will be selected for further funding: o Analysis of end-of-course assessment (raw data and analysis) o Travel to Annual KEEN Winter ConferencePart of this one-year planning grant will be to develop assessment measures for the learningobjectives of this aspect of the courses through which students will be taught. We feel stronglythat the seven key attributes/outcomes of an engineer, developed at the December 2010 KEENAssessment meeting, and presented nationally8, need to be included in the ongoing assessmentdone on all of our classes. These outcomes are: 1

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K-12 Teachers

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leslie Wilkins, Maui Economic Development Board; Diana Papini Warren, Maui Economic Development Board; Frank R De Rego Jr., Maui Economic Development Board, Inc.; Kanesa Duncan Seraphin, University of Hawaii at Manoa

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

andjustification for the need for energy science PD in Hawaii, a thorough description of the PDcourse format and curriculum is provided. We describe briefly the model for scientific inquiryintegrated into the workshops and then summarize the engineering design process, highlightingthe interrelationships between scientific inquiry and the engineering design process. This servesas the context for the data analysis and final conclusions. The following data sources will bepresented and analyzed: 1) Participant data from surveys pre and post, 2) Workshop guestpresenter data, and 3) Classroom implementation data submitted by teacher PD participants. Alldata is analyzed with an emphasis on assessment of the integration of the engineering designprocess, and the

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Byron L. Newberry, Oklahoma Christian University of Science and Arts; Richard Miller, Oklahoma Christian University of Science and Arts; Robert Andrew Stevenson, Oklahoma Christian University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

-levelengineering courses. A shocking percentage of these students do not make it to their second yearwithin their chosen engineering discipline, either switching majors or leaving the universityentirely. Dr. Nathan Klingbeil of Wright State University first observed that, traditionally, only42% of engineering or computer science majors at Wright State advance beyond first-yearcalculus classes to seek their degrees 1. Thus, in an effort to improve student retention, in 2004WSU under the care of Dr. Klingbeil developed a mathematics education model which is Page 22.585.2designed to incorporate a new introductory math course into the engineering curriculum

Conference Session

Student Entrepreneurial Skills and Mindset I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erik Sander, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

, students take investment in theircompanies and invest in each other’s companies at three points during the semester in which theyhave the opportunity to present to their student colleagues: 1. Early in the semester when they present their company vision and value proposition 2. Midway through the semester when they present their company execution plan and financial projections 3. Late in the semester when they present their company summation through a business plan presentationThe presentations above provide each company executive team with a chance to gage theirperformance and company attractiveness compared to the other companies in the course at threepoints in the semester. Typically 7-9 companies are formed each

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics and Justice

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William M. Jordan, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

developing world support the concept thatwe should have ethics statements that takes into consideration the needs of the people whom wewish to serve. This can be expressed as requiring engineers to demonstrate justice as part of theirpractice.Appendix 1: ASEE 1999 Policy on engineering ethics education Page 22.587.7ASEE Statement on Engineering Ethics EducationAs the result of the accelerating pace of scientific and technological change which is rapidlytransforming society and the economy, issues of ethical choice have taken on an increasingimportance for all professions, and especially for engineering. In recognition of this challenge

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering in Silico

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James P. Abulencia, Manhattan College

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

AC 2011-2265: ENGINEERING ETHICS CASE STUDIES IN SENIOR UNITOPERATIONS LABORATORYJames P Abulencia, Manhattan College Page 22.588.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Engineering Ethics Case Studies in Senior Unit Operations LaboratoryAbstract Placement of ethics in the Chemical Engineering curriculum has always been debated. Inthis project, the use of a real-world engineering ethics case study was integrated into the SeniorUnit Operations Laboratory course over two separate class years (i.e. Year 1 and Year 2). Themotivation behind this was twofold. First, the assignment provides the opportunity to develop

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Technical Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malinda S. Zarske, University of Colorado, Boulder; Lauren A. Rockenbaugh, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daria A. Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado, Boulder; Derek T. Reamon, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

and graduate students from Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, and EnvironmentalEngineering. Our two EFAC Student Directors from Mechanical and Environmental Engineeringhave experience working with community partners. Our faculty advisors, both Instructors in theDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, have taught a wide array of project-based designcourses, mentored student design projects, and led student groups. We are actively recruitingstudents from the other engineering disciplines offered at UCB to create an even more authentic Page 22.589.3and multidisciplinary setting. Figure 1: Members of the EFAC Team Figure 2: Partnering

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca K. Toghiani, Mississippi State University; Adrienne R. Minerick, Michigan Technological University; Keisha B. Walters, Mississippi State University; Priscilla J. Hill, Mississippi State University; Carlen Henington, Mississippi State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

operations; heat transferoperations; mass transfer operations; and chemical reactor design. Over the three-year CCLIproject, activities/modules will be developed and incorporated into each of these courses, witheach activity/module focusing on a particular element from the process intensification spectrumand designed to also enhance vertical concept integration. This poster presentation focuses onthe activities and modules developed in Year 2. The preliminary assessment data collected fromYear 1 implementation are also presented.IntroductionThe chemical industry faces numerous challenges in the coming years due to decreasingavailability of raw material and energy resources. Thus, existing processes must operate in anefficient manner, with maximum

Conference Session

Professional Identity

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melani Plett, Seattle Pacific University; Caitlin Hawkinson, Seattle Pacific University; Jennifer J. VanAntwerp, Calvin College; Denise Wilson, University of Washington; Crystal Bruxvoort, Calvin College

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

an ‘engineering’ job, webased our persistence determination largely on the participant’s self-report of her persistence.Approximately half of the interviews were conducted face-to-face; the other half were conductedby telephone due to distance. (About one fourth of the interviews were held in the Midwest andthe rest in the Northwest.) All but two of the interviews were recorded, from which verbatimtranscripts were generated. The other two participants chose not to be recorded, so field noteswere taken. Page 22.591.5Table I. Online survey: Persistence and Identity items (Items 2 through 5 adapted from Chachra et al.12) 1) Mark which of