Conference Session

Engineering as the STEM Glue

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ben Pelleg, Drexel University; David Urias, Drexel University; Adam K. Fontecchio, Drexel University; Eli Fromm, Ph.D., Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

250engineering based modules that are available for public access. To assess the effectiveness of theprogram, the fellows, teachers, and students were monitored throughout the school year. Thefellows completed multiple surveys and wrote weekly reflection journals. The students weresurveyed at the beginning and end of the year, while the teachers completed mid and end of yearsurveys. Evaluations of all three populations showed positive outcomes. The fellows developedtheir communication skills in the classroom and gained experience communicating their researchto a non-specialized audience; the teachers reported their partner fellow as being a valuable assetto the classroom in a number of ways; and the students showed an increase in their knowledge

Conference Session

Technological Literacy for Undergraduate Students

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak, Hope College; Kate A. Disney, Mission College

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

framework is intended to form theorganizational infrastructure for creating a repository of course materials and an onlinecommunity for course developers and instructors.The proposed framework will help faculty develop expertise in adapting existing innovativecourse materials and standards for defining technological literacy and incorporating themefficiently into their own courses.What Is Technological Literacy?In 2006 the National Academy of Engineering published Tech Tally 3. In this document the NAEdefined technological literacy as “an understanding of technology at a level that enables effectivefunctioning in a modern technological society”. This reflects E.D. Hirsh’s definition of“literacy” as “information that is taken for granted in public

Conference Session

Reception & Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Keith W Buffinton, Bucknell University; Xiannong Meng, Bucknell University; Margot A Vigeant, Bucknell University

Tagged Topics

ASEE International Forum

of Electronic Science and Technology in China in Chengdu. Before each of thesevisits, a student team studied the cultural, engineering, and other important aspects of the site orcompany and reported to the entire group to give an overview of what would be visited. Duringthe visit, students attended presentations made by the company or the university, many of whichincluded a question-and-answer session, or listened to stories about a cultural attraction by a tourguide. After the visit, students debriefed the visit in group meetings and each wrote thoughts andreflections in their course journals. At the end of the course, each student was required to write asummary paper to discuss what they learned and to reflect on what they experienced

Collection

2024 ASEE-GSW

Authors

Kendra L Wallis, The University of Texas at Arlington

,formative assessment approaches aim to develop talent, which is more likely to reduce barriers facedby female engineering students as well as those students in underrepresented groups in STEM fields.These methods encourage reflection, which enhances learning, and they increase the intrinsicmotivation to learn, which teaches skills and creates enthusiasm for life-long learning. This is thegoal of education. Engineering education reimagined to allow a cycle of try, fail, study, try again,and learn, based on a growth mindset, is progress toward providing true quality education. It alsolevels the playing field, increasing the possibility of success for women in engineering, and reducingbarriers often encountered by students of color, indigenous

Conference Session

Track 6: Technical Session 5: Exploring Gender Representation Issues In Computing by Writing Interactive Fiction

Collection

2024 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University; Stephany Coffman-Wolph, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

implement change in boththe media industries and their products. 6 GENDER AND COMPUTER GAMES • Women make up about half of video game players • Significantly underrepresented as protagonists in video games • Portrayal of women in games often reflects: • traditional gender roles • sexual objectification • stereotypical female tropesWhile women play video games on par with men, they are not represented as protagonistsat similar levels.Instead, when women are portrayed in games, they are placed into secondary and/orobjectified roles, and often presented in a stereotypical fashion.Data Sources

Conference Session

Addressing the NGSS, Part 2 of 3: Supporting K-12 Science Teachers in Engineering Pedagogy and Engineering-Science Connections, Part 2 of 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremy V. Ernst, Virginia Tech; Laura J. Segedin, Virginia Tech; Aaron C. Clark, North Carolina State University; Vincent William DeLuca, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

teachers to improve their classroom practices, participate in professional activities,and increase student learning in STEM while practicing self-reflection. As educators engage inreflection about teaching and learning, they tend to improve their practice and increase studentperformance.3,4 These improvements are significant when educators pursue high qualityprofessional development such as National Board Certification, even if they do not ultimately Page 24.1180.2achieve certification.5 T2I2 capitalizes on this finding by creating a program that challengesteachers to reflect on and improve instruction without the cost or arduous journey

Conference Session

Information and Network Security

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Usman Ghani, DeVry University; Ahmed S. Khan, DeVry University, DuPage

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

Page 24.1203.4is guided in terms of what to consider, how to create associations between ideas, and how theseassociations form a supportive scaffolding structure. 21, 22 According to Cagiltay23 supportivescaffolding can be accomplished by several methods and mechanisms, such as coachingcomments, providing feedback, and provoking reflection. Packet-Tracer provides scaffolding inthe form of corrective feedback. According to Jaehnig and Miller the types of correctivefeedbacks commonly used are:24 1. Knowledge-of-Response (KOR), which simply indicates that the learner’s response is correct or incorrect. 2. Answer-Until-Correct (AUC), it requires learner’s to remain on the same test item until the correct answer is selected. 3

Conference Session

Teaching Dynamics

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew D. Lovell P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Sean P. Brophy, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

greatdeal of research has been conducted to develop instructional models to guide these learningactivities. One such model to guide instructional design is the STAR.Legacy learning cycle.[9] Page 24.1273.3STAR stands for Software Technology for Action and Reflection. Central to the instructionalmethod is the focus on having students take action on what they know and reflect and refine thatunderstanding through exploration of the challenge. The learning cycle, shown in Figure 1, is aframework that guides the instructional approach. An entire course or unit within a course isstarted with the introduction of a challengeproblem. The challenge is usually

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Experiential Learning

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert L. Nagel, James Madison University; Eric C. Pappas, James Madison University; Gretchen Anne Hazard, James Madison University; Matthew Swain, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

, “value change is a change in theimportance of a value, evident in a change in the rating or ranking of a value on a questionnaire.This can be a short-term (temporary) change, such as in the response to an experimentalmanipulation, or a long-term change.” 8The overarching premise for our research project is that students generally embrace admirablevalues related to sustainability, but often encounter a “cognitive dissonance” when asked toexplain whether their actions accurately reflect their values.9 In short, students often do not actaccording to their values and beliefs. In this study, we investigate the values of students withrespect toward working as a member of an engineering team. This falls under the category ofsocial

Conference Session

Engineering Identity 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nadia L. Frye, Washington State University; Devlin Montfort, Washington State University; Shane A. Brown P.E., Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

based on an assessment of relatedliterature in other knowledge domains and with other research methods by a multidisciplinaryteam of experts in the fields of personal epistemology, student development, qualitative research,and civil engineering. Development of a protocol was necessary for this study in order to addressissues of domain specificity not covered by previous research and to fit the qualitative methodsutilized. The statements were designed specifically to elicit direct responses about students’domain-specific personal epistemologies. Participants were then asked to explain the reasoningbehind the acceptance or rejection of each statement in order to allow them to reflect upon theirbelief statement. Between the two extensive

Conference Session

K-12 Professional Development I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradley Bowen Ed.D, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

completes the new employee training, gains access to appropriate email and server files, and participates in any other activities deemed critical to a fully immersive experience. Once the work experience is complete, the teachers receive a $2,000 stipend, half of which is paid by the company and the other half is paid for by the local regional education association (REA).  Each week, the teacher participants must submit a weekly written reflection. This assignment gives the teachers an opportunity to reflect on what they learned during the week and how it will help them become a more effective teacher. It also provides documentation of their experience that can be included in their final

Conference Session

Rethinking Engineering Writing

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David M. Beams P.E., University of Texas, Tyler; Luke Niiler, University of Alabama; Beth Todd, University of Alabama; Marcus Brown, University of Alabama; Garry W. Warren, University of Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

: The writer demonstrates a command of professional language.Tables and Figures: The writer uses tables and figures appropriately.Organization: The writer's draft is properly organized.Detail: The writer uses an adequate level of detail.These criteria represent a version of the rubric used at UT-Tyler as part of the EngineeringWriting Initiative. Similar criteria have been used by engineering programs at the Universityof Arizona, the University of South Florida, and the University of Washington. 10, 11, 12Preliminary results: evaluation of laboratory reportsAt this writing, data analysis for the fall semester of 2012 is incomplete; data for UA havenot yet been compiled; the following results reflect the

Collection

2024 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Chloe Mann; Emily Fitzpatrick; Jessica Deters

individual’s innate desire to perform a task for its own sake,based often on needs for competence or self-determination [11], [12]. Conversely, extrinsicmotivation reflects factors external to an individual, often rewards or a desired outcome [11].Expectancy-value theory posits that competence beliefs and task value beliefs factor into anindividual’s choice to engage in actions [13], [14]. Specifically, we draw on Matusovich et al.’soperationalization of the subjective task value that students use to make decisions about whetherto persist in engineering: attainment, cost, interest, and utility [6], [14]. Attainment valueindicates that a student pursues (or does not pursue) engineering because of a reason related to“being the type of person who is an

Conference Session

Flanders' Fellowship: Building STEM Community Impact, Hi-Diddly-Ho!

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Senay Purzer, Purdue University; TABE AKO ABANE, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

promote youth’s understanding andengagement in environmental sustainability, social justice, and decision-making in an AI-enabledfuture. However, the traditional approach to defining engineering that has guided engineeringpractices is insufficient because it fails to embrace these realities. Therefore, the need for a newframework that reflects these realities is overwhelming. This paper introduces a new theoreticalframework called socially transformative engineering that not only captures these missingelements but also values and incorporates the diverse perspectives and experiences of students. Inparticular, this framework draws upon the legitimation code theory and justice-centeredpedagogies and builds on three tenets (reasoning fluency

Conference Session

Empowering Diversity in Engineering Education: Strategies and Impacts

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anne E. Leak, University of California, Santa Barbara

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

engineering students through community building (Evaluation) AbstractOver the past twelve years, the ESTEEM program, funded by the NSF S-STEM, at University ofCalifornia Santa Barbara (UCSB) has supported 161 low-income undergraduate students inengineering. This paper emphasizes the students’ changing needs and what they foundsupportive over time with a special focus on the shifting needs for community building before,during, and after COVID-19 pandemic remote learning. Without additional support, low-incomeengineering students, who often reflect additional intersecting minoritized identities and are morelikely to be the first in their family to attend college, leave the field at

Conference Session

Empowering Students and Strengthening Community Relationships

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Lupita D Montoya, University of Colorado, Boulder; Andrea Ferro, Clarkson University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division (COMMENG)

their needs.BackgroundThere is a long history of engagement of academics with communities [1-4]. Historically someof this work was termed service-learning (SL) where the goal was for students to reapeducational benefits from credit-bearing activities through a process of reflecting on their work,while community partners also benefited from the collaboration. SL work often faced challengeswith equitable benefits and power sharing. SL in engineering is now often being framed underthe larger umbrella of community engagement (CE). CE is a broader idea that encompassescommunity partnerships in co-curricular activities (such as Engineers Without Borders studentchapters). CE work can also be focused on scholarship and research, termed CommunityEngaged

Collection

2015 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Sunil Dehipawala; George Tremberger; Wenli Guo; Eva Hampton; Todd Holden; David Lieberman; Tak Cheung

opportunityto introduce our physics class students to humanitarian application as well. QueensboroughCommunity College introduced servicing learning via the quotation from US Government Learnand Serve America 1 "Service-Learning is a teaching and learning strategy that integratesmeaningful community service with instruction and reflection to enrich the learning experience,teach civic responsibility, and strengthen communities." Spring 2015 Mid-Atlantic ASEE Conference, April 10-11, 2015 Villanova UniversityCollaboration between faculty and community partner in designing a project based on thepartner's specific goals and needs is an important aspect. The pedagogy in teaching servicelearning with the New York Public Interest Research Group

Collection

2025 ASEE North Central Section (NCS) Annual Conference

Authors

Carmen Cioc, The University of Toledo; Sorin Cioc, The University of Toledo; Noela A. Haughton, The University of Toledo; William T. Evans PhD P.E., The University of Toledo

, and develop solutions that may not have a single, clear-cutanswer. By participating in these discussions and reflecting on the practical applicationsdemonstrated in the workshop, the authors became convinced of the importance of integratingopen-ended lab experiences into their own teaching practices. They recognized that these labscould transform traditional learning environments into spaces where students take ownership oftheir education, bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and its application in complexengineering systems. Moreover, the workshop highlighted the long-term benefits of suchapproaches, including enhanced student engagement, increased retention of engineeringprinciples, and better preparation for the demands of modern

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Lina H. Kloub, University of Connecticut; Vraj Patel; Tina Huey

. Timing of AI Integration in Educationin their use. To achieve these objectives, an online survey wasconducted among instructors at the University of Connecticut. Instructors’ perspectives on the timing of AI integration inThe survey was designed to collect both quantitative and qual- education exhibit considerable variation, reflecting differingitative data, incorporating multiple-choice, Likert-scale, and levels of readiness and concerns about its impact. A sub-open-ended questions. Key areas of focus included instructor set of instructors (27%) expressed reservations, arguing thatfamiliarity with AI tools, current usage patterns, perceived the adoption of AI in education remains premature due toadvantages

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhinan Wang, University of Illinois at Chicago

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

’ learning capability throughindividual development and peer engagement. The course design allows students to activelyparticipate in learning as a “resident” living in a “neighborhood”. Besides the traditionalindividual work, various group activities are performed inside one group and among multiplegroups, or the “households”. Students feel more obligated to better performance and high-qualitylearning outcomes. Another focal point of this study is the assessment of student learning underthe proposed course frame, where tailored tutorials and guidance are vital. Although supportfrom the teaching team is essential in this “neighborhood”, we still want to put students in thecenter as the leader of their study. The ongoing data collection reflects the

Conference Session

Research Methodologies – Session 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Bahnson, Pennsylvania State University; Catherine G. P. Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

researchers to the field—for example, in National ScienceFoundation Research Initiation in Engineering Formation (RIEF) grants, and CAREER BroaderImpacts and Educational Plan activities—which require traditionally-trained faculty to developengineering education research skills. Reflecting this shift, the number of qualitative researcharticles in engineering education reflects the increase in interest in qualitative methods and theneed for introductory material for pivoting researchers. It has been the norm for engineeringeducation researchers to partner with emergent and pivoting engineering faculty members tomentor them through this transition, but the process is often time- and resource-intensive. To meetthis need, we have developed this primer on

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT) Technical Session 1: Robotics and Bio-Inspired Projects

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Jianfeng Ma, Saint Louis University; Lisa Bosman, Marquette University; Maged Mikhail, Purdue University Northwest; Khalid H. Tantawi, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Beshoy Morkos, University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT)

what they learned and how it applies to the real-world. These qualitative data wereanalyzed using thematic analysis to detect patterns within the reflections. The results show that the bio-inspired projects engaged students by connecting theory, practice, and application when teachingmathematically intensive engineering subjects, while also instilling an entrepreneurial mindset amongstudents, enhancing their creativity by combining art and STEM, and sharpening their professional skills.The study concludes with details related to the instructor’s intervention and lessons learned so that otherengineering instructors can easily replicate in the classroom.1. Introduction1.1 Problem IdentificationFor engineering students, it is very important to

Conference Session

Committee on Professional Practice Presents: Topics in the Academic-Industry Zone

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradley Aldrich P.E., F.NSPE, F.ASCE, American Society of Civil Engineers; Kleio Avrithi, P.E., Mercer University; Jennifer Hofmann, American Society of Civil Engineers

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

engineering services” as this was the intent of the terminology they used. Thischange will be reflected in future editions of the CEBOK.The preface goes on to state: All civil engineers, including students studying civil engineering, those who teach civil engineering, early career civil engineers, those who mentor early career engineers, those who employ civil engineers, those who design civil engineering projects, those who lead and manage groups of civil engineers and civil engineering projects, and those who conduct research in civil engineering should be interested in the CEBOK3, as we all, as members of an amazing and exciting profession, should be committed to and supportive of preparing the next

Conference Session

Problem- and Project-Based Learning

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Micah Lande, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

. Structured deliverables provideguidance as to what elements of a design process may be appropriate to move through theengineering design process. The scaffolding to emphasize prototyping and adoption of aprototyping mindset may help as a pedagogical tool [33]. Artifacts that are created in thesecourses reflect tangible evidence of activity. From the idea to realization, there are means todescribe the role, purpose, and creation of prototypes. Gerber & Carroll [19] describe theconnection and process of prototype creation. Houde & Hill [20] discuss different types ofprototypes as what do prototypes prototype (function, looks-like). Makerspaces also provideadditional context for the tools, mindsets, and community of practice [21-23, 11].Design

Conference Session

International Division (INTL) Technical Session #6: World-class STEM Leader

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Cartuche; Miguel Andres Guerra, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ; Homero Murzi, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

International Division (INTL)

make use of Hofstede's dimensions, which in an original studyyielded four dimensions of culture that distinguish countries from each other [9]:Individualism, which is the capacity to belong to a group and to work collectively.Power distance reflects the relationship between dependence and the degree to whichgroups can accept an unequal distribution of power. Uncertainty avoidance considershow individuals cope with uncertainty. And masculinity assesses the emotional rolesamong members of society and estimates how much a society is driven by competitionand success [20]. However, through new research in 23 countries, Hofstede added afifth dimension called long-term orientation that reflects the encouragement of futurereward-oriented activities

Conference Session

Committee on Professional Practice Presents: Topics in the Academic-Industry Zone

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bret N. Lingwall, P.E., South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Andrea E. Surovek, P.E., South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

and intuitively.Lib [1] described a series of steps used to develop high levels of skill in a sport. These stepsincluded drills and practice, a coach, and most importantly by playing the sport. Lib contrastedthese steps to a conventional engineering classroom approach wherein a person is being talked toabout the sport and rarely, if ever, plays. In the context of the engineering classroom, formationof engineers, and development of subject mastery we summarize these simple steps proposed byLib as: 1) a series of iterative tasks repeated many times until correct, 2) by working with expertswho observe and instruct and correct and provide a structure of iterative and progressiveconstructive failure, and 3) by reflecting on their progress and

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division: Approaches to Ethics Education (Part 1)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vignesh Subbian, The University of Arizona; Linda Shaw; colleen halpin, University of Arizona

lesser emphasis on social and ethical skill developmentmay reflect student preferences [4]. In their survey of 6,176 undergraduate students (39%majoring in STEM, 26.5% beginning in STEM and then changing their major to another field,and 30% never majoring in STEM), they found that those students that remained in STEMreported that their career goals were more important than social change, a response which wasnot reported by their non-STEM peers. This is a concerning result, when we consider theprofound responsibilities that accompany the role of an engineer. As Nair and Bullet propose [5],it is necessary to create an educational experience that allows for ethical considerations “to bebrought up naturally”. In this way, we allow for the students

Collection

ASEE Zone 1 Conference - Spring 2023

Authors

Aaron Mattingly, The Pennsylvania State University; Lauren A Griggs Griggs, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

lectures andbreakout discussions, reflecting on actionable steps to promote justice and equity in both the CoEcommunity at Penn State and across the global engineering workforce. The goal of this inauguralsummit was to empower and educate the entire CoE community, from students to faculty, to staffand alumni on equity and inclusion related issues in industry.DRT student leaders sought to provide a greater variety of topics as part of the 2022 EngineeringEquity Summit. The hybrid format of the summit consisted of two sets of concurrent sessionsoffered both virtually and in person with the goal of maintaining accessibility for attendees. Theevent was compressed to a one-day, 5-hour event, and centered around the theme of Mentorship,aligning with the

Conference Session

Engineering and Society

Collection

2022 ASEE Zone IV Conference

Authors

Rebekah Oulton P.E., California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Amro El Badawy, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Topics

Conference Submission

in Civil and Environmental Engineering. As a result, theCE/ENVE faculty collaborated with the student leaders to integrate social and environmentaljustice into the CE/ENVE program educational objectives (PEOs). PEOs reflect the goals thatprogram graduates will achieve within a few years of graduation, reflect the mission of theDepartment, and provide guidance for specific student learning outcomes in the classrooms. Assuch, they are the principle tool for guiding lasting and significant modifications to thecurriculum. As part of the student-initiated PEOs revitalization, additional educationalobjectives were incorporated, including: resilient, sustainable, and safe design; systems-thinking;and, inclusive communications. This paper discusses

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 2 - Community Engagement without Frontiers

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle Schwartz, The University of Texas at Arlington; Kathleen Smits, The University of Texas at Arlington; Jessica Smith, Colorado School of Mines; Thomas Phelan, United States Air Force Academy; Rosalie O'Brien

Conceptual Site ModelsAbstractIn environmental engineering site remediation projects, community perception of environmentaland health risks can influence a project’s scope and design. Therefore, community engagement iscritical to shaping an engineer’s definition of an environmental problem. However, lower-levelundergraduate engineering curricula rarely address the incorporation of community input intoenvironmental engineering problem definition, as environmental engineering coursework tendsto utilize pre-defined problems to develop and assess technical knowledge and skills. Upper-level courses that do include community participation in environmental engineering design tendto be reflective, having students evaluate the social impact of a pre-defined