Conference Session

Innovative Courses/Pedagogies in Liberal Education I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah Sinnreich-Levi, Stevens Institute of Technology; Susan Metz, Stevens Institute of Technology; David Silverstein, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

’ engagement with “multiple stakeholders –government, private industry, and the public” and remarks, “The increasing imperative foraccountability will necessitate an ability to communicate convincingly and to shape the opinionsand attitudes of other engineers and the public.” 1 Further, In Raising Public Awareness ofEngineering, the NAE concludes that the need to improve public awareness about engineeringamong an array of lay audiences is considerable. Elected representatives are ill-equipped to makedecisions about technology-related issues, and students, parents and teachers remain uninformedabout engineering and the contributions of the field which continues to deter students fromstudying engineering. 2 The American Association for the Advancement

Conference Session

International Initiatives, Partnerships,Teaching Strategies, and Collaborative Networks

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Helen McNally, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

International

up with the contacts in other countries. This paper is writtento begin the dialogue of international activities for assistant professor looking forward to the goalon P&T. There are many opportunities available to younger faculty as they become a member ofvarious listserves and email list. It is up to the faculty to sift through the multitude of optionswhich may divert their attention and keep their focus on the goal.References: 1. Purdue University 2008-2014 Strategic Plan, June 2008. 2. Rose, Suzanne, Perfecting your Portfolio: Preparing for Promotion. FASEB Journal, Vol. 21 Issue 5, pA33-A34, April 2007. 3. Foos, Annabelle, et al., What Does it Take to Get Tenure?, Geotimes, v.49, no.5, p.38-9, May 2004. 4

Conference Session

Innovations in Civil Engineering Education III

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah McCubbin-Cain, University of Kentucky; Bruce Tschantz, University of Tennessee - Knoxville

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1965-2002. *Senior Research Associate, Tennessee Water Resources Research Center, Univ. of Tenn., Knoxville, program development and instruction of state-sponsored training workshops for engineers, planners, developers, contractors and local and state regulators in areas of (1) Phase II, post-construction development, Stormwater Management for MS4 communities and (2) Construction Site Erosion & Sediment Control (2002-present) *Private consulting engineering design & analysis and technical expertise in the areas of hydrologic & hydraulic engineering to several engineering firms, attorneys, municipalities, and

Conference Session

Instrumentation in Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Asad Yousuf, Savannah State University; Mohamad Mustafa, Savannah State University; Alberto De La Cruz, Savannah State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Page 15.996.2subject matter and foster deeper learning.Project based learning consists of five criterions:(1) PBL projects are central, not peripheral to the curriculum. This criterion has two corollaries. First, according to this defined feature, projects are the curriculum. In PBL, the project is the central teaching strategy; students encounter and learn the central concepts of the discipline via the project. There are instances where project work follows traditional instruction in such a way that the project serves to provide illustrations, examples, additional practice, or practical applications for material taught initially by other means. However, these "application" projects are not considered to be instances of PBL

Conference Session

Thinking, Reasoning & Engineering in Elementary School

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Bedward, North Carolina State University; Eric Wiebe, North Carolina State University; Lauren Madden, North Carolina State University; James Minogue, North Carolina State University; Mike Carter, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

presented, demonstrating how modeling activities in the form of student-produceddrawings and notebook entries have been used to help explore scientific and mathematicalconcepts underlying engineering problems. Specifically, kit-based science and technologyeducation activities that actively support engineering problem-based learning are used as acontext for exploring the potential of these graphic-based modeling activities.IntroductionIn recent years K-12 education was to provide a strong foundation in science and mathematicsprior to formal engineering education in college. Increasingly, however, “pre-engineering”curricula have been developed as either stand-alone courses or supplemental experiences 1. Tothis end, a full or modified version of the

Conference Session

Retaining Women Engineering Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Metz, Stevens Institute of Technology; Suzanne Brainard, University of Washington; Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

implemented the following protocol.Quantitative SurveyThe PACE questionnaire included questions in the following categories: Quality of Teaching,Professors, Teaching Assistants, Labs, Resources, Student Interaction, Extracurricular Activities,Personal Experience, Perceptions of Engineering Careers, Perceptions of Engineering Major,Confidence and Demographic Information. In addition, Personal Experience included ninequestions relevant to sensitive issues such as sex and race discrimination and harassment.In recognition of the varying Institutional Review Board rules that regulate the release of studentdata, we created four survey administration options from which each institution could choose.They included 1) school hosts survey, school samples

Conference Session

Historical Perspectives for Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Atsushi Akera, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

emergence ofadvanced new strategic weapons systems. Still but a relatively minor industryduring the interwar period, one stunted by the Great Depression, it was themassive scale of war production, and then Cold War research, development, andproduction that brought the aviation industry into full fruition. In the process, thisindustry catapulted Southern California‟s economy past its traditional base inagriculture and natural resources-based extractive industries. This meant thatFigure 1. Lockheed advertisement, Scientific American (May 1951). Reproduced, Courtesy LockheedMartin Corporation. The advertising copy reads, in part: “There‟s a better life waiting for you and your family in Southern California—at Lockheed. Here, in beautiful, sun

Conference Session

Students' Abilities and Attitudes

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chih Hsien Huang, MingChi University of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

AC 2010-725: AN INVESTIGATION OF ENGINEERING STUDENTS' ATTITUDESTOWARD CALCULUS IN TAIWANChih Hsien Huang, MingChi University of Technology Page 15.168.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 An Investigation of Engineering Students' Attitudes toward Calculus in TaiwanAbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate engineering students in Taiwan to (1) assess theirattitudes toward calculus, (2) determine the difference in attitudes scores between males andfemales and (3) assess the relationship between students, attitudes toward calculus and theircalculus achievement. Attitude was measured in cognitive, affective, and

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Education: Upperclass Years

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Turton, West Virginia University; Joseph Shaeiwitz, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

processes follow specific procedures or recipes. Theserecipes may be very specific, as might be the case for a pharmaceutical processes in which strictadherence to good manufacturing practices (GMP) is required for all steps in the production ofthe product. On the other hand, the recipe might be less formalized and involve some “art” as inthe case of producing a batch of special colored glass. An example of a recipe to produce achemical product is shown in Table 1, where only details of the first two steps are given. The keyelements of a recipe are the time required for each step, the equipment used, and the rawmaterials and utilities required. Table 1: An example of a recipe for producing a chemical product2 Step

Conference Session

Curriculum in Mechanical Engineering Technology: Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheng Lin, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

operation, the air caneven be supplied by a bellow foot-air pump through a foot pedal, which can also be acted as thesingle actuating button. When an operator hits the foot pedal, the cover will be opened andremain in the opening position until the food pedal is hit the second time. The operation can berepeated.IntroductionThe course of Automation and Controls offered in the Mechanical Engineering TechnologyProgram of the Department of Engineering Technology at Old Dominion University has theobjective of teaching students: (1) Pneumatic components and pneumatic circuit designs. (2) Feedbacks from electrical sensors and related ladder diagrams. (3) Introduction to Programmable Logical Controllers (PLC) and PLC1,2 programs. (4) Integration of

Conference Session

New Collaborations

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anne Rauh, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Jody Hoesly, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

). Page 15.821.12x P. E. Sidorko, "Transforming Library and Higher Education Support Services Can Change Models Help?," LibraryManagement 29.4-5 (2008).Appendix A. Student Instructions.Load CV Citations - Students 1. SETUP – Open firefox portable on flash drive (this is the only instance of firefox that can be running). In Zotero, create a CV and a (question) ? folder using the last name and initials of the faculty member such as CV - Allen, MS, ? – Allen, MS. If the faculty member has citations from 2007, there will be a folder in Zotero with those citations. If no 2007 citations available, skip to step 4. 2. DE-DUP 2007 CITATIONS – Remove duplicate records in the 2007 folder. Suggestions for removing duplicates

Conference Session

Technical Papers

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Virginia Baldwin, University of Nebraska, Lincoln

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

their printsubscriptions in favor of somewhat less costly online only access, where are the assurances tofaculty that back content will be available to them through technology changes, publishermergers, future journal cancellations, and whatever else might transpire to cause loss of access toonline content? Lynch goes on to state “that a primary responsibility of our universities is bothto make these resources available and to preserve them.”1 Touting the advantages of their own IRsoftware platform, the Digital Commons, the Berkeley Electronic Press (BePress) President and Page 15.928.2Director of Journals explains that their product expands

Conference Session

Communication - Needs and Methods

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Warren Waggenspack, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Sarah Liggett, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Warren Hull, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; David Bowles, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Stephen Sears, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Daniel Thomas, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Paige Davis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

students and the Advisory Group members prefer it to the oral slide presentations used inthe past because of the teaching moments created by the interactive nature of posterpresentations. Advisory group members were able to home in on areas of particular interest tothem, and students were able to glean valuable insights from the Advisory Group. Examples ofstudents’ posters are shown in Figures 1 and 2. Names and advisor information have beenremoved from these figures. Page 15.718.5  Figure 1 - Example of Completed Project Presentation.  Figure 2 - Example of

Conference Session

Engineering Collaboration: Faculty & Student in K-12 Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Holly Anthony, Tennessee Technological University; Melissa Geist, Tennessee Tech University; Sally Pardue, Tennessee Tech University; Mohamed Abdelrahman, Tennessee Technological University; Evangelynn Thurber, Cookeville High School

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

immerses high school mathematics and science teachers into the design andprocesses of engineering research. Teachers conduct their research alongside engineeringstudents (undergraduate and graduate) with supervision from engineering faculty in variousdisciplines (mechanical, chemical, etc.). Of central importance to the project team is how tofoster the translation of that research into practice, specifically into the high school mathematicsand science curriculum. This paper explores the viability and flexibility of the Legacy Cycle as avehicle to (1) train teachers to be researchers, and (2) as a planning and implementation modelteachers can use to take engineering concepts and research into their classrooms.RETainUS is designed so that teachers

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Walter, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne; David Walden, Sysnovation, LLC

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering Constituent Committee

discipline. Some of the most widelyearned certifications recognize knowledge, skill and experience in fields such as projectmanagement, information technology, construction, education and various medical specialties. Insome of these fields, certification is necessary to obtain gainful employment.Most certifications are valid for some pre-determined length of time, typically 1 to 5 years. Inorder to renew a certification, individuals are often required to document their participation incontinuing education activities or service to the profession.Certifications provide value to the profession, professional organization, certified individuals, theorganizations for which the individuals work, and the public. For a sponsoring professionalorganization

Conference Session

International Study Abroad Programs & Student Engagements

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Khanjan Mehta, Pennsylvania State University; Mary Lynn Brannon, Pennsylvania State University; Sarah Zappe, Pennsylvania State University; Thomas Colledge, Pennsylvania State University; Yu Zhao, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

International

requiring them to travel to a foreign country.The concept of global education is relatively new in university curricula. It has appeared inresponse to globalization and a rapidly changing world. One of the main functions of aninternationalized curriculum is the “formation of the skills….required to operate in the globalenvironment itself.”1 Thus, internationalization of the curriculum is clearly linked toglobalization, and relates to “those processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporatedinto a single world society, a global society.”2 A better understanding of the complexities of theworld empowers people to overcome challenges and more adequately leverage opportunities toimprove their own well-being.Five dimensions have been proposed

Conference Session

Teaching Statics

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna Dollar; Paul Steif

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

USING A DIGITAL DASHBOARD FOR LEARNING TO BLEND INTERACTIVE, WEB-BASED COURSEWARE INTO AN INSTRUCTOR-LED STATICS COURSE1. BACKGROUND1.1 Need for Improving Assessment-Feedback LoopsIn response to an increasing appreciation that instruction should be learner-centered [1], variouslearner-centered instructional approaches have been pursued. These have included bothleveraging computer technology in effective ways and establishing more interactive classrooms.Still, many engineering subjects continue to be taught in a traditional, top-down fashion, withone-way communication from the lecturer, and textbook homework problems that are solvedoutside of class, on which delayed and minimal useful feedback, if any, is

Conference Session

Leadership and Strategic Planning

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kirsten Hochstedt, Pennsylvania State University; Elizabeth Kisenwether, Pennsylvania State University; Sarah Zappe, Pennsylvania State University; Angela Shartrand, National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

interview protocol includedquestions relating to faculty beliefs of entrepreneurship education focusing on the following: 1. How do faculty members define the entrepreneurial mindset, or the characteristics necessary to be entrepreneurs? 2. Do faculty members believe that the entrepreneurial mindset is something that can be developed? Or do they feel that certain characteristics necessary to be an entrepreneur are innate to the person? 3. How do faculty members teach entrepreneurship? Is there a relationship between the faculty beliefs and the way that they teach entrepreneurship?We hypothesize that faculty members’ beliefs will vary and that these beliefs are directly tied tohow courses are taught, influencing both course

Conference Session

Contemporary Issues in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Keith, Michigan Technological University; Daniel Crowl, Michigan Technological University; David Caspary, Michigan Technological University; Jeffrey Allen, Michigan Technological University; Jeff Naber, Michigan Technological University; Dennis Meng, Michigan Technological University; Abhijit Mukherjee, Michigan Technological University; John Lukowski, Michigan Technological University; Jay Meldrum, Michigan Technological University; Barry Solomon, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

. As such, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 was passed by the 109th Congress1 as Public Law109–58. This bill contained the Spark M. Matsunaga Hydrogen Act of 2005 (cf Sections 801-816)1. One aspect of this bill was to fund the development of university education programs.These programs are described in more detail in the Department of Energy Multi-Year Research,Development, and Demonstration Plan2.Michigan Technological University is receiving federal support under this act, with an emphasison new course development, development of an interdisciplinary minor, and development ofmodules that can be used to supplement the traditional curriculum with information abouthydrogen and fuel cell technology. The focus of this paper is on the courses and

Conference Session

Teaching Mechanics of Materials & General Mechanics

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward Anderson, Texas Tech University; Roman Taraban, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

students to think throughthe solution, plan their approach, and develop in-depth problem solving skills rather thancharging directly and often blindly into and through the problem solution. Andes utilizes fourmental models, problem statement, graphic representation, variables lists, and mathematicalmodel, and requires users to develop each of these mental models (graphical representation isoptional). Andes includes an equation solving tool although users can also solve the equationsoff-line. A research project conducted on some 330 students approximately one-half of whom Page 15.848.3were in a control group, resulted in a 3% (1/3 letter grade

Conference Session

Manufacturing Processes Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joel Dillon, United States Military Academy; Harold Henderson, United States Miliary Academy; Jeffrey Butler, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

withtheir water turbines using a set Figure 1: The ME403 machine shopamount of water.The ProblemOriginally, the machining portion of the course was five one-hour sessions rather than the two-hour blocks described above. Due to this extremely limited time available to teach machining Page 15.954.4and the fact that the students have only a small amount of time to work in the machine shopoutside of class, it was extremely important to be able to maximize the use of the students’ timein class. Having students waiting to use a machine wastes the precious time they have availableand therefore, the original solution to this problem was to have

Conference Session

Technological Literacy and K-12 Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Klenk, Duke University; Gary Ybarra, Duke University; Anne D'Agostino, Compass Consulting, LLC; Ed Maxa, North Carolina Cooperative Extension; Kate Guerdat, North Carolina Cooperative Extension

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

for student responses. The goals of these focus groups areto answer the questions: 1) do students know what engineers do? 2) have there been changes instudent attitudes towards science, math, and engineering? 3) are students more or less interestedin pursuing a career in science, engineering, and technology? 4) do students in rural and urbancounties have different preferences in engineering activities? 5) do girls/boys have differentpreferences in engineering activities? Three focus groups were completed during the fall of 2009based on the Bioimaging and Your TV Remote modules, and data from those groups ispresented. TechXcite is an Informal Science Education program funded by the National ScienceFoundation (Grant 0638970

Conference Session

Assessment & Continuous Improvement in ET: Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carmine Balascio, University of Delaware; Thomas Brumm, Iowa State University; Steven Mickelson, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

outcomes was developed and is shown in Table 1. Competencies that are associatedwith numerous outcomes, as well as those consistently desired by employers of programgraduates, are considered “core”, that is, development and demonstration of these competenciescontribute considerably to the overall achievement of the outcomes.In conjunction with the move to competency-based assessment, it was also decided to initiate theuse of ePortfolios in the ET program, following the example of the ISU Agricultural andBiosystems Engineering Department 8. Students, as a requirement for graduation, mustindividually submit integrative and reflective ePortfolios that demonstrate their mastery

Conference Session

History, Program Design, and even a Journal Club

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Farison, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

interest and role inASEE and the educational and accreditation processes from whose output they recruit.Multidisciplinary Engineering ProgramsThe data presented in this paper are drawn from the current ABET website,1 as accessed onMarch 2, 2010. That site maintains a list of all accredited engineering programs under a set ofdrop-down menu titles, one of which is “Engineering, Engineering Physics & EngineeringScience.” This list currently comprises programs with one of those three titles, plus GeneralEngineering and a small number (three) of uniquely distinct titles that ABET has assigned to theASEE set. The most recent roster assigned to ASEE for program accreditation includes 68institutions offering 69 accredited multidisciplinary engineering

Conference Session

Student Engagement in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Butler, U.S. Air Force Academy; Darren Wilson, U.S. Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Summer Dann Johnson, Louisiana State University; Warren Waggenspack, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; John Scalzo, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Kelly Rusch, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Gerald Knapp, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Roger Seals, Louisiana State University

attitudes and value of the variousactivities by the participants, instructors and other personnel. The ENGR 1050 course and thePeer Mentoring program were assessed by an outside evaluator. The overall project impactincludes tracking the graduation and attrition rates of all students, comparing these rates betweenprograms and to a control, obtaining attitudinal and perception feedback from student surveys onprogram components and independent observations of faculty and an outside evaluator. Basedon the 2 years of data for Cohort 1 (07/08 AY) and 1 year of data from Cohort 2 (08/09 AY),preparation for calculus appears to be the positive significant factor in retention in the College ofEngineering and the university. Participation in the camp and ENGR

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nidal Al-Masoud, Central Connecticut State University; Viatcheslav Naoumov, Central Connecticut State University; Zbigniew Prusak, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

students have the opportunity to go out of the individual course workbox to solve multidisciplinary open-ended problems that are not tied up to a certain area inparticular. The main design objective of this project is finding alternative solutions to theproblems faced by NASA’s original Moonbuggy team. Each Moonbuggy is human-powered andmust be capable of carrying two students, one female and one male, over a half-mile simulatedlunar - terrain course, including “craters”, rocks, “lava” ridges, inclines, and “lunar” soil. Thereare several requirements and design constraints that are included in the Moonbuggy: 1- Vehicle should be human – powered, energy - storage devices are not allowed; 2- The un-assembled vehicle must be collapsible in a

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Baumann, Central Connecticut State University; Nidal Al-Masoud, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

‘real world’ engineeringexperience than they get through their standard course work.” They add that many schoolstackle these projects within senior design classes. Their work acknowledges the constraint ofdevelopment time to be particularly troubling within the management of these projects. Theyalso cited risks associated with a “build-and-test” approach. 1At Virginia Tech, Pierrakos, Borrego and Lo assess EAC of ABET mechanical engineeringprogram learning outcomes through their senior capstone design experience. They have usedBloom’s taxonomy competencies of (1) knowledge, (2) comprehension, (3) application, (4)analysis, (5) synthesis, and (6) evaluation, to establish cognitive skill level, in addition to theirstudent learning outcomes

Conference Session

Graduate Student Experience

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Vaccari, Stevens Institute of Technology; Siva Thangam, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

parts: (1) an evaluation of publication rates within two years aftercompletion of the degree, and (2) an assessment of the dissertation and the defense using anumber of criteria. The criteria were based on a review of the online literature plus additionalcriteria developed ourselves. Common criteria include originality, advancing of the state of theart, and demonstration of a high degree of mastery. The additional criteria include:demonstration of mastery of the literature; the work has academic or practical utility; the workuses advanced or novel techniques; the work has elements of both theory and experiment.Several other criteria are linked to our institution’s mission, including: The work may lead tomarketable technology; the candidate

Conference Session

Developing Young MINDS in Engineering - Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elyce Winters, Stony Brook University; Imin Kao, Stony Brook University; Jennifer Dellaposta, SUNY Stony Brook College of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Christine Szaraz, SUNY Stony Brook College of Engineering and Applied Sciences

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

. Table 1: Freshman Cohort 2008 by Gender Mean Mean credits earned Gender grade point average (two semesters) Female 2.918 29.269 Male 2.718 26.092Ethnicity, economic background, and status as the first in family to attend college are also factorsimpacting undergraduate students’ preparation for and experience of STEM study. For example,Trenor et al (2008)16 found that “…being a minority student was significantly related to notknowing an engineer (p. 454);” this finding is particularly relevant in light of research (forexample, Amenkhienan, C. and Kogan, L