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Displaying results 36421 - 36450 of 40831 in total
Conference Session
Online Learning
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lance Kinney P.E., University of Texas, Austin; Min Liu, University of Texas, Austin; Mitchell A. Thornton Ph.D., P.E., Southern Methodist University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
, and Ingraffea12 explored the TAM model and socialnetworking in a distance education project for aerospace design. Landry, Griffeth, andHartman13 looked at student perceptions of the Blackboard ™ learning managementsystem.Other research has focused directly on the role of perceptions in online courses. Osborne,Kreise, Tobey, and Johnson14 developed a survey instrument to investigate student andfaculty perceptions of online courses in social science departments. This study found thateffective communication methods are critical for online courses.It is clear that faculty and student perception is a key component in the acceptance andimplementation of new technologies, including online and distance education programs,and it is important to
Conference Session
Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kyle A. Watson, University of the Pacific; Ashland O. Brown, University of the Pacific; Rachelle Kisst Hackett, University of the Pacific; Alexis Pham, University of the Pacific
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
Professor in the Benerd School of Education within the Ed- ucational and School Psychology Department at the University of the Pacific, where she teaches graduate- level research methodology and applied statistics courses. In addition to serving as a consultant to faculty and students within her unit, Hackett serves as an independent evaluator on several state- and federally funded projects related to education.Miss Alexis Pham, University of the Pacific Alexis Pham is currently a Ph.D. student in educational psychology. She examines how students learn and develop in educational settings. She holds a M.A. in educational and counseling psychology from University of the Pacific
Conference Session
Best of Computers in Education Division
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Xin Chen, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Adithya Raghavan; Ji Soo Yi, Purdue University; Krishna Madhavan, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
scholarship14. Besides challenges from thesocial environment, the major challenge for doctoral students is scholarly and intellectualdevelopment. Novice researchers usually come to the research field with a broad area of interest.This broad interest serves as an initial direction for exploration. They have to refine and distillthis topic into specific research questions15. This process calls for lots of efforts in understandingthe scope of the whole research field, looking for relevant literature under certain topics, tryingto find a gap in the literature and use their own research project to bridge the gap.Engineering Education incorporates methodological traditions from sociology, educationalpsychology, educational technology, as well as various
Conference Session
Hands-on Laboratory and Design Experiences in Environmental Engineering
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Parhum Delgoshaei, Virginia Tech; Vinod K. Lohani, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
reform and engineering education research grant,Departmental Level Reform (DLR), awarded to a group of engineering and education faculty inthe university [4, 5, 6]. The first course in the program, Engineering Exploration (ENGE 1024),is the most affected course by the DLR project. This course primarily focuses on hands-ondesign, problem solving, professional ethics and skills, contemporary issues like sustainability,globalization, nanotechnology, and critical thinking skills [7]. This course is taken byapproximately 1700 freshmen every year. The course delivery format includes one 50-minutelecture followed by one 110-minute hands-on workshop every week.One of the learning objectives of this course is gaining the ability to develop and
Conference Session
K-12 Experiences in Energy Education
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mark Vincent Abbott, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Nancy Warter-Perez, California State University, Los Angeles; Eun-Young Kang; Jianyu Dong, California State University, Los Angeles
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
costs less, and most of the industrial motors make use of AC power. See Figure 10 for acomparison between AC and DC currents. Figure 10: Graph of AC current (sine wave) vs. DC current (flat line). This activity however, used DC power for several reasons. First, AC power systems mustbe synchronized and achieving this on a small grid would be very difficult. Second, the loads onthe system will be LEDs (light-emitting diodes), which require DC electric current. This activitywas an end-of-the-year project which was conducted over many days. Students were first askedto design/build their own wind turbines out of cardboard. When this process was complete, theybuilt a power grid using wires and LEDs, which was setup to utilize DC
Conference Session
Understanding Our Students II
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michele L. Strutz, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
aretransferable to another context. 31Dependability was shown with detailed documentation of the “research design and itsimplementation, … operational detail of data gathering, … [and] reflective appraisal of theproject”. 32 Throughout the project design, data collection and examination, and dataexplication, the first author’s dispositions and biases were documented in a notebook and weretested in her debriefing sessions with her advisor and mentor, and in conversations with hergraduate student peers, establishing confirmability. 33Interview procedureIn phenomenological studies, in-depth interviews are used to collect rich, thick data. 34Exploratory qualitative interviews 24 were used to capture the participants’ experiences ofchoosing to study
Conference Session
Understanding Our Students I
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wade H. Goodridge, Utah State University; Scott David Greenhalgh, University of Northern Iowa; Oenardi Lawanto, Utah State University; Gary A. Stewardson, Utah State University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
Oenardi Lawanto is an Assistant Professor of the Department of Engineering Education at Utah State University. Lawanto holds B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering and a Ph.D. in human resource education. His research interests include areas in cognition, learning, instructions, engineering design, and e-learning. Currently, he is working on two research projects that investigate students’ cognitive and metacognitive activities while learning engineering. Both projects are funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF).Dr. Gary A. Stewardson, Utah State University Gary Stewardson is an Associate Professor in technology and engineering education at Utah State Uni- versity. His curriculum and research interests
Conference Session
Women in K-12 Engineeering & Outreach Programs
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sharnnia Artis, The Ohio State University; Ruth Friedman, The Ohio State University; Glenda LaRue, The Ohio State University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
. Marketing for CheME &YOU @ OSU began approximately five months before the start of the program. Informationabout the camp was sent out through “OSU Today,” the university’s e-newsletter for faculty andstaff, and the OSU P-12 Project listserv, which was developed to provide relevant programinformation to P-12 educators and reaches over 6,000 subscribers across Ohio. In addition,information about the camp was e-mailed to alumnae of WiE’s outreach programs forelementary and middle school students who were enrolled in the eighth grade during the 2008-09academic year. Links to this same information were posted on the OSU College of Engineering’shomepage and the WiE website.By the time the mid-May application deadline had passed, 72 completed
Conference Session
Best Zone Paper Competition
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Hanson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Patrick Brophy, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Council of Sections
situation as similar to previous projects. Field (14 of 106). This is one of the least preferred strategies. It means that the problem is discovered during or after construction. Other (17 of 106). This category includes all of the other strategies used to discover a problem. Many of them are procedural (e.g., check model code used in the jurisdiction).Of the seven categories, four can be taught (comparison, rule of thumb, visualization,and extreme). Rules of thumb pertain primarily to design where choices aboutmembers are made, and visualization pertains primarily to choices in structural system.Identifying extreme results can be done with minimal experience. Therefore, theauthors focused on teaching
Conference Session
Chemical Engineering Education: Upperclass Years
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lisa Bullard, North Carolina State University; David Ollis, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
/professional school entrance exam infoEthics• A Framework for thinking ethically• Engineering ethics presentationWriting and Speaking Material≠ On-line resources at the library for CHE 395 projects≠ Writing technical reports≠ Writing resources≠ When to cite≠ Effective presentations≠ Seven deadly sins of presentersInterviewing Information≠ Sample interview questions - industry≠ Sample interview questions - grad and professional school≠ Interview tips≠ Cheat sheet for interview preparation≠ Resume tips≠ Resume action verb examples≠ Cover letter tips≠ Recruiters' top 10 resume pet peeves≠ Tips on career fairs≠ The alumni speak Page 15.987.5≠ Illegal
Conference Session
Curriculum in Mechanical Engineering Technology: Part I
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
N.M. Hossain, Eastern Washington University; Jason Durfee, Eastern Washington University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
project as well as discussing the educational outcomesobtained in our material science curriculum.BackgroundOne of the challenges in modern education is to minimize the gap between the academicknowledge and to comprehend that knowledge for subsequent applications, analysis and design.Students often view education as an effort to memorize as many important facts as possible. Onthe other hand, we educators want those students to implement their knowledge with properunderstanding to solve realistic engineering problems. It is a fact that we cannot apply ourknowledge to solve any engineering problem if we do not understand properly, or if we have a
Conference Session
New Trends in ECE Education
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wookwon Lee, Gannon University; Sreeramachandra K. Mutya, Gannon University; Kirankumar Palthi, Gannon University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
AC 2010-169: MESH-NETWORKED MOBILE ROBOTS: A FRAMEWORK OFLABORATORY EXPERIMENTS FOR COURSES IN WIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONSWookwon Lee, Gannon University Wookwon Lee, P.E. received the B.S. degree in electronic engineering from Inha University, Korea, in 1985, and the M.S. and D.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from the George Washington University, Washington, DC, in 1992 and 1995, respectively. He is currently on the faculty of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Gannon University, Erie, PA. Prior to joining Gannon, he had been involved in various research and development projects in communications for more than 12 years in industry and academia.Sreeramachandra K. Mutya , Gannon
Conference Session
Lean Manufacturing and Integration
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Patricio Torres; Matthew Stephens
offering suggestions and by making specific technical suggestions. This is a more hands- on and in some cases more directive role than most consultants I know take when working on organizational change projects. As Bill Constantino puts it: “Very simply, when people are in the process of dramatic change, they need a continuous resource Page 10.730.16Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & ExpositionCopyright ⓒ 2005, American Society for Engineering Education whom they can trust to guide them through the change. Without this resource, there is a high likelihood
Conference Session
Learning & Teaching Issues
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
James Houdeshell
-dependent problem solving skills learned in one context intodomain-independent skills capable of solving ill-structured problems [1]. Becoming an expertproblem solver within this new environment means adding, "knowing why" to what and howknowledge. The typical instructional solution to enhance the student’s problem solving skills isto add a “messy” end of course project, based on the faculty member’s industrial experience orconsulting work. Depending on the nature of the problem and the student's familiarity with theproject context, student success can be limited. Spiro delineated this condition, stating "cognitiveand instructional neglect of problems related to content complexity and irregularity in patterns ofknowledge use leads to learning
Conference Session
Electrical & Computer Engineering Poster Session
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Renato Pacheco; Renato Carlson; Lucia Helena Martins-Pacheco
course and is generally assessed through exercises, tests and examinations);• C2- Oral and written communication ability (including arguing capacity, abilities that are considered essential for the twentieth century engineer);• C3- Interpersonal ability (also essential for the new engineer, it facilitates working in groups);• C4- Logic-mathematical reasoning ability (perhaps the most valuable ability for an engineer);• C5- Engineering interest (it is related to motivation, which is part of human emotions and has strong importance on learning);• C6- Contest among classmates (Competition is, up to a certain limit, beneficial and can motivate, but, in excess, can disrupt an educational environment);• C7- Team project
Conference Session
Recruiting, Retention & Advising
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Kay C. Dee; Glen Livesay
Page 9.613.1programs undertake initiatives to help first-year students self-identify as engineers in training, Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2004, American Society for Engineering Educationand to encourage students to stay in engineering school. Because identifying causes of studentattrition is important to developing successful retention efforts, this project sought to identifyreasons cited by students for leaving the School of Engineering at Tulane University. Previousstudies on the learning styles of Tulane engineering students [1], coupled with evidence thatinstructional methods which engage multiple learning styles increased the
Conference Session
Technological Literacy I
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Paul Predecki; Albert Rosa; George Edwards
. Energy Module. The Energy module is delivered through traditional lectures three times a week with a supporting two-hour lab that meets weekly. It will cover the concepts and physical definition of energy and how it is used in practice. To show the importance and diversity of energy in each student’s life, a project concerning a current energy problem will be required The syllabus for the Energy module is as follows: 1. Measurements, units and data analysis 2. Introduction to the study of energy 3. Energy mechanics Page 9.1214.6 4. Conservation of energy 5. Home energy conservation Proceedings
Conference Session
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Education Session 3
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Pradeep Kashinath Waychal, Pune Innovation Centre
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
encyclopedia,Wikipedia. It can be used to engage students in authentic collaborative writing activities.Forte and Bruckman45 have given guidelines to develop curricula to support learning amongstudent authors in the Wikipedia environment. Moy, et al. 46 have successfully used Wikipediato enable students to work collaboratively, explore advanced concepts in Chemistry, and learncommunicating science to a diverse audience, including the public. Cole 47 has reported herfailed experiment at a graduate-level class project that was centered on editing Chemistry-related entries in Wikipedia. She inferred that in an educational context, social technologiesare perceived differently as compared with ordinary personal use which may have caused thefailure.While we
Conference Session
Choice and Persistence in Engineering Education and Careers
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Allison Godwin, Clemson University; Geoff Potvin, Florida International University; Zahra Hazari, Florida International University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
the more densely populated East Coast. This form ofrepresentation was selected for a concise visual presentation of a large data set. Page 24.441.4 Figure 1. SaGE students' hometowns in the contiguous United States 22,23.The quantitative data used in this study were drawn from the Sustainability and Gender inEngineering (SaGE) project (http://www.clemson.edu/~gpotvin/SaGE.pdf ) which is comprisedof a large-scale study of students enrolled in introductory English courses at 2- and 4-yearcolleges across the U.S. (NSF GSE 1036617 and NSF GRF 0751278). The quantitative data are asample of college students enrolled in introductory
Conference Session
SD Technical Session: Tricks of the Trade
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
joshua jude heeg; Kyle Flenar, University of Cincinnati; Jordan Alexander Ross; Taylor Okel, University of Cincinnati; Tejas Abhijit Deshpande, University of Cincinnati; Gregory Warren Bucks, University of Cincinnati; Kathleen A. Ossman, University of Cincinnati
Tagged Divisions
Student
, and 9 students for method 3. These students came from two sectionstaught by the same faculty instructor. The control group consisted of 187 students from threesections taught by a different instructor. The TAs of these students received only the basictraining provided to all TAs of the Engineering Models course and were unaware of the teachingmethods being implemented by the 6 TAs in the experimental group.The final data presented is the final percentages achieved by the students in the two sections.These grades take into account the lab assignments (20%), homework assignments (20%),midterm exam (20%), final exam (20%), final project (10%), and attendance/quizzes (10%). Labassignments are scored out of 50 points, and the data presented is
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Fouad H. Fouad, University of Alabama, Birmingham; Mohamed Salah Gallow, University of Alabama at Birmingham
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
paper and project: A term paper presenting a case study of sustainable concrete buildingdesign will be required. Students will also submit two term projects. The first will compare a Page 24.477.10conventional reinforced concrete to a sustainable reinforced concrete from the perspective ofstructural design. The second will do the same yet from mixed design perspective.Poster presentations: Students in teams will present posters on special application of sustainableconcrete. Topics will be coordinated in order to cover several concretes. Each poster will includedescription, implementations, manufacturing, proportioning, and construction and will
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brian J. Skromme, Arizona State University; Paul Rayes, Arizona State University; Bing Cheng; Brian McNamara; Aaron S. Gibson; Angela Barrus, Arizona State University; John M. Quick; Robert Kenneth Atkinson, Arizona State University; Yih-Fang Huang, University of Notre Dame; Daniel H. Robinson, Colorado State University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
class, which we currently administer using BlackBoard. Infuture work, we will interface this system to our circuit generation, solution generation, andgraphics generation software in VB6 (running on a web server) so that it can fully control thestructure of tutorial sequences.3. Classroom Usage and Survey ResultsA major recent focus of our project has been expanding usage of our software to a large numberof students in a variety of institutions of different types. The use of the software is generallymade mandatory (e.g., as a required homework assignment whose completion forms part of theirgrade), as busy students do not tend to use it very often if is purely optional for them. The web-based interface described above has greatly facilitated
Conference Session
Industrial Engineering Technical Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rick Olson, University of San Diego
Tagged Divisions
Industrial Engineering
lower grades was the lower performanceon in-class exercises in 2013 than on homework in 2012. Higher homework scores and higherweights combined to raise course grades. There were some other factors that affected the grades,though.Three of the nine seniors in 2013 received Cs or Ds in the class. These were all students who putin little effort in the class. Their attention was focused on other classes including their capstonedesign project. There were also three academic integrity violations during the semester. Thosestudents received Ds or Fs. Page 24.616.8 Figure 1. Distribution of course grades in 2012 and 2013.4.3. Final
Conference Session
Focus on African-American and Hispanic Engineering Students’ Professional and Academic Development
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Terrell Lamont Strayhorn, Ohio State University; Fei Bie; Leroy L. Long III, Ohio State University; Blossom A. Barrett, Ohio State University
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
students’entire educational experience. Students indicated their level of satisfaction using a 4-pointLikert-type scale that ranges from 1 (“poor”) to 4 (“excellent”). Similarly, the NSSE elicitsinformation about students’ grades in college. Students reported their GPA based on an 8-pointscale ranging from 1 (“C- or lower”) to 8 (“A”).The primary independent variables assessed the frequency and nature of African American andHispanic STEM students’ engagement with faculty members and peers. This includedengagement inside classes (e.g., worked with other students on projects during class) and outsideclasses (e.g., talked about career plans with a faculty member). Specifically, five items measuredthe frequency with which students worked on a research
Conference Session
Outstanding Contributions to Student Learning through Laboratory Experiences
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mary Cardenas, Harvey Mudd College
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
advantage of(and put to good use) the ability to post digital pictures of prototyping setups, provide hyperlinksto all their device datasheets, post their latest schematics and software listings for evaluation, andpost video clips of their project in action (as verification of their project success criteria).”The use of course management systems (CMS)—especially Blackboard10—for educationalapplications of ELNs was reported. CMS are web-based software packages with many functionsdesigned to facilitate the delivery of on-line course content; support the electronic interactionbetween instructors and students; serve as a repository—a dropbox—for student work; andprovide gradebook functions which allows instructors to enter grades, and students to
Conference Session
Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Paul C. Lynch, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; Cynthia Bober, Penn State University; Jennifer Louise Mines, The Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Divisions
Industrial Engineering
and at North Carolina State University by Richard M. Felder et al.1. The workperformed at Aalborg University was focused on Learning Styles of Science and Engineeringstudents in Problem and Project based education11. The First Year program was studied atAalborg University in Architecture and Design and Civil Engineering, Computer Science, Page 24.379.10Computer Engineering, Electronics, Physics, Geography, Global Business Development,Industry, Informatics, Chemistry & Bio-technology, and Software and Health Technology11. Ofthe 493 students who completed the Felder-Soloman Index of Learning Styles survey, themajority of students were
Conference Session
Future Career and Professional Success for Graduate Students
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rachel Louis Kajfez, Ohio State University; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
. Projects supported by the National Science Foundation include interdisciplinary pedagogy for pervasive computing design; writing across the curriculum in Statics courses; as well as a CAREER award to explore the use of e- portfolios to promote professional identity and reflective practice. Her teaching emphasizes the roles of engineers as communicators and educators, the foundations and evolution of the engineering education discipline, assessment methods, and evaluating communication in engineering. Page 24.652.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Graduate
Conference Session
Research Experience in Stormwater Management
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Walter McDonald, Virginia Tech; Randel L. Dymond, Virginia Tech; Vinod K. Lohani, Virginia Tech; Daniel S. Brogan, Virginia Tech; Debarati Basu, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
-supported research and learning systems, hydrology, and water resources. In a major ($1M+, NSF) curriculum reform and engineering education research project from 2004 to 2009, he led a team of engineering and education faculty to reform engineering curriculum of an engineering department (Biological Systems Engineering) using Jerome Bruner’s spiral curriculum theory. Currently, Dr. Lohani leads an NSF/REU Site on ”interdisciplinary water sciences and engineering” which has already graduated 56 excellent undergraduate researchers since 2007. This Site is renewed for the third cycle which will be implemented during 2014-16. He also leads an NSF/TUES type I project in which a real-time environmental monitoring lab is being
Conference Session
Manufacturing Materials and Processes
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert L. Mott, University of Dayton; Ronald J. Bennett F.ASEE, F.ABET P.E., University of St. Thomas; Mark J. Stratton, SME; Mel Cossette, Edmonds Community College; Thomas G. Stoebe, University of Washington; Frank Zeh Cox, National Resource Center for Materials Tecnology Education
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
educational institutions and industry. He also is the Principal Investigator for Project TEAM: Tech-nician Education in Additive Manufacturing. He has served on numerous community based and collegeadvisory committees and has held faculty and administrative positions at several community and technicalcolleges in the areas of Career Development, Workforce Development, Industry Liaison, Internships andCooperative Education, and grant management. Page 24.789.2 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 INTEGRATION OF MATERIALS INSTRUCTION IN THE FIELD OF MANUFACTURINGAbstractThis
Conference Session
Teaching with Technology
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Luanna B Prevost, Michigan State University; Kevin C Haudek, Michigan State University; Emily Norton Henry, Michigan State University; Matthew C Berry, Michigan State University; Mark Urban-Lurain, Michigan State University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
questions on metabolism weredeveloped from multiple choice items from a diagnostic question cluster (DQC) 8, 9. Pre-existingclicker questions, created in response to the DQC project, were used by some instructors torevisit misconceptions about photosynthesis and conservation of matter during respiration.Often with pre-instruction administration of the CR questions, a large fraction of the class wasunable to give a correct or relevant response. In some instances the items reviewed materialcovered in the prerequisite chemistry course (e.g. exergonic reactions). Few introductory sciencecourses have writing practice, and this may be the first attempt for many students to construct arepresentation of their understanding. Therefore, more opportunities to