Conference Session

First Year and Cross-Disciplinary

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Gregory J. Mazzaro, The Citadel; Kevin Skenes, The Citadel; Timothy Aaron Wood P.E., The Citadel

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

engineering, becoming grounded in professional ethics,  computer-based calculation -- growing comfortable with statistics and estimation, using analytical reasoning, taking and recording proper measurements, becoming familiar with a computer-aided-design tool, programming using a text-based language, and  design -- working with a team, using sound judgment in a laboratory environment, communicating ideas clearly including writing technically.Retention data, in particular the attitudes of students who leave engineering majors, reveal thatthe structure of engineering majors and the culture of engineering courses are more responsiblefor attrition than personal inadequacy or aptitude for other disciplines or the appeal of

Collection

2017 ASEE Mid Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Benito Mendoza, New York City College of Technology; Pamela Ann Brown, New York City College of Technology, CUNY

Tagged Topics

Diversity

students in explicit stages of research and culminates in a paper orposter. Mentoring is charged to the course instructor and sometimes peers. Most CUREsimplementations involve lower-division students and last for one semester of less. On the otherhand, most UREs implementations typically involve upper-division students [5]. Spring 2017 Mid-Atlantic ASEE Conference, April 7-8, 2017 MSUWe believe that in engineering technology undergraduate programs CUREs and UREs shouldcomplement each other. CUREs should be included across the curriculum and at different levels.Our view is to incorporate basic research skills in early semesters and keep cultivating andexpanding them as students move up. We believe that with this approach upper

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Evaluation: Exploring the Impact of Programs & Professional Development for K-12 Teachers

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reagan Curtis, West Virginia University; Darran Cairns, West Virginia University; Johnna Bolyard, West Virginia University; David Luke Loomis, West Virginia University; Kelly Leigh Watts, RESA 3; Sera Mathew, West Virginia University; Michael Theodore Carte, George Washington High School

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

year, Mr. Carte served as President of the West Virginia Academic Coaches Association. Hewas recognized as an outstanding teacher by the West Virginia Governor’s Honors Academy in 2006 and2008, and in 2005, he served on West Virginia Instructional Materials Selection Committee for Science.He served on the WESTEST II Item Writing Committee for Chemistry in 2009. While at Riverside HighSchool, Mr. Carte was named Kanawha County Teacher-of-the-Year in 2010.In 2012, Mr. Carte gained certification from The Princeton Review to be a part-time general chem-istry instructor, and has taught preparation courses for the Medical College Admissions Test at MarshallUniversity. For the past two years, he served as the College and Career Ready/STEM Coordinator

Conference Session

Continuing Professional Development Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine G. Nicometo, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Traci M Nathans-Kelly, U of Wisconsin-Madison; Cornell University

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

: Methods for Teaching Technical Presentations to Practicing Engineers in an Online EnvironmentAbstractWe have been teaching technical and engineering communication in a graduate-levelonline course for over eight years. As part of that work, we advise the students (all arepracticing professional engineers) about writing and presenting alike. In fact, thepresentations element of the course is unilaterally the most lauded element of that course.However, again and again, instructors interested in teaching presentations online ask us,“How can you do that? How can presentations be taught online?” Our answer is both acomplicated one and a simple one: you must have the right setup, the right infrastructure,and a thorough understanding of

Conference Session

BME Curriculum Development

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sonya Seif-Naraghi, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

understand the difficulties and rewards and canspeak to them candidly.Class DesignA note on the infrastructure suggested for a successful program: it would be beneficial tohave a university contact that is also corresponding with the student. A good way to dothis is to create an independent study course or a special topics course in which anystudent participating in a study abroad program would enroll. This would enhance thestudent’s experience abroad. Assignments for this class would be centered on weeklyjournal entries. Expectations for these journal entries should be left open-ended toencourage student-directed writing, but there should also be a directed component everyweek. These assignments might include discussing a new word, phrase, or

Conference Session

Been There, Done That: Advice for NEEs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Gerhart, Lawrence Technological University; Philip Gerhart, University of Evansville

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

Page 14.399.3finding a mentor and establishing the relationship for success.There are many types of mentoring: direct supervisor as mentor, mentoring done on aspontaneous basis as the need arises, informal group mentoring from an organized program (e.g.,workshops and presentations), peer mentoring, and mentoring from a senior faculty member whois not in an official supervisory role.5 Jordan et al. thoroughly review the different mentoringrelationships and highly recommend the final mentoring method listed above (mentoring from anon-supervisor) mostly because of the honest and direct communication possible without fear ofrepercussions on yearly reviews. The material presented in this paper is this recommended typeof mentoring, but the mentoring

Conference Session

Tips and Tricks for Actively Engaging Students

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samuel J. Dickerson, University of Pittsburgh; Renee M. Clark, University of Pittsburgh; Anita Jain

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

aproblem involving (for example) the illustration of a circuit and/or its mathematical expression.With the minute paper, students were asked at the end of class to write down their muddiestpoints, main takeaways, and/or questions based upon their lecture notes. To directly assess theeffectiveness of this new approach, current rubric-derived exam results were compared withprevious exam results, taking GPA into account. We obtained significantly-higher final examscores during the active semester. Semi-structured student interviews were also conductedbefore class sessions and content-analyzed by two analysts to indirectly assess the impact of thetechniques on student learning. Based on the interview data, the very large majority of studentsfound the

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erika Mein, University of Texas at El Paso; Helena Mucino, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Teacher Education, and Journal of Hispanic Higher Education. She earned her Ph.D. in Reading/Writing/Literacy from the University of Pennsylvania and has been a faculty member at UTEP since 2008.Miss Helena Mucino, University of Texas, El Paso Helena Muci˜no is a Ph.D. student in the Teaching, Learning, and Culture program at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP). She holds a master’s degree in Musical Education Research from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). She is currently working as a Research Assistant for an NSF-funded project at UTEP dedicated to broadening the participation of Latinx students in higher edu- cation. c American Society for Engineering Education

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael M. Umbriac, University of Michigan; Amy Hortop, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

 process is described in more detail in a later section.  In this way, we aim to greatly reduce the occurrence of “rushing to get a job done”, knowing that mistakes and accidents could occur as a result.  (Jiminez et al, 2014)  Similarly, for a capstone design class in which each student team is building a unique project, we believe that requiring the students to write a safety plan and to get it approved by the instructors before construction will ensure that they will consider the safety risks that could occur during the build and test phases of their project, and to take corrective actions to eliminate or minimize these risks.  Some peer institutions also have a similar requirement (Kemsley, 2011.)  Design­Build­Test [Work space] Upon

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Robotics in Pre-K-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fethiye Ozis, Northern Arizona University; Anna Danielle Newley, Sonoran Science Academy - Phoenix; Erdogan Kaya, University of Nevada - Las Vegas

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

grades 5-8, the Elementary Science Olympiad team, and the competitive high school robotics team, FTC. She contributed to international published papers, national proceedings, and is the process of writing several children’s books. This summer she will present a workshop on robotics for elementary school students.Mr. Erdogan Kaya, University of Nevada - Las Vegas Erdogan Kaya is a PhD student in science education at University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He is work- ing as a graduate assistant and teaching science methods courses. Prior to beginning the PhD program, he received his MS degree in computer science and engineering. He coached robotics teams and was awarded several grants that promote Science, Technology

Conference Session

Curriculum Development in Two-Year Engineering and Engineering Technology Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ibrahim F. Zeid, Northeastern University; Chitra N. Javdekar, Massachusetts Bay Community College; Claire Duggan, Northeastern University; Marina Bograd

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

subjects that might presenta struggle. Peer and professional tutors are available through the academic achievement centerto assist with technical subjects as well as writing and math. The college caters to workingadults by offering courses after typical working hours, on weekends and online. Facultymembers teaching online curriculum have undergone training and use universal course designtechniques (S. Burgstahler, 2006 16) to cater to all learning styles.Student advising starts prior to entering the program. Students meet with a designated Collegeand Career Navigator who is the first point of contact for each student participating in thiscertificate program. The College and Career Navigator assists with the application process andremains a point

Conference Session

Circuits & Systems Education II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Danowitz, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Antonio Leija, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

design costs wereroutinely reaching the tens of millions of dollars 3. Given these constraints, how can we aseducators hope to provide a meaningful SoC design experience in a 10-week quarter?This paper attempts to answer that question by detailing a 1-quarter SoC design course I pilotedin Spring quarter 2015, CPE 439 Real Time Embedded Systems. As discussed in EnablingTechnology, I based the course around a new type of technology called a Programmable SoC(PSoC). PSoCs abstract away many of the low-level design decisions and development work thatgoes into a traditional SoC bring-up, allowing students to focus on developing custom IP,connecting it to the processor through an industry standard interconnect bus, and writing driversoftware to control

Conference Session

Computing & Information Technology: Curriculum and Assessment

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shanon Marie Reckinger, Stanford University; Bryce E. Hughes, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

than on learning activities in general. A collaborativequiz is one based on the idea of paired programming, a technique that has become well-receivedin computer science. This type of quiz requires the pair of students to program together, usingone computer to turn in one final solution. The second method, a cooperative quiz, allowsstudents to collaborate as much or as little as they prefer. For a cooperative quiz, students musteach use their own computer to write and submit their own solution, but any collaboration withtheir partner is allowed. To account for student preferences for active or independent learning,these strategies were also guided by how students are paired. To do this, the Felder-Silvermanlearning style inventory was used to

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharanabasaweshwara Asundi, Old Dominion University; Gregory C. Bernard, Tuskegee University; Willard E. Collier, Tuskegee University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

iREP-4-PACE program is to engage a cohortof undergraduates from plant/agriculture sciences, chemical sciences, and engineering disciplinesin the research, education of engineering chemicals from plants of high commercial and medicinalvalue. The program will educate the undergraduates in engineering environment friendlychemicals. The year-long program will train students in seeking/learning the interdisciplinaryknowledge, techniques of molecular synthesis of plant-based chemicals and in doing so, it willtrain the students in broadly applicable research methods such as literature review, instrumenttraining, basic statistical analysis, and proposal writing. The article describes the design of theiREP-4-PACE program and activities conducted to

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Eduaction - Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University; Ronald Earley, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

is a senior member of IEEE and is a member of ASME, SIAM, ASEE and AGU. He is actively involved in CELT activities and regularly participates and presents at the Lilly Conference. He has been the recipient of several Faculty Learning Community awards. He is also very active in assessment activities and has presented more than a dozen papers at various Assessment Institutes. His posters in the areas of Bloom’s Taxonomy and Socratic Inquisition have received widespread acclaim from several scholars in the area of Cognitive Science and Educational Methodologies. He has received the Assessment of Critical Thinking Award twice and is currently working towards incorporating writing

Conference Session

Integrating Sustainability Across the Curriculum

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Mueller PE P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Corey M. Taylor, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Patricia Brackin, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Richard A. House, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Kathleen Toohey, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Michael S. DeVasher, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Rebecca Booth DeVasher Ph.D., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Mark H. Minster, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

, unspecializedversions of the same required courses. Several expressed a sense that the sustainability focusdetracted from the general learning objectives of the course—i.e. that they might have receivedmore substantive writing instruction in sections of RH131 that weren’t also teachingsustainability concepts. These themes have emerged before: sustainability has been introducedinto the RHIT curriculum as the organizing framework for projects in other required courses—particularly an upper-division course in technical communication—and students have oftenperceived a tension between the emphasis on sustainability and other course content and learningobjectives. On this point, some HERE students resembled their non-cohort peers more closelythan we’d anticipated

Conference Session

Graduate Student Experiences

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Sean Holleran; Elaine Chan; Chad Rasmussen; Alan McGaughey

day of the interview. A panel of experts from UMengineering faculty search committees was present to provide relevant information and advice onthe interview process and to answer questions from the audience.The final event in the series, entitled Future Faculty Series #4 – Running a Research Program,occurs in the middle of the winter semester. In 2003 this panel discussion consisted ofengineering faculty who spoke on three topics – managing and recruiting graduate students,writing grant proposals and managing resources, and administrative responsibilities. Fiftystudents attended this final session.Making it Through Graduate SchoolAn integral part of the path towards a career in academia is the doctoral degree. The UM ASEE

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Karen Al-Ashkar

Session 1322 Support for students at a distance: Is technology enough? Karen Al-Ashkar University of Wisconsin – MadisonAbstractThere is a growing body of evidence, empirical and anecdotal, to suggest that studentsenrolled in extended (off-campus) degree programs require supports that ensure not onlyaccess but success. Access to supplementary services, such as writing centers andcampus libraries, necessitates early action by support staff to guarantee that studentsenjoy the full range of services open to their on-campus counterparts. In traditionalsettings, this means building bridges to these

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Wang Chien Ming; Mohamad Ridwan; Ang Kok Keng

students areencouraged. In these participatory workshop-lectures, active learning can be an ultimateachievement, even with a large class size of about 450 students per session. Peer instructions viabuzz groups are encouraged in lectures by posing concept quizzes (similar to Mazur’s) andthought provoking puzzles at regular intervals during lectures. Printed lecture notes with criticalinformation purposely “blanked” out also allow students to discover and learn during theworkshop-lecture as they actively work through their notes, sometimes together with thelecturers.Such techniques often require the contents of the lecture to be pruned judiciously. This is wherethe next two technologies can help in alleviating the worry of some lecturers of leaving

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

William Durfee

of methods were used tokeep reasonable limits on teaching staff time while still delivering a hands-on course:1. Tutorial information was developed and made available on the Web. This is particularly important for a course where basic skills are taught (from Excel to soldering irons), but where students enter with a wide range of backgrounds.2. Peer evaluation of drawings, designs and projects. Several methods were used including having students exchange their drawing or essay with their neighbor and writing a quick critique on a Post-It note. Another method was to have ten students come to the front of the class, project their drawing or design on an overhead and have another student critique the work in front of the class. This

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division (CIP) Technical Session 3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin L Burson, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Eric Holloway, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships Division (CIP)

UniversityTable 3Exemplar online professional development professional articles Resume Cover Mock Elevator Follow-up Job offer development letter help interviews pitch with negotiation Topic Area and review and and prospective review interview employers preparation How to How To Write an Proven Tips How To Negotiate

Conference Session

Integrating Hands-On Technology and Project-Based Learning in Engineering Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Burnett, Portland State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

Framework Development with Successive Capstone Projects1. IntroductionThe undergraduate program at the Portland State University Department of Electrical andComputer Engineering (PSU ECE) includes a three-quarter capstone design sequence typicallytaken during the student's senior year. For the last three years, and a fourth currently ongoing attime of writing, a capstone project has been sponsored by the author's Wireless EnvironmentalSensing Technology (WEST) Lab. The purpose of these sponsored capstones are as follows: 1. In the short term, design a wireless sensor to solve a specific problem. 2. In the long term, converge at a more general-purpose hardware and software solution set with which to design future wireless

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Technical Session 7

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Watkins-Lewis, Morgan State University; Heather Dillon, University of Washington; Rebecca N. Sliger, Tacoma Community College; Bonnie J. Becker; Erica Cline; Cheryl Greengrove; Petronella A. James, Morgan State University; Angela Edes Kitali; Adrienne Scarcella

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering Division (WIED)

Research-Course Design,” CBE—Life Sci. Educ., vol. 14, no. 4, p. ar37, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1187/cbe.15-03-0073.[32] A. B. Inoue, Labor-Based Grading Contracts: Building Equity and Inclusion in the Compassionate Writing Classroom. The WAC Clearinghouse; University Press of Colorado, 2019. doi: 10.37514/PER-B.2019.0216.0.Appendix[after peer review we plan to include the syllabus developed for the M-CURE course, but it is full ofauthor identity information so has been removed for now]

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering/Technology

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Amy Monte; Gretchen Hein

Society for Engineering Educationundergraduate students during their critical first two years of college. The program's goal is forthese high-risk students to perform well early in their college career so their strong earlyperformance will enable them to obtain alternate educational funding sources (e.g.,co-op andinternship positions) during their latter two years of study. In addition to financial assistance,GUIDE provides each new student with two peer mentors, an engineering community, andengineering and career opportunity information. Each aspect of the GUIDE program is describedin the following paper.Mentor Teams: Many universities have upper-class students mentoring new students. Studiesshow that these mentors provide a support community

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Ji Yeon Hong; Charla Triplett; Jenefer Husman

would likeideally to possess, that is, their ultimate goals for their life. Participants responded to the itemsusing it 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 to 7 (1= does not describe you at all, 4 = sort ofdescribes you, and 7 = describe you extremely well). A self-discrepancy score for individualswas obtained by subtracting the rating of each adjective for ideal self from the rating of theadjective for actual self and used the absolute difference.Priming activity. In order to make participant’s career choice more salient, immediately prior toobtaining the “career self” scale, participants were asked to write down their chosen career, andthen imagine about themselves in that career. Participants were then asked to describethemselves: 1) Getting

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Ann D. Christy; Marybeth Lima

Page 2.437.1biological engineering are presented, and recommendations for improvement are discussed.IntroductionOverview. While student portfolios have long been used to document student learning andmastery in subjects such as art, writing, and architecture, their use in engineering education hasbeen a relatively recent phenomenon. A literature search yielded nothing pertaining to studentportfolios in biological engineering instruction, and little concerning portfolios in otherengineering disciplines1. We used several references (detailed below) to aid the development ofstudent portfolios as an instrument for learning and assessment for AE 625 and BE 1252.Because these two courses are still being taught at this time, partial results are

Conference Session

Capstone Design Pedagogy I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Trivett, University of Prince Edward Island

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

as a bulk raw material and our structure of courses as the manufacturingprocess neglects the reality of their peer-to-peer learning, and their various interconnectedcommunities as having a role in their eventual graduation as junior engineers.figure 1: The linear system model of engineering education. The student is likened to a materialflow through a process leading to the desired "engineer" graduate.The model of an education based on this approach is represented in Figure 1. The student, aftercompleting high school, enters the University system and follows through taking discrete coursesas represented by the blocks. Each block follows the preceding one in a succession until thecomplete diagram is filled. We, the faculty determine what

Conference Session

Computer Hardware

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne W. Walter, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Timothy G. Southerton, RIT Mechanical Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

,the course gets started with three one hour lectures, with examples, on the basics ofArduino programming. These three lectures can be broken down as follows:1.) Getting Started with Arduino - Outlines basics of Arduino hardware, software, and robotics programming2.) Arduino Programming Language - Details sketch structure, programming syntax notes, and pin functionality3.) Starting Arduino Examples - Demonstrates integrated analog and digital writing and reading examplesTeams of two are formed, which stay together for both the lab exercises and the project.These can be self-formed by the students or assigned as they would be in industry.Beginning week 2, each week of classes for the next 8 weeks consists of two one

Conference Session

Computers in Education General Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Huiru Shih P.E., Jackson State University; Jacqueline M Jackson, Jackson State University ; Cassandra L Hawkins Wilson, Jackson State University; Pao-Chiang Yuan, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Engineering) from Ok- lahoma State University in 1986. He has published 60+ abstracts and articles in journals and contributed chapters to four books. Dr. Yuan continues to serve as peer reviewer for state, private grant programs and different professional journals and magazines. He is the board member of USEPA Monitoring Group, Gulf of Mexico Program. He is also council member of Mississippi Citizen Crops, Mississippi Office of Homeland Security. Dr. Yuan is the recipient, 2002 Outstanding Mentor of the Year, The Alliance for Graduate Education in Mississippi. 2004 recipient of Recycler of the year, presented by Mississippi Recycling Coalition. Professor Yuan is the JSU/Hinds County/MDEQ Computer Recycling Program di

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division (COED) Track 4.D

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carlos Sotelo, Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences; David Sotelo, Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences; Erick Ramírez-Cedillo, Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences; Félix Martínez-Jiménez, Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences; Ana I. Benavides Lahnstein, Manchester Metropolitan University; Alison Buxton, University of Sheffield

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

students’knowledge, skills, and attitudes. While these assessments might contribute to achieving learningobjectives, the development of thinking, problem-solving skills, and student motivation shouldbe explored as an extracurricular activity rather than an assignment that takes place in aclassroom environment.Augmented reality (AR) is a technology that overlays virtual objects in the real-worldenvironment, which enhances users’ engagement [6]. This technology has been applied toencourage critical thinking in learners of different ages [7-9]. Through the Assemblr Eduplatform, it is shown in [7], that English writing skills are improved. Similarly, in [8], ARtechnology is used to facilitate collaborative learning in science education, while in [9], it