Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret Scheiner, Florida State University; Micah McCrary-Dennis; David O Olawale, Dept of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering; Okenwa I Okoli, Florida A&M University/Florida State University

report “Rising above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for aBrighter Economic Future” drew much attention to concerns over the declining globalcompetitiveness of the United States in Science and Technology [1]. However, Lichtenstein et al.[2] reported that the decline noticed in the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, andMathematics) disciplines was not due to a decline in intake or retention of students, but due tobroad unfocused interests found in students late into their senior year. They reported thatstudents who complete a major in engineering are not necessarily committed to careers inengineering or even STEM. Students easily migrate into careers outside the STEM disciplines.The REU site used advanced materials with

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raquel Perez Castillejos, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

engineering department in collaborationwith the medical school. The two institutions collaborating for the NEURON REU arestrategically located only 3 blocks apart from one another and they have a joint Ph.D. program,which attests to their long-time research collaboration.Our REU program is organized in research teams consisting of 2-3 students each. Teams workon topics within the 4 main tracks of the very interdisciplinary field of neural engineering:Materials for neural tissue engineering; Neurofunctional and neurobehavior analysis;Multicellular neural tissue engineering; and Neuromuscular control.1 In addition to introducingand encouraging students to pursue advanced degrees in the area of neural engineering, the REUsite focuses on preparing

Conference Session

Raise the Bar – Visions for the Future, Bodies of Knowledge, and Accreditation Vicissitudes.

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stuart G. Walesh P.E., S. G. Walesh Consulting

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

,knowledge-skills-attitudes, licensing board, licensure, profession, professional practice,stakeholders, studentsIntroductionThe primary purpose of this paper is to present the recently released Engineering Body ofKnowledge (EBOK),1 describe the process used to construct it, and outline what it isintended to accomplish. Page 24.945.2 1Secondary purposes of the paper are to:  Suggest ways educators might utilize aspects of the EBOK  Indicate how some of the lessons learned2 in developing the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge3 (CEBOK) were applied

Conference Session

Teaching Mechanics of Materials

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carla Egelhoff, Montana Tech of the University of Montana; Edwin M. Odom, University of Idaho, Moscow

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

at that particular time. The method presented here is offered in that vein.Figure 1. Machine Designer Walter Schroeder of the Cincinnati Milling Machine Co. was interested in the deflection of the stepped shaft loaded as shown.[1] To avoid binding at the bearing ends, their locations were of critical importance. Page 24.946.2BackgroundThe literature search is purposefully limited to methods that have been previously used forfinding deflections of stepped shafts. An article by Professor C.W. Bert in 1960 entitled“Deflection of Stepped Shafts” [2] used Castigliano’s theorem to find the deflection of a simplysupported grinding

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shiwen Mao, Auburn University; Yingsong Huang, NetApp Inc.; Yihan Li, Auburn University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

andexperiment with real wireless waveforms and applications.In this paper, we report our experience on the development of an SDR laboratory course at theundergraduate level to enhance the Bachelor of Wireless Engineering (BWE) curriculum atAuburn University, an ABET-accredited program and first-of-its-kind in the US. With the 1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, 200 Broun Hall, AuburnUniversity, Auburn AL 36849-5201, smao@ieee.org 2 Network Appliance, 800 Cranberry Woods Drive Suite 400, Cranberry Township, PA 16066,yzh0002@tigermail.auburn.edu 3 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, 200 Broun Hall, Auburn

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

largely onan “engineering science” model, referred to as the “Grinter Model”, in which engineering istaught only after a solid basis in science and mathematics. The resulting engineering graduateswere perceived by industry and academia, at the time, as being “ill-prepared” for the practice.Despite steps taken to remedy the situation, through greater industry-academia collaboration,both design faculty and design practitioners argue that further improvements are necessary.Design faculty across a range of educational institutions still feel that the leaders of engineeringschools (deans, department heads, tenured faculty) do not fully recognize the intellectualcomplexities and resources needed to support good design education.(1)Fortunately, more and

Conference Session

Classroom Management

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

. (1, 2)A caring college professor helps his /her students by insuring that that they gain the selfconfidence to be themselves and exploit their uniqueness, to be successful, by helpingthem develop the necessary technical skills, and the social and emotional skills theyrequire in their college years and beyond. The faculty member is gentle and sensitive Page 24.951.2about students’ emotions, especially fear from new experiences and fear of failure. Acaring college faculty fosters curiosity which is essential for gaining knowledge. Thus,faculty members have to realize and acknowledge that they are humans themselves, and itis all right to make

Conference Session

Innovative Use of Technology and the Internet in Engineering Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julian Ly Davis, University of Southern Indiana; Thomas McDonald, University of Southern Indiana

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

decreases time required to administer the homework. Methods ofdelivery (online only or hybrid classes) can also have a large effect on the time and effortcommitted to a course. Here, we propose the use of online homework software does not instill the importance ofpresenting a logical and organized solution process. Software lacks the ability to assess astudent's ability to communicate technical information effectively[1]; an important characteristicthat is missing in recent engineering graduates[2]. The use of online homework can be beneficialin developing a solving process and retention of material[3-4], but may also be detrimental forclasses that require illustrating an organized solution: most engineering classes. Preliminary work

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Pedagogy and Innovation

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Butler Velegol, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Mary Lynn Brannon, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

groups. Finally we will include thebenefits and costs from the faculty perspective. This will allow us to make suggestions forapplying this technique to other disciplines within engineering and other EnvironmentalEngineering courses.IntroductionSuccessful engineers possess not only technical skills but also the ability to apply these technicalskills to real life problems. In her book The 21st Century Engineer, Patricia D. Galloway statesthat, “While engineers remain strong in terms of their technological skills, they are generallyweak in terms of their management and communication capabilities.”1 (p. 2) In mostengineering curriculums, these management and communication capabilities are best learned inthe capstone, or design courses that students

Conference Session

STEM and ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jose Marcio Luna, University of New Mexico; Timothy L Schroeder, University of New Mexico; Gregory L. Heileman, University of New Mexico; Chaouki T Abdallah, The University of New Mexico ; Jorge Crichigno, Northern New Mexico College; Ivan Lopez Hurtado, Northern New Mexico College; Alfredo J. Perez, Northern New Mexico College

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

the nation in percentageof the population who earn bachelor’s degrees or higher. It ranks 48th in percentage of teens whoare not in school and who are not high school graduates. Seventeen percent of New Mexico’spopulation lives in poverty, including an alarming one in four children. Thirty seven percent ofjobs in New Mexico pay below the poverty rate (49th in the nation)1.Reversing these trends has become a major emphasis for higher education in New Mexico. Thestatewide funding formula for colleges and universities in New Mexico has focused onimproving course completion rates, college graduation rates, graduation rates among low-incomestudents and graduation rates in STEM fields. Chief among the challenges in this endeavor arethe rural nature

Conference Session

Computer Hardware

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark A. Hopkins, Rochester Institute of Technology (KGCOE); Alexander Michael Kibbe, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

and laboratory settings to teachvarious topics [1][3], including photovoltaic cells [2] and C-programming [8], demonstrating theversatility and robustness of this platform. This article describes how the Arduino board is beingused successfully at Rochester Institute of Technology, in the Electrical Engineering program(RIT-EE) to implement dc-motor control in laboratories related to control signals, feedback loops, Page 24.955.2and transfer functions.  II. Hardware The Arduino Mega 2560 was selected as the Arduino board of choice, as it is among the morepowerful of the Arduino models yet still maintains a reasonable $50 price tag, and is one

Conference Session

Research in Biomedical Pedagogy

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Rae Papich; Christian James Kennett, Gannon University; Davide Piovesan, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

movements can be analyzed using low-cost digital cameras as well as a set of open-source free-ware software. Eliminating the issue thataccompanies cost, we developed a set of bioengineering laboratory experiments providingstudents with a full “hands on” experience on motion capture and data post processing.The project was divided in three modules. 1) Design of a camera-based setup and acquisition ofraster video data. 2) Extraction of limbs’ trajectories from raster images via free-ware software3) Processing of kinematic data as input for a refined musculo-skeletal model to calculatemuscles’ properties during the movement. We studied eating as one of the basic motionsnecessary for individuals to live independently and experience a sufficient quality

Conference Session

Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Ryan Kirkpatrick, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Maarij M. Syed, Rose-Hulman Institute of Tech; Richard W. Liptak, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology 5500 Wabash Ave, Terre Haute, Indiana, 47803 1. Abstract Engineering Physics (EP), at its core, is a multidisciplinary approach to solving problemsthat require insights from various traditional disciplines. The EP curriculum at Rose-HulmanInstitute of Technology strives to foster this multidisciplinary approach by incorporating studentprojects that require integrating concepts and principles from various fields into a meaningfulapproach toward a realistic solution. These projects, ideally involve a design / problemstatement, a fabrication step, and a testing or characterization stage. As an example of such anapproach, a new lab is proposed to provide students with an

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David C. Zietlow, Bradley University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

in bold font while theassociated explanations are in normal font. The bold numbers preceding each instructioncorresponds to the summary of the deductive problem-solving strategy given in Appendix A.The deductive problem-solving strategy is a technique which provides structure to solving open-ended problems where the inputs are not known initially. The first key step, in solving any engineering problem, is to [1] draw a schematic of thesystem as shown in Figure 1. In this schematic, the heat exchangers are represented by two righttriangles. Each side of the right triangle represents the inlet or outlet for the fluid passingthrough the heat exchanger. The hypotenuse represents the heat transfer surface area. Identifyall energy flows

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara T. Scharf, University of Toronto; Jason A. Foster P.Eng., University of Toronto; Kamran Behdinan, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

person feels or acts as if he or she belongs to a givenculture.Previous studies on the effects of high linguistic diversity in the workplace confirm thatpeople of low relative proficiency in a common language often feel vulnerable, frustrated,ignored and misunderstood, but when people in these situations seek clarification orrefuge in their native language, others may see them as rude, unreliable and Page 24.959.2untrustworthy [1-5]. Anecdotal reports of student behaviour in previous iterations of theengineering design course under study support these findings.Team formation in this course in previous years was done by self-selection – studentschose

Conference Session

Cooperative & Experiential Education Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hans J. Thomas P.E., U.S. Military Academy; Michael Nowatkowski, U.S. Military Academy; Brodie K. Hoyer, U.S. Military Academy; Michael J. Benson, U.S. Military Academy; Bruce Floersheim, U.S. Military Academy; Luksa Luznik, United States Naval Academy; Wesley Anderson, U.S. Air Force Academy; Steven J. Condly, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

oneinstitution had half of their externships at a government facility and a third with private industry,the other two institutions had their students work almost exclusively with government agencies. The electrical engineering program had modified its Student Outcomes while the otherthree programs adopted the standard ABET Student Outcomes (though reworded) to evaluate.The electrical engineering program combined ABET outcomes c, h, and j into a single outcome.This change in outcomes was designed to create a more efficient and sustainable assessmentprocess. The purpose of this survey was to provide departments with information to improve threekey areas to their externship experience: 1) Student satisfaction with the experience, 2

Conference Session

Classroom Management

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward F. Gehringer, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

college educators and educational researchers: the POD Mailing List, theACM SIGCSE Members List, and the Engineering Technology1 listserv.The survey received 78 responses. Of course, this is not a representative sample, but thegoal of the survey was not to determine with any level of certainty what most facultypreferred, only to identify issues that faculty should consider in making teaching requests.As such, it identified dozens of considerations that might bear on an instructor’s choices.1 pod@listserv.nd.edu, the listserv of the Professional and Organizational Development (POD) Network inHigher Education; sigcse-members@acm.org, the listserv of the ACM’s Special Interest Group onComputer Science Education; and etd-l@listproc.tamu.edu, the

Conference Session

WIED: Strategies Beyond the Classroom

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelsey Morgan Irvin, Washington University in St. Louis; Elizabeth Hiteshue, University of Pennsylvania; Mary Yvonne Lanzerotti, Air Force Institute of Technology; Sheldon Hochheiser, IEEE History Center; Michael Geselowitz, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

, thereby increasing female participation in STEM.The STEM Education Project combines hands-on STEM research with unique mentoring withdistinguished STEM leaders to provide an environment that is supportive of both the researchand career for the participating female undergraduate students. As background, in 2012, YaleUniversity research showed that “science’s subtle gender biases favor male students.”1 Asrecently as July, 2013, three members of the U.S. House of Representatives wrote to theGovernment Accountability Office to express concern about the state of female participation inSTEM fields, since “federal money supports about 60 percent of the research performed atuniversities, at a cost of $36.6 billion in 2011, in addition to more than $40

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Jennifer Vernengo, Rowan University; Tom Merrill, Rowan University; Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University; Mary M. Staehle, Rowan University; Robi Polikar, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

fresh-man level, students will be engaged in the scientific discovery process using exciting hands-on designchallenges to analyze artificial organs. In more advanced core engineering courses and laboratories, stu-dents will explore the function of artificial organs in the laboratory and investigate the variables affectingtheir performance. The engineering goals of this project are: (1) to explore the function of human and artificial organs; (2)to apply current research methodology state-of-the-art medical devices for a hands-on investigation ofartificial organs; and (3) to introduce fundamental engineering principles through experiments with artifi-cial organs; (4) to investigate the factors affecting artificial organ performance and design

Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve E. Watkins, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Les Kinsler, Kansas State University, Salina; Julia L. Morse, Kansas State University, Salina; Doug Carroll, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

provide important technical and communication experiences forundergraduate and graduate students. Senior capstone, thesis, design, and other project activitiesare means to develop teamwork and communication skills. ABET student outcomes reflect thesecritical skills [1] and experiences applying soft skills in the context of project work are valuable.The process of documenting a project and presenting the results enhances one’s technicalunderstanding in ways that students do not often appreciate. Technical poster presentations area common communication mode in which effective delivery depends heavily on succinctexpression, audience analysis, and visual design. Much of the literature related to posterpresentations deals with course-level poster

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew E. Jackson, East Carolina University; Sherion H. Jackson, Grand Canyon Univeristy

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

society at-large – while at the same time – teaching high quality courses, andperforming original, ground-breaking research that will lead to substantial external fundingsources that will flow into the university. While this superman or superwoman may exist onsome university campuses, it may be more realistic to envision a model where a department or acollege has a mix of faculty members who – as a group – endeavor to achieve the high standardsset by and for the university. In alignment with Boyer (1996) 1 and Glassick, et al. (1997)6,creative activities and research should be more broadly defined using scholarship to allow forengagement of both students and faculty members. In order to meet the demands of competing(and oftentimes conflicting

Conference Session

Teaching and Pedagogy Issues in Graduate Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Shaurette, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Randy R. Rapp, Purdue Building Construction Management Dept.

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

trade associationcomprised of more than 33,000 firms. As stated in their request for proposal, which was initiatedto advance graduate CM programs, the AGC expressed an interest in partial funding andadvertised support for up to four programs. The AGC stated: “The need for senior executives tosecure a masters is apparent from two perspectives. First, they will benefit from learning newlyevolved construction techniques and management methods. Second, their experience is neededon campus as instructors” 1. In the BCM distance MS program that developed from AGC initialsupport, there were 13 enrolled in the first cohort of students. The program quickly grew to anenrollment between 17 and 23 students. Total enrollment has been limited to 24 students

Conference Session

From Industry to the Academy - Female Faculty Boundary Spanners Offering and Gaining Perspective

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary K. Pilotte, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Diana Bairaktarova, The University of Oklahoma; Rachel Louis Kajfez, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Conference Session

Choice and Persistence in Engineering Education and Careers

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brianna L. Dorie, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Tamecia R. Jones, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Meagan C. Pollock, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

especially true for women.1 Therefore if we areconcerned with increasing awareness of engineering, and increasing participation in engineering,it is important that we understand the ways that parents can promote awareness of, understandingof, and interest in engineering.Parents can play a tremendous role in their children’s learning experiences as children typicallyspend more than 80% of their waking hours outside of school settings.2 Research suggests thatchildren develop critical and lasting attitudes towards science at young ages3, and at this agechildren spend much of their out-of-school time with their parents. Additionally, this is furthersupported by research that has shown that parents’ involvement in their children’s education ismost

Conference Session

Mechanical Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Goodarz Ahmadi, Clarkson University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

described in [1]. In fact, majority for air pollution and smug incities are due to particulate maters. Particle resuspension form flooring has beenidentified as a health issue for indoor air pollution. In the last decade, significant research progress in the areas of particle transport,deposition and removal has been made. The primary objective of this combined researchand curriculum development project is to make the fruits of these new important researchfindings available to seniors and first year graduate students in engineering through thedevelopment and offering of a sequence of specialized courses. In these courses, theprocess of particle transport, deposition and removal and re-entrainment are described.The topic of particle transport

Conference Session

Teaching and Assessment Methodologies

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bimal P. Nepal, Texas A&M University; Barry Lawrence, Texas A&M University; Esther Rodriguez-Silva PhD, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

prepared (upon graduation) to take on challenges of the real world.Unlike in traditional learning method, in experiential learning students are involved in hands onreal world problem solving environment. Thus, in experiential learning student learning takesplace based on the experience of the project they work on. Capstone or senior design projects aregreat examples of experiential learning environment. By realizing the need of project-basedlearning, the US government has been encouraging the academic institutions to create suchlearning environment in the STEM disciplines through its funding agencies like National ScienceFoundation (NSF) [1]. This has generated huge interest among the engineering educators onhands-on freshmen engineering programs

Conference Session

Active Learning in ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott L. Post, Bradley University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

experiments that should be sufficient to last for asemester. Most of the equipment was purchased from Jaycar in New Zealand, and components(resistors and capacitors) were also acquired from the University electronics shop, but all ofthese should be available from a local electronics store in most countries. For the active learningexperiments implemented in the course at the University kits were put together for each team of4 students, which included the following equipment: Page 24.971.3• Digitech QM1500 budget multimeter. This is a low-cost (~ $5) multimeter with relatively low impedance (1 M), suitable for measuring voltage, current, and

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jane M. Fraser, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Alejandro Teran, Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo de Mexico (ITAM); Hoa Thi Pham, International University - Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City

Tagged Divisions

International

Technology in Thailand, and PhD in Environmental Science from Tohoku University - Japan. Page 24.972.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Paths to AccreditationAccreditation of an engineering program provides a public assurance of the quality of a programand thus of its graduates. Many countries and program see the importance of such accreditation;66 countries have at least one accredited engineering program and 48 countries have created anational accrediting body for engineering programs (Appendix 1 shows a list of accreditingbodies in each country

Conference Session

Engineering Leadership Development Constituent Committee Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew C. Hurt, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Robert C. Deadman, Ivy Tech Community College; Jenny Daugherty, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Daniel O. Lybrook, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

. 1 to No. 5. In addition, the U.S. ranked 13thin “higher education and training,” 16th in “infrastructure,” and 20th in “technologicalreadiness.” 15Indiana, specifically, ranks low in terms of adults with a college degree - 42nd out of 50 states inadults with a Bachelor’s degree and 29th in adults with an Associate’s degree.18 This lack oftraining is of paramount concern for Indiana companies. In a 2012 survey of Indianamanufacturers, human resource development (i.e. education and training) “overshadowed capitalinvestment, information technologies, and improving organizational structures and processes as Page 24.973.2the top concern of

Conference Session

Problem- Project- and Case-Based Learning in Environmental Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

MaryShannon Williams, University of Missouri, Columbia; Sara Elizabeth Ringbauer, University of Missouri, Columbia

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

design of a problem-based learning (PBL) air quality web-based unit and its incorporation into the lab portion of an environmental engineering course.Research questions include: R1) What themes emerge from student and instructor interviewsabout their PBL experience? R2) How can we use these themes to improve future PBLimplementation? Participants included 7 undergraduate, Introduction to EnvironmentalEngineering students (4 males, 3 females), 1 course instructor, and 2 graduate teaching assistantsfrom a large, Midwestern university. Researchers employed a formative evaluation approach,consisting of semi-structured interviews. Researchers used grounded theory to analyze data.Themes emerged in the following three categories: student implications