Asee peer logo
Well-matched quotation marks can be used to demarcate phrases, and the + and - operators can be used to require or exclude words respectively
Displaying results 5191 - 5220 of 30639 in total
Conference Session
FPD3 -- Professional Issues for First-Year Courses
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Mathias, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; Lalit Gupta, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; Jale Tezcan, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; Ronald Caffey, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; Bruce Chrisman, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; Chris Pearson, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; John Nicklow, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; Ernest Lewis, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; Rhonda Kowalchuk, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; Kathy Pericak-Spector, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; Hasan Sevim, Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
mentors will meet with the students two times eachsemester and will explain what they do as an engineer because many freshmen and sophomorestudents do not understand the role of an engineer. They will explain the importance of math intheir engineering profession and encourage students to successfully complete their math courses.Lastly, they also will provide career advice such as examples of projects they’ve worked on andsuccesses and struggles they’ve had in their career. This mentoring by engineers in industry willprovide motivation to remain in engineering and obtain summer internships later in their collegeeducation, possibly with the same company of the industrial mentor.Assessment:The plans for this project will include ongoing internal
Conference Session
FPD7 -- Service Learning
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dan Cordon, University of Idaho; Barbara Williams, University of Idaho; Steven Beyerlein, University of Idaho; Donald Elger, University of Idaho
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
knowledge by peers situation is resolved customer or user Undesirable or Needs analysis, Inconsistencies or uncomfortable definition of incompleteness of Starting Point situation requiring specifications current knowledge change Remedial action plan Tested artifact, tool, Theory, model, or that can often be or process with answer to research End Product generalized supporting question submitted documentation for peer review Time
Conference Session
Technical Issues in Architectural Engineering II
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christopher Jarrett, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Architectural
primary force behind the work of various leaders in the ecological design community[1]. Gravity and the second law of thermodynamics set the stage for disseminating a vast arrayof scientific principles. Energy is plotted. Solar angles are graphed. Thermal flows are mapped.These science-based principles are fundamental to producing new green technologies andvarious shades of green in the plans and sections of our buildings [2]. And the science behindthe environment continues to prosper. The challenge in architectural education however hasbeen the development of more inclusive, creative, even conflictive understandings of ecologyand environmental design that expand beyond the germane integration of environmental scienceprinciples and new green
Conference Session
Design for Community and Environment
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Serdar Tumkor, Istanbul Technical University; Karl Haapala, Michigan Technological University; Vishesh Kumar, Michigan Technological University; John Sutherland, Michigan Technological University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
design, process planning and manufacturing, gear and continuously variable transmission manufacturing, design for optimum cost, online design catalogs, and web-based collaboration.Karl Haapala, Michigan Technological University Karl R. Haapala is an NSF IGERT Doctoral Trainee and Graduate Scholar in the Sustainable Futures Institute at Michigan Technological University. He is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering – Engineering Mechanics focusing on predictive manufacturing process models for improving product environmental performance. He received his B.S. (2001) and M.S. (2003) in Mechanical Engineering from Michigan Technological University.Vishesh Kumar, Michigan Technological
Conference Session
Global Engineering in an Interconnected World
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Maria M. Larrondo Petrie
Tagged Divisions
International
States’sEngineering for the Americas Symposium, the Latin American and Caribbean Consortium ofEngineering Institutions (LACCEI) proposed an assessment model that provides a five-levelevaluation that could lead to accreditation. This paper describes the model, which applies amulti-level, model-based process improvement model widely used in the software systemsengineering, called the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), to Engineering Education. Model-based process improvement uses a model to guide the improvement of an organization’sprocesses and aims to increase the capability of work processes. Process capability is theinherent ability of a process to produce planned results. This paper presents an overview of theCMM and proposes three CMM-based models for
Conference Session
Approaches to Teaching Entrepreneurship
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Minnie Patel, San Jose State University; Anuradha Basu, San Jose State University
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
systematic way.Despite the fact that SJSU is located in the heart of the Silicon Valley, the engineering studentsat SJSU are not adequately exposed to entrepreneurship as revealed by a preliminary survey bythe authors. To bridge this gap, we plan to develop teaching material for an engineeringentrepreneurship course at the undergraduate level supported by a CCLI grant from the NationalScience Foundation.The objective of the present paper is to describe a process of selecting appropriate coursematerial for teaching engineering entrepreneurship in order to dispel some of the common mythsabout entrepreneurship amongst undergraduates at SJSU. This paper also discusses the value andimpact of the two approaches identified above in educating and exposing
Conference Session
Building Knowledge Based Economies: the Role of Industry-University-Government Partnerships
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Barbara Waugh, Hewlett-Packard Company; Claudia Morrell, University of Maryland-Baltimore County; Russel Jones, World Expertise LLC; Nancy Hafkin, Knowledge Working
Tagged Divisions
International
this grassroots capacity building process. The model consists of these steps, which proceed not only sequentially but also in parallel: (1) Start with your own passion and find others who share it; (2) Find partner organizations where at least one individual shares your passion and commitment and can commit the organization at least in name; (3) Form a Page 12.813.3 core team to plan a small workshop or conference to expand the conversation to local stakeholders who can guide it to align with and enhance current ongoing local and regional efforts and organizations; (4) Articulate the largest vision you see to inspire, shape and be
Conference Session
Design Based Energy Education
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Oxana S Pantchenko, University of California at Santa Cruz; Tiffany Wise-West P.E., University of California Santa Cruz; Michael S. Isaacson, University of California, Santa Cruz; Ali Shakouri Shakouri, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
Paper ID #5673Enhancing Student Learning Through a Real-World Project in a RenewableEnergy Courses CourseDr. Oxana S Pantchenko, University of California at Santa CruzMs. Tiffany Wise-West P.E., University of California Santa Cruz My civil engineering background is in utility infrastructure planning, design and project management, specializing in urban water and energy systems. Broadly, I am interested in the sociocultural and political economic dimensions of community-based natural resource management. My current research work is focused on sustainable municipal infrastructure projects, ranging from renewable energy to
Conference Session
Using graphics in the rest of the engineering courses
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Richard W Marklin Jr, Marquette University; Jay R. Goldberg P.E., Marquette University; Mark Nagurka, Marquette University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Design Graphics
and freehand sketching skills that were traditional taught to engineering students. Prof. Marklin developed a short course to teach engineering students how to express their ideas and con- cepts with quick freehand sketches that require only a pencil (no instruments such as rulers or compasses are required). This course does NOT require visual art talent. He taught the 5-week course twice in Mil- waukee (University of WI-Milwaukee and Marquette University) and is teaching the course at the U. of Costa Rica during Jan. and Feb. 2013. He plans to make a commercial grade video of the course and distribute it on YouTube. In addition, he will continue to teach the course at Marquette University because the course is
Conference Session
Information and Network Security
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Richard Scott Bell, Kansas State University; Eugene Y. Vasserman, Kansas State University; Eleanor C. Sayre, Kansas State University
Tagged Divisions
Computing & Information Technology
I think so / probably 7 Not sure 4 I don’t know enough to answer that question 1 Is cybersecurity research something that you would enjoy doing? Yes / sure 10 Probably 4 Do you see cybersecurity involved in your career after you graduate? Definitely / yes 11 Depends 3 Do you plan to seek out jobs
Conference Session
Challenges in Engineering, Models in Professional Programs, Capstone Design and Function Generator for Educational Environment
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Claudio da Rocha Brito, Science and Education Research Council; Melany M. Ciampi, Safety, Health and Environment Research Organization; Rosa Maria Castro Fernandes Vasconcelos, Universidade de Minho; Luis Alfredo Martins Amaral P.E., University of Minho; Victor Freitas de Azeredo Barros, Science and Education Reseach Council
Tagged Divisions
International
2011, and from 2011 to 2014; member of the Strategic Planning Com- mittee of Education Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc (IEEE-EdSoc); board member of ”Global Council on Manufacturing and Management” (GCMM); and director of Brazil- ian Network of Engineering (RBE). He was president of Brazilian Chapter of Education Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc (IEEE-EdSoc); regional secretary of SBPC - Brazil- ian Association for the Advancement of Science; adviser for International Subjects of the Presidency of Brazilian Society for Engineering Education (ABENGE); dean of International Relations of SENAC School of Engineering and Technology; member of
Conference Session
CEED - Technical Session 1
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chris Plouff, Grand Valley State University
Tagged Divisions
Cooperative & Experiential Education
Management • project life cycle • types of projects • project stakeholders • project planning process – project charter, work breakdown structureModules are designed to be relatively brief, focused packets of information that could bereviewed within a 30-60 minute timeframe. The modules are delivered via Blackboard, theuniversity-wide, web-based course management software, and consisted of various mediaincluding written materials, papers, videos, websites, podcasts, etc. Each module has anassociated, short test or quiz that is automatically graded in Blackboard. Students have six toeight modules to complete in a given co-op semester, which is almost equivalent of one lecture-course
Conference Session
Student Chapters - Formulas for Success
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Mark Evans; Eric Lachance; Allen Estes
Military Academy (USMA), describe the USMA civilengineering program outcomes, and show how many of the chapter activities support theseprogram outcomes and add value to the Civil Engineering program.The USMA Student ChapterStudent chapter leaders and members are faced with many unique challenges that affect chapteractivities. USMA students have an unusually high level of mandatory requirements outside theclassroom that restrict the time available for extracurricular activities. These requirements,which include physical training classes, mandatory meal attendance, military drill and ceremony,and compulsory intramural sports participation, limit the student chapter’s ability to plan long-duration events. Therefore, student leaders focus their
Conference Session
Curriculum Development in Civil ET
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Maher Murad
software in the Highway Surveying andDesign course. The course objectives and the design project components are presented anddiscussed. The experience gained from redesigning the course to include computer applications atvarious stages of a semester-long design project provides useful guidance to those consideringways to integrate design software into existing courses.IntroductionAccreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) outlines Civil EngineeringTechnology Program Criteria for accreditation. (1) One of the requirements of the new criteria isthat programs must demonstrate that graduates are capable of planning and preparing design andconstruction documents including engineering drawings. Other requirements call for graduates tobe
Conference Session
Entrepreneurship Teaming and Collaboration
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Barbara A. Karanian, Stanford University; Mona Eskandari, Stanford University; Akshit Aggarwal, Stanford University; Felipe Pincheira, Stanford University; Rebecca Rose Krauthamer; Gregory Kress, Stanford University
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
discussed using an open-process approach. Members noted a considerable lackof reluctance to prototype methods and team presentations; they also reported a deliberate lack ofspecific planning that they believe contributed to an entertaining and productive team ambiance.The full experiment offers stunning stories and compelling implications for creating effectivedesign interventions in team-based engineering and design classes as well as for those pursuingthe stories of compassion, empathy, and transformation in entrepreneuring.Key words: Open-team process, Entrepeneuring, Design Thinking, IMVU, Social Participation,Empathy1. Introduction and Overview of Design Team DynamicsOur diverse group, composed of graduate mechanical engineering students
Conference Session
Assessment & Continuous Improvement in ET: Part I
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alberto Gomez-Rivas, University of Houston-Downtown; Lea Campbell, University of Houston, Downtown; George Pincus, University of Houston, Downtown
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
used asassessment goals for the programs. Natural Sciences and Social Sciences do not have criteriaguiding them in the development of their assessment plans.This paper looks at the costs of assessment activities and the alternatives available forengineering technology programs taking into consideration the cost factor that is critical for thesuccess of development and implementation of a continuous outcomes assessment plan. Theresults of this study should yield useful information and suggestions for engineering technologydepartments seeking accreditation or reaccreditation under current TAC/ABET guidelines.Engineering technology departments taking the position that academic assessment follows thesame process as quality control and enhancement
Conference Session
Design and the Community
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Angela Bielefeldt
course. A more completedescription of the course elements is provided in a previous ASEE conference paper2.Students begin the semester by responding to the RFP. If possible, clients (typicallyrepresentatives from local consulting firms, the University, and ICAST) are part of the audiencewhen the students present their proposals. The students create a work plan to outline theiranticipated tasks and time management throughout the semester. Given that many weeks go bybetween due dates for the deliverables, time management by the students is critical. Weeklytimesheets are submitted by each student. Typically, individual meetings between each team andthe instructor occur on a weekly basis to ensure that progress is being made. Meetings with
Conference Session
Thinking, Reasoning & Engineering in Elementary School
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Pelletier, Northern Essex Community College; Linda Desjardins, Northern Essex Community College; Paul Chanley, Northern Essex Community College; Lori Heymans, Northern Essex Community College
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
by the school systems and trained in teaching EiE. The teachers weresupported by staff and professors of engineering, technology, mathematics, and science from twocommunity colleges.This paper describes the year-long process to introduce a unit of EiE into the classrooms of eachof the twenty-two elementary school teachers, in such a way that each selected unit meshed withthe unique curriculum of each elementary school.The paper also describes the work done implementing surveys of student attitudes andimplementing pre- and post-tests of student learning about engineers, the engineering designprocess and a unit of EiE.Each school district also developed and began to implement appropriate plans for theprofessional development of additional
Conference Session
Conceptual Learning
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Morris Girgis, Central State University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
instrument: 1, 2 & 3 carry a combined weight of 50%. The first two are concerned withconcept identification and concept mathematical expressions with a 20% weight, while applyingthe concepts carries a 30% weight. The solution method or plan is also assigned a 30% weight,while the final results are assigned a 20% weight. It is noted that applying the concepts(competency 3) and presenting a solution plan or approach (competency 4) are given a combinedweight of 60%, in order to emphasize the conceptual and procedural competencies as significantcomponents of the cognitive learning process. The assessment rubric is displayed in Table 6. Conceptual and Score Weight
Conference Session
Cooperative & Experiential Education Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Manuel D. Rossetti, University of Arkansas; Kim LaScola Needy, University of Arkansas; Edgar C. Clausen, University of Arkansas; Carol Schubert Gattis, University of Arkansas; Micah Hale, University of Arkansas
Tagged Divisions
Cooperative & Experiential Education
, faculty mentoring and peer mentoring. Theprofessional development activities are designed to target specific points in the students’ plan ofstudy. They include various topics such as preparation of a personal development plan(sophomore level), resume writing and job search skills (sophomore and senior level),developing research skills (junior level), seven habits of highly effective people (senior level),writing and presenting an engineering-based business case (junior level), and presenting andcommunication research (M.S. level).Overview of the SIIRE ProgramThe Student Integrated Intern Research Experience (SIIRE) program at the University ofArkansas is funded via the NSF S-STEM program. The NSF S-STEM program provides studentscholarship funds
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mary R. Anderson-Rowland, Arizona State University; Armando A. Rodriguez, Arizona State University; Anita Grierson, Arizona Sate University; Richard A. Hall Jr., Cochise College; Phil Blake McBride, Eastern Arizona College; Rakesh Pangasa, Arizona Western College; Clark Henson Vangilder, Central Arizona College; Russell Cox, Mohave Community College; Thomas R. Palmer, Eastern Arizona College
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
academic advisor toenroll. Through the class assignments, the students are asked to do items that are helpful for theirsuccess as an engineering student. The purposes of the class are to:  Graduate the student in engineering,  Develop the student professionally with subjects not taught in the classroom, and  Send the graduated student directly to graduate school full-time.The class is built on the “Guaranteed 4.0 Plan” by Donna O. Johnson.5 This system has anexcellent time management plan and teaches the students “how to learn” and how to earn andmaintain a straight “A” average. Other topics include: resumes, elevator speeches, how to work acareer fair, portfolios, the 4+1 plan, graduate school, research, career plans for 10 years
Conference Session
WIED: Strategies Beyond the Classroom
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lisa Rae Volpatti, University of Pittsburgh; Cheryl A. Bodnar, University of Pittsburgh; Lauren M. Byland, University of Pittsburgh
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
particular, theyfound the use of case studies to be a valuable tool in promoting reflection on this sensitivetopic.33 After this initial implementation, the Stevens Institute of Technology outlined plans toexpand their training to upper classmen and graduate students; however, no further publicationson the dissemination of this workshop could be found. To our knowledge, there have been norecent reports of analogous workshops although the subject of SH remains of importance today.We therefore propose that offering SH workshops such as the one described within this study touniversity women across the United States will provide a positive atmosphere to educate femaleengineers on sexual harassment early in their careers.MethodsPlanning the Harassment
Conference Session
Curriculum & Student Enrollment I
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Immanuel Adaikalaraj Edinbarough, University of Texas, Brownsville; Posinasetti Nageswara Rao, University of Northern Iowa; Kanchan Das, East Carolina University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
Manufacturing. His current research interests include Robotics, CIM, Sustainable Manufacturing, Micro Machining and Engineering & Technology Ed- ucation. He has published several papers, in these areas, in various national & international conferences and journals. He has worked in heavy and light manufacturing industries manufacturing pumps, motors, and CNC machine tools in the areas of system design, production planning and control and manufactur- ing. Edinbarough also served in paramilitary forces and in the Air Force. He is a Life Member of the ISTE, a senior life member of the IE (India), a member of the ASEE & SME, and a licensed Professional Engineer (P.E.) in the state of Texas.Prof. Posinasetti Nageswara
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Kathleen Zimmerman-Oster; Mohan Krishnan; Shuvra Das; Sandra Yost
DetroitMercy. These included a new senior level technical elective in introductory mechatronics alongwith mechatronic activities in freshmen design and in the introductory electrical engineeringcourse meant for non-EE majors. This effort has been very successful, and now mechatronicsactivities are also going on in many pre-college programs that the school runs.Recently this team received a National Science Foundation grant to take this effort one stepfurther by developing two new advanced courses in the area of modeling and simulation ofmechatronic systems and in the area of sensors and actuators, including emerging technologies.One of the key components of this effort is a detailed plan for outcomes assessment. Anoutcomes assessment expert is also
Conference Session
Understanding Engineering Design
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Zsuzsanna Szabo; Reid Bailey
are taken is important for the shopping cart but notfor the egg counter. The results indicate that the two tests are not as parallel as intended and,consequently, assess different objectives.Item correlation analysis was conducted and the results show that in both tests (shopping cart andegg counter) there are some items that do not correlate with the overall score. There were fivecommon items that did not work in either rubric. These five items are as follows: • Item 1: State that a team is needed to work on the project. • Item A: Indicate that the three phases of design are addressed in an appropriate order. • Item C: State that iteration should be planned into a design process. • Item H: Extra points for
Conference Session
Innovative Graduate Programs & Methods
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Thomas Walker; Susan Magliaro; Michael Alley; Hassan Aref, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Alex Aning, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Hayden Griffin; Mark Sanders, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Marie Paretti, Virginia Tech; Richard Goff; Janis Terpenny, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Vinod Lohani, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Jenny Lo, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Jean Kampe, Michigan Technological University
-level “program” (somewhat similar to our local Science & Technology StudiesProgram or our new School of Biomedical Engineering & Science), governed by faculty from allparticipating units, that will oversee the degrees. As a part of the creation of the Program, whichis currently being referred to as the “Education-Engineering Collaborative” (EEC), we plan toredefine and include our existing Technology Education graduate program, which has beenranked as one of the top such programs in the nation. This is not a radical combination, since asengineers, we feel an instant kinship when we visit the Technology Education laboratories andsee wind tunnels and polymer fabrication equipment in use. We have employed two TechnologyEducation Ph.D
Conference Session
Engaging Upper Level Classes
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Sue McNeil; Adjo Amekudzi; Kristen Sanford Bernhardt
Engineering; however, one or twostudents typically enroll from the City Planning Program in the School of Architecture. Thecourse has been offered once a year since 2000 with enrollments ranging from 4-18 students. Itpresents an integrated treatment of methodologies, models, tools, funding mechanisms, rules andregulations that assist with managing civil infrastructure deterioration. The course also includeslectures on sustainable development and the built environment. Concepts are introduced toencourage students to think more seriously about the broader social and environmentalimplications of infrastructure decision making and to encourage students to explore projectopportunities for incorporating sustainability into built systems decision making
Conference Session
Astronautics and Space Technology
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Robert Melton; Michael Micci; Deborah Levin; Charles Croskey; David Spencer; Sven Bilen
slides of their early nanosat design for all universities toreview. The Preliminary Design Review (PDR) was a review of initial designs (subsystems,interfaces, configuration items) relative to the design requirements provided by the NS-3program. The SDR was an intermediate review whose intent was to ensure that the PDR concepthad evolved into a design that meets requirements and that the universities were taking theappropriate management steps to assure successful build and test. At the Subsystem Design Review (SDR), teams brought with them demonstrationsubsystem hardware as well as preliminary subsystem drawings and test plans. The subsystemhardware could be in a developmental stage or could be flight hardware. The Critical
Conference Session
Graduate Student Experiences
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Malinda Zarske, University of Colorado at Boulder; Daria Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado at Boulder
, Daria co-instructs the Creative Engineering class for ninth-grade students at the Denver School of Science and Technology (DSST) in Denver, CO. For Daria, one of the greatest benefits of participating in the K-12 outreach initiative was the development of her pedagogy skills at the middle school and high school instructional level. Each week, she created detailed 50- minute lesson plans that met a daily
Conference Session
Technology and Learning
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Marijke Kehrhahn; Kelli Vallieres; Alexandra Bell; Nicholas Massa
which to model behaviors14. Providing learners with instruction that focuseson developing metacognitive knowledge will better prepare them to choose and regulate learningstrategies that enhance interaction while engaged in the learning process.Self-regulation, the degree to which individuals actively participate in their own learning processand utilize metacognitive, motivational, and behavioral strategies to orchestrate their learning is acritical element of learner success10, 14, 15, 16,17. Self-regulation is a continuous and integratedprocess utilizing reflection skills and metacognitive knowledge involving three interrelatedprocesses (a) planning (i.e., setting goals, identifying task knowledge, and selecting andsequencing a series of