Conference Session

Instrument Design and Development

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Clifton L. Kussmaul, Green Mango Associates, LLC; Patricia B. Campbell, Campbell-Kibler Associates; Maria Torres-Demas, Westminster College of Salt Lake City; Chris Mayfield, James Madison University; Helen Hu, Westminster College of Salt Lake City

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

live and video recorded). This paper describes a new classroom observationprotocol intended to monitor the focus (e.g., solo, pair, team, or whole class) and action (e.g.,discuss, speak/present, watch/listen, or distracted) of both students and teachers (instructors).The paper summarizes relevant background on evidence-based learning, student engagement,and classroom observation protocols, describes the development and structure of FASTOP,presents results from different pedagogies (e.g., lecture, laboratory, POGIL), and describeslessons learned and future directions. Results show distinctive patterns of student and teacherbehaviors for different pedagogies.1. IntroductionThe ICAP model describes the benefits of interactive (I), constructive (C

Conference Session

Committee on Educational Policy Presents: Pillars of Professional Development

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zsuzsa Balogh, Metropolitan State University of Denver; Zita Mangné Kardos, University of Pécs, Hungary, EU; Tamas Juhasz, University of Pecs, Hungary, EU

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

Denver and the University of Pécs on the effectof COVID-19 on students’ level of motivation or their perception of the extent remote labs weresuccessfully conducted, except that University of Pécs students did generally place greaterimportance on student-to-student interactions for positive learning outcomes than MSU Denverstudents. At the program level, aggregating both institutions, no significant differences betweenundergraduate and graduate students’ experiences were found for any of the measured outcomes.Based on these findings, recommendations are made for improving student perception of andexperience with remote teaching and learning. Regarding the conduct of remote laboratories, theresults suggest, consistently across institutions, a

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Jane Christian P.E., Carnegie Mellon University; Fethiye Ozis, Carnegie Mellon University; Katherine Ann Flanigan; Joe Dallas Moore, Carnegie Mellon University; Gerald J. Wang, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

Paper ID #39288Board 36: Case Study: Sequential Development of Sensing Skills in aCivil and Environmental Engineering CurriculumDr. Sarah Jane Christian P.E., Carnegie Mellon University Sarah Christian serves as an Associate Teaching Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University. She is interested in curricular innovation including integrating applications of emerging technology into projects and laboratory experiences, project-based learning, cur- ricular content threading, methods for instilling teamwork skills, and implementing pedagogical methods that help students to

Conference Session

Program Evaluation Studies

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zahraa Nayef Krayem, Stony Brook University; Angela M. Kelly, Stony Brook University; Monica Bugallo, Stony Brook University; David Westerfeld; Richard Gearns, Stony Brook University; Kathleen Westervelt, Stony Brook University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

Paper ID #22383Pre-college Electrical Engineering Outreach: The Design of a Home SecuritySystem (Evaluation)Mrs. Zahraa Nayef Krayem, Stony Brook UniversityDr. Angela M. Kelly, Stony Brook University Angela M. Kelly is an Associate Professor of Physics and the Associate Director of the Science Education Program at Stony Brook University, New York. She attended La Salle University, Philadelphia, Pennsyl- vania, where she received her B.A. degree in chemistry, and completed her M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in science education (2000 and 2006, respectively) and her Ed.M. degree in curriculum and teaching (2007) at Teachers

Conference Session

Integration of Manufacturing and Society

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ismail Fidan, Tennessee Technological University; Bonita Barger, Tennessee Technological University; Ersel Obuz, Celal Bayar University; S. Murat Bagdatli, Celal Bayar University; Ismet Anitsal; Meral Anitsal

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Paper ID #7498Integrating Manufacturing, Management and Marketing into InternationalService LearningDr. Ismail Fidan, Tennessee Technological University Dr. Ismail Fidan is a faculty member at the College of Engineering of Tennessee Technological Uni- versity. His research and teaching interests are in additive manufacturing, electronics manufacturing, distance learning, and STEM education. Dr. Fidan is a member and active participant of SME, ASME, IEEE, and ASEE. He is also the Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology.Dr. Bonita Barger, Tennessee Technological

Conference Session

ABET Issues and Capstone Design

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Gregory Davis; Craig Hoff

design. Decliningenrollments forced universities to reduce program length. In order to accomplish this,many programs reduced application oriented courses and laboratories.1 This shift hasresulted in an increasing gap between what engineers are expected to know and how theyare to perform in industry, and what universities are teaching.2 Engineers in industryspend much time working on complex system integration, yet few engineering graduatesunderstand this process.3 Reference 2 adds “the state of education in this country,especially in science, engineering and technology, has become a matter of increasingconcern to many of us in American industry.”In order to meet the professional needs of industry, engineering educators must place arenewed

Conference Session

ET Interdisciplinary Education

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Mark Clark; Donald McMurchie

homework assignments to teach both basicmetallurgy and the history of the industrial revolution.II. GoalsBased on our prior experience with teaching integrated classes, we set the following goals for ourcourse: 1) linkage of technical and historical material for engineering technology students 2) Improvement of communications skills for all students 3) fully integrating all classroom and laboratory instructionIII. PlanningPlanning for our course took into account a number of factors, most notably instructorbackground and experience, previous experience with integrated courses, the target audience forthe course, the overall course structure, and assessment.Dr. Clark's education and teaching experience is in the history of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farrokh Attarzadeh, University of Houston; Deniz Gurkan, University of Houston; Mequanint A. Moges, University of Houston; Miguel Angel Ramos, University of Houston; Victor J. Gallardo, University of Houston; Mehrube Mehrubeoglu, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

AC 2011-2548: NSF GRANTEE PRESENTATION: CHALLENGES OF IM-PLEMENTING A PEER MENTORING PROGRAM TO SUPPORT STEMLEARNINGFarrokh Attarzadeh, University of Houston Farrokh Attarzedeh earned his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Houston in 1983. He is an associate professor in the Engineering Technology Department, College of Technology at the University of Houston. He teaches software programming and is in charge of the senior project course in the Computer Engineering Technology Program. He is a member of ASEE and has been with the University of Houston since 1983. Dr. Attarzadeh may be reached at FAttarzadeh@central.uh.eduDeniz Gurkan, University of Houston Deniz Gurkan received her B.S. (1996) and

Conference Session

MECH - Technical Session 10: Special Topics and Innovative Methods in Mechanical Engineering

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kazi Md Masum Billah, University of Houston, Clear Lake

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

developadvanced manufacturing research and a rapid prototyping-based teaching laboratory, materialextrusion and material jetting-based AM machines were acquired. The overall goal of thisinitiative is to support design and manufacturing-based educational activities and createopportunities to engage undergraduate students in research. However, there were no such formalcourse offerings on the AM that would allow students to learn and engage in the full spectrum ofthe AM process such as 3D design with optimization in mind to hands-on experience inmanufacturing and testing of these designs. In Spring 2023, a senior elective on AM was offeredfor the first time in the Mechanical Engineering Program. In order to fulfill the growing demandfor a skilled workforce

Conference Session

Curriculum Innovations in Architectural Engineering Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Cherif Megri, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

AC 2011-2611: ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING CURRICULUM ANDHVAC SYSTEMS CAPSTONE DESIGNAhmed Cherif Megri, University of Wyoming Dr. Ahmed Cherif Megri, associate professor of architectural engineering at the University of Wyoming (UW), teaches several HVAC and energy courses. Dr. Megri is also teaching a course titled ”Compre- hensive Performance of Building Envelope and HVAC Systems” for Summer School at UW, and ”Smoke and Fire Dynamics” during summer session at Concordia University, Canada. His research areas include airflow modeling, zonal modeling, energy modeling, and artificial intelligence modeling using the support vector machine learning approach. Prior to his actual position at UW, he was an assistant

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Ralph Budwig; Beyerlein Steve; Matthew Cunnington; Levi Westra; Donald Elger

, Professor Mike Anderson, Dec. 2000.2. Elger, D.F., S.W. Beyerlein, and R. S. Budwig, Using Design, Build and Test Projects to Teach Engineering, Proceedings of the 2000 Frontiers in Education Conference, Kansas City, Missouri, Oct. 2000.3. Foss, J. F., Basic Elements in a Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Experience: An Engineering Science Approach, Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol 110, Mar 1988, p 9-15.4. Lasher, William C., Jack H. Young, and Richard C. Progelhof, A Plan for Integrating CFD into an Undergraduate Curriculum, Final report submitted to the National Science Foundation, Grant # DUE-9651218, www.pserie.psu.edu/cfd/index.html, Jan 4, 2002.5. Novak, J.D., Gowin, D.B., Learning How to Learn, Cambridge: New York, p. xi

Collection

2004 GSW

Authors

Brian Nutter; Tanja Karp; Sunanda Mitra

teachlast year. He is affiliated with TTU’s Computer Vision and Image Processing Laboratory (CVIAL). Hisresearch includes Superresolution and Autostereoscopy.TANJA KARPDr. Karp received the Dipl.-Ing. degree in electrical engineering (M.S.E.E.) and the Dr.-Ing. degree (Ph.D.)from Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany, in 1993 and 1997, respectively. In 1995 and1996, she spent two months as a Visiting Researcher at the Signal Processing Department of ENST, Paris,France, and at the Mutirate Signal Processing Group, University of Wisconsin at Madison, respectively,working on modulated filter banks. In 1997 she joined the Institute of Computer Engineering at MannheimUniversity, Germany, as a Senior Research and Teaching Associate. From

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Measurements: Innovative Course Development

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Heun, Calvin College

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

development of the instrumentation projects. John Niedzielski at the Teaching andLearning Digital Studio developed the weblog infrastructure and website authoring system. MattJeltema developed the upload scripts. Physical Plant personnel assisted students with hardwareinstallations. Chuck Holwerda in the Electronics Shop assisted students with sensor installation,and laboratory manager Robert DeKraker assisted with hardware procurement.Finally, the author thanks past and present students of ENGR 382 for their eagerness to learn andtheir willingness to try new things.References1. National Instruments. LabVIEW® software. http://www.ni.com/labview2. National Instruments. FieldPoint® data acquisition system. http://www.ni.com/fieldpoint3. Teaching

Conference Session

Introducing Active and Inductive Learning and Improving the Learning Curve in ME

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Malicky, University of San Diego; James Kohl, University of San Diego; Ming Huang, University of San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2007-1341: INTEGRATING A MACHINE SHOP CLASS INTO THEMECHANICAL ENGINEERING CURRICULUM: EXPERIENTIAL ANDINDUCTIVE LEARNINGDavid Malicky, University of San Diego David M. Malicky is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of San Diego. His teaching interests are in design, manufacturing, and solid mechanics. His research interests include biomechanics and engineering education. He received a B.S. from Cornell University and a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in Mechanical Engineering and an M.S. in Counseling Psychology from the University of Kansas.James Kohl, University of San Diego James G. Kohl is an Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering at the

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Jr., Alfred J. Bedard; David G. Meyer

. We take a new approach in the context of the new Integrated Teaching and Learning Laboratory(ITLL) now under construction at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Our new approach, which we callhands-on-homework (HOH), will be an integral component of the enhanced undergraduate curriculumchanges planned and will make use of ITLL resources. In the past, valuable resources have been created for providing exercises, puzzles, and mysteries draw-ing on day-to-day experiences to challenge and encourage further exploration. However, typically there is lit-tle or no tie in to theoretically obtained results. Page 1.232.1

Conference Session

Energy Curriculum Advancements

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Williams, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

2006-1124: BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR PROJECT IN AN INTRODUCTION TOELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COURSEStephen Williams, Milwaukee School of Engineering Dr. Stephen Williams is Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Milwaukee School of Engineering (MSOE). He received the Ph.D. degree from the University of Missouri in 1990 and has 20 years of experience across the corporate, government, and university sectors. He is a registered Professional Engineer in Wisconsin. He teaches courses in control systems, electronic design, and electromechanics. Page 11.291.1© American Society for

Conference Session

Construction 3: Beyond the Academy: Leveraging Partnerships, Internships, and Outreach

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James W. Jones, Ball State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

building, renovating, and maintaining the university infrastructurethat can be used as a learning laboratory for students in construction-related curricula. Beyondsimply being a laboratory for observation, the university can be intentionally developed into apartner in the process of preparing the next generation of construction engineers and managers.While larger institutions typically have larger facilities departments, even smaller organizationshave some personnel that are charged with the maintenance of facilities that might work withprograms. Even those institutions who outsource some of these functions may find that theassociated companies are willing to cooperate with construction programs.Basic approaches: exposing students to construction

Conference Session

Project-Based Experiences in Architectural Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua Michael Raney, California Polytechnic State University: San Luis Obispo; Peter Laursen P.E., California Polytechnic State University; Cole C McDaniel, California Polytechnic State University; Graham C. Archer P.Eng, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

Paper ID #12117Influence of Boundary Conditions on Building BehaviorMr. Joshua Michael Raney, California Polytechnic State University: San Luis Obispo Josh is currently a Master’s student studying Architectural Engineering at Cal Poly: SLO with the inten- tion of working for a design firm on the west coast.Dr. Peter Laursen P.E., California Polytechnic State University Dr. Peter Laursen, P.E., is an Associate Professor of Architectural Engineering at the California Polytech- nic State University, San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly) where he teaches courses on the analysis and design of structural systems including laboratory

Conference Session

Curriculum Implementation of Materials Advances

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Santosh Kurinec, Rochester Institute of Technology; Surendra Gupta, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Materials

AC 2007-39: MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING EDUCATION FORMICROELECTRONICS AND NANOTECHNOLOGYSantosh Kurinec, Rochester Institute of Technology Santosh Kurinec is a professor and the department head of Microelectronic Engineering at Rochester Institute of Technology. She has an extensive experience on integration of electronic materials in modern devices. She teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in microelectronics processing, electronic materials and solid state quantum mechanics.Surendra Gupta, Rochester Institute of Technology “Vinnie” Gupta is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering, and the recipient of the 2000 Eisenhart Award for Excellence in

Conference Session

Biology and Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ramana Gosukonda, Fort Valley State University; Masoud Naghedolfeizi, Fort Valley State University; Sanjeev Arora, Fort Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

to teach stand-alone courses in the subject. As a result, it is very difficult for FVSU to establish an independent bioinformatics major or minor program at this time. 3. Traditional computer science curricula are not designed to accommodate the subject or applications of bioinformatics hence poorly serving this field. Similarly, the curriculum in biology at FVSU is designed mainly to prepare students towards medical professions and does not accentuate interdisciplinary field of bioinformatics. As a result, there is a need to seamlessly integrate biological and computer sciences to establish a bioinformatics program that would appeal to both students and faculty 10.These challenges notwithstanding, the

Conference Session

BME Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Janet Brelin-Fornari; Betsy Homsher; Laura Sullivan

thenominal registration fee paid by participants (which is waived in cases of financial need).Faculty receives compensation for teaching and preparation, as well as funding for laboratorymaterials and essential equipment. Student mentors, who take unpaid leaves of absence fromtheir co-op jobs, also receive compensation. Table 1 illustrates the costs for the LITE program. LITE Programming Costs Faculty, Housing Laboratory Speakers Entertainment Student Mentors and Materials and Field Meals & Trips Equipment $26,000 $25,000 $14,400 $8300

Conference Session

Curriculum Development in Mechanical ET

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Vijay Vaidyanathan; Preeti Nagarajan; Roman Stemprok

data acquisition in real-time.8) Prepare class presentations that are well researched, grammatically correct and which interpretprinted material relevant to instrumentation design.It was decided to enhance the course with introduction of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM)principles. In addition to the existing laboratory exercises that fulfill the objectives of the course, itwas decided to introduce a comprehensive project that would enable the students to apply PLMprinciples to their academic investigations. The application of PLM principles in various phases ofthe project would enable the instructor to simulate an industry environment in the classroom. Forthis reason, it was decided to make the instrumentation course, a capstone course for

Conference Session

CE Rap Session and Toys in the Classroom

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Lisa Wang

engineering students. • To prepare students for those situations in which the design of a structural member or component is not covered by one of the design codes. Such situations often arise in practice and require testing to qualify the design. A web page will be created with training materials to teach students how to use the various test and data acquisition systems in the testing. • To have students involved in the equipment installation and operation, system integration, and web page development. The Internet is an exciting new arena for educational activities. A web page for the laboratory will be created, which contains interactive exercises and videos focused on structural

Collection

2012 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Robert I. Egbert; Douglas R. Carroll

&T and MSU faculty members.Those MSU faculty members selected for the program are granted adjunct faculty status atMissouri S&T. Teaching assignments for all faculty in the program are assigned by the ProgramDirector in consultation with the appropriate Department Chairs at Missouri S&T. Initialappointments, salary, tenure, and promotion issues are primarily left to the institution making theappointment, although the other institution is advised of such issues.Students are initially admitted to MSU and then after approximately three semesters apply foradmission to Missouri S&T as a special student in the Cooperative Engineering Program. Theregistrar’s offices of both institutions maintain copies of student records.Tuition and

Conference Session

ET Pedagogy II

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Vigyan Jackson Chandra, Eastern Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Paper ID #29540Making the connection: Encouraging technology-specific reading skillsthrough structured readings of textsDr. Vigyan Jackson Chandra, Eastern Kentucky University Vigyan (Vigs) J. Chandra, Ph.D., serves as professor and coordinator of the Cyber Systems Technology related programs offered within the Department of Applied Engineering and Technology (AET) at Eastern Kentucky University. He received his master’s and doctoral degrees from the University of Kentucky in Electrical Engineering, and holds certifications in several computer/networking areas. He teaches courses on computer systems and applications

Conference Session

Mentoring and Development of New Faculty

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna Llewellyn, Georgia Institute of Technology; Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Richard Millman, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

AC 2009-545: DESIGNING EFFECTIVE EDUCATIONAL INITIATIVES FORGRANT PROPOSALSDonna Llewellyn, Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Donna C. Llewellyn is the Director of the Center for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning (CETL)at Georgia Tech. Donna received her B.A. in Mathematics from Swarthmore College, her M.S. in Operations Research from Stanford University, and her Ph.D. in Operations Research from Cornell University. After working as a faculty member in the School of Industrial and Systems Engineering at Georgia Tech, she changed career paths to lead CETL where she works with faculty, instructors, and graduate students to help them teach effectively so that our students can

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Susan L. Murray; Linda M. Manning; Catherine A. Riordan; Elizabeth Cummins; Philip B. Thompson

[CNGGFWJQOGUVCRHCEWNV[JVONJVVRYYYUCWGFWEYKUKPVGTPGVYKNF(CEWNV[(CEWNV[HC[KPFGZJVO Teaching Improvement ResourcesThe Chalk Dust Collection: Thoughts and Reflections on Teaching in Colleges and Universities(1996). Linc Fisch. Stillwater: New Forums Press. ISBN: 0913507695. Collection of 35 essaysoffering, in both serious and lighthearted ways, tips for professors. A few chapter titles revealthe approach, coverage, and relevance to new science and engineering professors: $Coaching Page 3.22.2mathematics and other academic sports,# $Seven principles of teaching seldom taught in graduateschool,# and $The case for leaving things out

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Tian S. Lim

made great achievements in more than 1,170 research projects, of which282 won various prizes.The University now has 70 laboratories, 7 school-run factories and more than 22,000 pieces of Page 3.99.3instruments and equipment. All these facilities have created a favorable environment at theUniversity to promote its mission of teaching and research and to provide students theopportunity to acquire practical skills, and scientific knowledge.The great progress made at Fuzhou University during the last decade is by no means unique.Similar changes have taken place in many other engineering schools all over China

Conference Session

Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barbara Masi, University of Rochester; Dan M. Watson, University of Rochester; Arie Bodek, University of Rochester; Dev Ashish Khaitan; Erik Garcell

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

. Control: Traditional Lecture-Recitation-Exam (LRE) FormatThe structure of the LRE format included three hours per week of face-to-face lecturesdelivered by faculty and two-hour recitations delivered by teaching assistants. The lectureswere recorded and the videos were available through the course website. In the recitations,students completed a set of special physics problems developed by the faculty instructor thathighlighted key weekly lecture concepts and methods. Weekly homework sets and readingassignments were based on the book, Fundamentals of Physics Extended (10th Edition) (Halliday2013).Students were also required to complete five laboratory experiments. This component accountedfor 5% of their final grade. Recitation participation

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan N. Fries P.E., Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville; Brad Cross, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville; Mark P. Rossow, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville; Daniel M Woehl, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

hybrid approach was used.”5 Hybrid teaching methodology is a bridgebetween traditional and online schooling. One method of hybrid teaching that pertains to thisstudy includes the use of traditional teaching to cover materials for the class, while requiring allexample problems and homework to be covered digitally. By continuing to require studentparticipation in a traditional classroom setting while implementing online worked examples3,homework, and possibly quizzes, the worry of losing the hands-on, laboratory portion of anengineering education can be dismissed. Moving some of the material covered in class to anonline format will allow more time in class to answer questions and cover the materialeffectively.Mackey and Freyberg completed a study