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Displaying results 6451 - 6480 of 23345 in total
Collection
2010 Northeast Section Meeting
Authors
AS Ward; MN Gooseff; RY Toto; SE Zappe
, and studentratings of the virtual laboratory experience. Each assignment was designed tospecifically address higher-order cognitive skills, through both laboratory and designmodules. The design modules include conflicting project objectives, and require studentsto apply their engineering skills and explain their reasoning. We focus on lessons learnedfrom development and pilot implementation of these two laboratory modules, providinggeneral guidance for those who seek to develop virtual laboratory modules in anydiscipline.IntroductionEngineering education prepares students for careers in application of physical principlesto real-world problems. As part of the educational process, engineering education haslong recognized the benefits of hands
Collection
2008 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
Philip L. Brach; Ahmet Zeytinci
ENGINEERING FACULTY INVOLVEMENT IN K-12 EDUCATION AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Philip L. Brach, PhD, PE, FNSPE, Distinguished Professor, Emeritus, Ahmet Zeytinci, PhD, PE, Professor University of the District of Columbia Washington, DCAbstractThe human mind is of its very nature inquisitive. It is a mystery of sorts why so relatively few individualspursue science and engineering careers, especially since they are well paying and very satisfying. Thispaper presents a history of the involvement of engineering faculty for more than 35 years in teachingstudents
Collection
2008 Northeast Section Meeting
Authors
Philip L. Brach; Ahmet Zeytinci
ENGINEERING FACULTY INVOLVEMENT IN K-12 EDUCATION AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Philip L. Brach, PhD, PE, FNSPE, Distinguished Professor, Emeritus, Ahmet Zeytinci, PhD, PE, Professor University of the District of Columbia Washington, DCAbstractThe human mind is of its very nature inquisitive. It is a mystery of sorts why so relatively few individualspursue science and engineering careers, especially since they are well paying and very satisfying. Thispaper presents a history of the involvement of engineering faculty for more than 35 years in teachingstudents
Collection
2011 Northeast Section Meeting
Authors
Michael J. Rust; Abe Kamal
skills while experiencing first-hand the engineering design process. The results from pre- and post-activity surveys indicate theworkshop was successful in impacting student knowledge of the field of engineering.Additionally, the teachers learn simple techniques that can be applied to develop hands-onactivities in their own classrooms, thus adding to the long-term sustainability of the outreacheffort. IntroductionThere exists a strong desire within the engineering community to conduct outreach activitiesinvolving pre-college students. The purpose behind these activities includes increasing studentinterest and ability in math and science while also introducing engineering as a career option.The primary
Collection
2011 Northeast Section Meeting
Authors
Steve Klosterman; Simon Pitts; Steven McGonagle; Carey Rappaport
INCULCATING AND FOSTERING LEADERSHIP SKILLS FOR TODAY’S ENGINEERS – THE GORDON ENGINEERING LEADERSHIP PROGRAM AT NORTHESTERN UNIVERSITY Faculty Paper Industrial/ Academic Collaboration Steve Klosterman, Simon Pitts, Steven McGonagle, and Carey Rappaport Gordon Engineering Leadership Program College of Engineering, Northeastern University s.klosterman@neu.edu AbstractGaps in engineering education, perception of career tracks, and demographics associated withcyclical hiring practices have insufficiently educated the
Collection
2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
Ashwin Satyanarayana; Hong Li; Josephine Braneky
through this journey would help freshmen students chooseto identify whether academic remediation can improve their major so that they can be prepared to make betterstudents’ college outcomes. In college mentoring, the mentorsoften counsel students on (a) how to acquire better study decisions for his/her educational and vocational career. Inskills, (b) how to identify additional academic resources at mentors’ interactions with students, they work to help studentstheir respective institutions and (c) how to assess their life prioritize their studies, plan how they can be successful, andoutside of school. identify
Conference Session
Professional Papers
Collection
2025 ASEE Southeast Conference
Authors
Eva Singleton, The Citadel Military College
Tagged Topics
Professional Papers
committed to helping individuals advance their careers, business, academic pursuits, and personal growth through project management principles, tools, and techniques. Her research explores the intersection of project management with business, engineering and STEM, social sciences, and family and consumer sciences. Beyond academia, she actively contributes to the project management community and currently serves as VP of Special Events for PMI Charleston. Dr. Singleton resides in Summerville, SC, with her loving husband and five children, embracing both the challenges and joys of life’s greatest project—family. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025 Emotional
Conference Session
Professional Papers
Collection
2025 ASEE Southeast Conference
Authors
JuEun Lee, Humboldt State University; Joshua Paul Steimel, Humboldt State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity, Professional Papers
students would beblock scheduled typically by an administrative assistant based on test scores and placement tests,and then the faculty advisor would meet with the student once a semester for the rest of thestudent’s academic career to advisee the student on the next semesters courses. This is a fairlystandard model that is used at many different institutions and is one that allows for one on onepersonal interactions with the student and minimizes the workload on the faculty advisor.However, in order to address the issues of mechanical engineering student retention, recruitment,and the initial math placement of these students the new active and structured advising modelwas created as seen in Fig. 1. The structured advising model integrates
Conference Session
Track 5: Technical Session 3: Utilizing Campus Engagement for the Development of an ADVANCE Faculty Leadership Initiative
Collection
2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
Authors
Lisa A Kunza, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Brooke Lamonte Long-Fox, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Lance A Roberts P.E., South Dakota School of Mines and Technology
Tagged Topics
2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
members, and introduced the NSFADVANCE award initiatives and determined main concerns raised by faculty which determinedtopics that were discussed in Facilitated Peer Mentor Circles. The Facilitated Peer MentorCircles program was an adaptation from other universities (Gilfoyle et al., 2011; Thomas et al.,2015; Li et al., 2023). A novel adaptation was the hiring of a Faculty Development Coordinator(FDC) to facilitate all circles to: (1) Top-down support and commitment for continuity; (2)Creating psychological safety through respect for everyone and confidentiality; (3)Responsiveness to individual career needs/paths; (4) Seeking input to tailor offerings for success;and (5) Collecting feedback/offering aggregated, bottoms-up input to
Conference Session
Track 2: Technical Session 2: "Si no servimos, no servimos": A Pilot Study on the Influence of Perceived Advisor Support on Graduate Student Thesis Self-Efficacy
Collection
2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
Authors
Abimelec Mercado Rivera, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus; Brooke Charae Coley, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus; Samantha Ruth Brunhaver, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus
Tagged Topics
2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
validation, ultimately influencing their progress towardgraduation and career choices (Bryson & Housh, 2023; Santa-Ramirez, 2022; Wilkins-Yel et al.,2022). Altogether, the vast and lasting effect of faculty advising on their graduate students'overall educational experience and success suggests that it is an area where servingness might beboth cultivated and prioritized at HSIs.While the focus on measurable performance outcomes such as persistence and graduation ratesare both relevant and informative, other non-academic dimensions of the graduate studentexperience also deserve attention. Master’s and Doctoral students’ non-academic outcomes, suchas their sense of belonging in their institution or discipline, have also been shown to beresponsive
Collection
2015 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting
Authors
Hasmik Gharibyan
computer scientist is typically considered to be socially awkward andnot fun to be around. Young women do not want to choose a career path where they would besurrounded by such people, and more importantly, they don’t want to become one of them. In thispaper we discuss certain social behaviors of some people in computing, both men and women, thatcontribute to the perception of a “computer geek” as a socially inept person. Recognizing andaccepting the truth behind negative aspects of the stereotype, as opposed to ignoring or denyingthem, will help us get to the root of the problem and find effective solutions for it. In theconclusion, as a step toward changing this perception, we propose adding a required Social Skillsand Etiquette course for
Collection
2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference
Authors
Surupa Shaw, Texas A&M University; Randy Brooks, Texas A&M University
!), and dove into Telecom Engineering. Once in Telecom, my learning continued at MCI, Vartec, and Charter. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025 WIP: Fostering Professional Skills Development Through Application in Core Engineering Subject Courses: A Pathway to Holistic Student Development Surupa Shaw, Randy Brooks Texas A&M UniversityABSTRACTTechnical expertise alone is insufficient for career success in the evolving and competitive field ofengineering. Employers increasingly prioritize graduates who possess key professional skills suchas collaboration, communication, problem-solving, and ethical
Collection
2025 Northeast Section Conference
Authors
Bala Maheswaran; Meghna Sridhar; Yiannis Levendis; Hameed Metghalchi
knowledge sharing, problem-solving discussions, anddeepened their interest in sustainable energy and renewable improved communication skills—essential elements oftechnologies, particularly solar energy. Several expressed a real-world engineering projects. Most students identifiedgreater desire to pursue careers in renewable energy design inefficiencies, such as challenges with mirrorengineering or related fields. The hands-on experience of alignment, motor precision, and sensor calibration
Collection
2025 ASEE PSW Conference
Authors
Sunai Kim, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Giuseppe Lomiento, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Jeyoung Woo, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
Tagged Topics
Diversity
support, mentoring, and resources, studentscan excel in STEM fields regardless of their pre-college preparation or background [5].Summer Bridge Program: Among the interventions, Summer Bridge Programs (SBPs) haveproven especially impactful in enhancing STEM career aspirations across diverse studentdemographics, including race, gender, and first-generation status [6, 7]. Traditional SBPs primarilyfocus on pre-college preparation, exposing students to the academic rigor of college-level mathand science while improving their preparedness [8, 9]. In contrast, the CURE project’s SBPspecifically targets Statics and Mechanics of Materials—two foundational courses in engineeringeducation that heavily influence retention and long-term success [10].These
Collection
2025 PNW Section Annual Meeting
Authors
Naga Korivi; Maurice Gunderson
highschool, 2-year, and 4-year college students. He holds a Ph.D. degree in electricalengineering from Louisiana State University.Maurice Gunderson, Oregon Institute of TechnologyMaurice Gunderson is a venture capitalist, entrepreneur, corporate director, engineer,and a lifelong aviator. He is Managing Director Emeritus of AutoTech Ventures.Previously he was a founder of Nth Power, one of the first energy venture capitalfirms; and a Senior Partner at CMEA Capital, where he was the lead investor inNuScale Power, a developer of modular nuclear power plants. Mr. Gunderson hasserved on boards of over thirty private and public companies. Prior to his VC career,Mr. Gunderson, an engineer, developed aerospace and energy products and launchedeleven
Conference Session
Faculty Development and Research Programs (NEE)
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James W. Giancaspro, University of Miami; Diana Arboleda, University of Miami; Aaron Heller, University of Miami; Ali Ghahremaninezhad, University of Miami
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators Division (NEE)
Arboleda, University of Miami Diana Arboleda, PhD, is a structural engineering Lecturer at the University of Miami, Florida. She re- ceived her B.S. in Computer Engineering from the University of Miami in 1988 and after a full career as a software engineer in corporate America she returDr. Aaron Heller, University of Miami Aaron Heller is a clinical psychologist and an Associate Professor of Psychology at the University of Miami having received a B.A. in Psychology from UC Berkeley and a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from the University of Wisconsin – Madison. His work focuses on understanding the relevance of real-world, naturalistic mood dynamics to psychiatric disease and psychological wellbeing.Ali Ghahremaninezhad
Conference Session
Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND) Poster Session
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Claudia Calle Müller, Florida International University; Mais Kayyali, Florida International University; Mohamed ElZomor P.E., Florida International University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)
contribute to the change in their career path or them droppingout before earning their degree; and (2) identify the actions that can be taken by educationalinstitutions to increase undergraduate STEM student’s enrollment and retention while decreasingattrition. To achieve these objectives, this study: (1) identified the main factors contributing tothese problems of utmost importance to academia from previous literature; (2) collected andanalyzed enrollment and retention data from Florida International University (FIU), one of thelargest minority serving institutions in the United States; and (3) identified strategies and bestpractices aimed at addressing these paramount difficulties within undergraduate educationthrough literature review. The data
Conference Session
Student Experiences and Development – Session 2
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Natalie Evans, University of Virginia; Jessica Scoville, University of Virginia; Jamie J. Jirout, University of Virginia; Caitlin Donahue Wylie, University of Virginia; Elizabeth Opila
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)
such, participating in researchexperiences provides hands-on training that can help students in their later careers. Despite thebenefits of participating in research, not all students have the time or opportunity to experienceworking in a research lab during their undergraduate careers. In comparison, all students willparticipate in classes as part of their engineering majors, and thus it is important to alsounderstand how class experiences may impact student curiosity and learning. In the current study, we utilized a qualitative interview and survey to investigateundergraduate engineering students’ experiences with curiosity in class and research settings. Wealso interviewed faculty who work with undergraduates in both settings to
Conference Session
First-Year Programs Division (FYP) - WIPS 2: Advising & Mentoring
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Aishwary Pawar, University of Michigan - Dearborn; DeLean Tolbert Smith, University of Michigan - Flint
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs Division (FYP)
, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education focuses oneducating future generations to be successful in their professions. A decline in STEMproficiency has been reported in America, leading to significant regression from its position asa global leader in math and science. Debbie Myers, general manager of DiscoveryCommunications in STEM Diversity Symposium concluded: "International comparisons placethe U.S. in the middle of the pack globally." For the United States to achieve a competitiveadvantage, there is a need to encourage young people to develop a passion for learning andspecifically encourage minorities and females to pursue STEM careers [1]. Another report named "Rising above the Gathering Storm" indicated that the U.S. is
Conference Session
Technical Session 4 - Paper 4: Developing a Strategy to Include Financially Disadvantaged Undergraduate Students into Graduate Engineering Programs
Collection
2022 CoNECD (Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity)
Authors
Sanjivan Manoharan, Grand Valley State University; Shabbir Choudhuri, Grand Valley State University; Brian Krug, Grand Valley State University; Paul D. Plotkowski, Grand Valley State University
Tagged Topics
CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity
pursuing faculty teaching careers Provide faculty with resources to support Faculty development and diversity inclusive learning environmentIn recognition of these efforts, GVSU was one of only three universities to receive both the Sealof Excelencia and ASEE Deans Program Award. In addition, GVSU is a Higher EducationExcellence in Diversity (HEED) recipient, Michigan Minority Supplier Development Council’sCorporate ONE award recipient, and was also named as a Role Model Institution by MinorityAccess Inc.College EffortsThe Padnos College of Engineering and Computing (PCEC) has about 2,200 undergraduate andgraduate students, of which
Conference Session
Graduate Studies Division (GSD) Technical Session 4: Mentoring Programs in Graduate Education
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dayna L. Martínez, Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers, Inc.; Susan Arnold Christian; Esther Gonzalez; Andrea D. Beattie; Ashleigh Tierney; Kimberly D. Douglas, Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers, Inc.
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
servant leader, equity advocate, and researcher with experience across the non-profit, public, and private sectors. Upon completion of her Bachelor of Arts degree in International Development Studies at UCLA, she began a successful career in banking and finance at Bank of America, Merrill Lynch. Driven to pursue a career in public service, she completed her MPA at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, and MBA at Cornell Tech. She was a leadership fellow in the Southern California Leadership Network’s Leadership LA program and recently completed her Diversity and Inclusion Certificate from eCornell. Currently, she is completing her doctoral studies at the USC Price School of Public Policy where she is a
Conference Session
Mentorship, Retention, Minority Participation, and Examining the Experiences of Women
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chrystal A. S. Smith, National Science Foundation; John Skvoretz Jr., University of Florida ; Rebecca Campbell-Montalvo, University of Connecticut; Ellen Puccia, Beta Research Associates; Gladis Kersaint, University of Connecticut; Julie P. Martin, The Ohio State University; Hesborn Wao
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)
, Directorate for STEM Education, National Science Foundation.John Skvoretz Jr., University of Florida John Skvoretz is Distinguished University Professor in the Department of Sociology & Interdisciplinary Social Sciences and, by courtesy, Distinguished University Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of South Florida. A Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a recipient of the James Coleman Distinguished Career Award from the Mathematical Sociology Section of the American Sociological Association, his current research projects analyze social network data from various sources.Dr. Rebecca Campbell-Montalvo, University of Connecticut Dr. Rebecca
Conference Session
DEED Technical Session 9 - Design Across the Curriculum
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rubaina Khan, University of Toronto; Lisa Romkey, University of Toronto
in one's profession requires students to have a deep understanding of the nature anddemands of their profession [21]. This expectation then falls upon educators to know how todesign and manage a learning environment that offers reliable forms of assessment that supportthe students’ developing career identity.2.4 Learning ProgressionsShavelson and Kurpius [22] described learning progressions as a sequence of successively morecomplex ways of reasoning about a set of ideas. These sequences depend on instruction andinteractions with students' prior knowledge and in constructing new knowledge. The goal is tomove learners from being a novice to an expert through extensive experience and practice. Theauthors alerted that learning progressions are
Conference Session
Architectural Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jacoba Ubidia, Universidad San Francisco de Quito; Miguel Andrés Guerra, Universidad San Francisco de Quito; Víctor Viteri, Universidad San Francisco de Quito; Homero Murzi, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Teaching Scholar, a Graduate Academy for Teaching Excellence Fellow, a Global Perspectives Fellow, a Diversity Scholar, a Fulbright Scholar, an inductee into the Bouchet Honor Society, and received the prestigious NSF CAREER award. Homero serves as the VT Engineering Education Chair for Equity and Inclusion, and the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Incoming Chair for the Commission on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (CDEI). He holds degrees in Industrial Engineering (BS, MS) from the National Experimental University of Táchira, Master of Business Administration (MBA) from Temple University, and Engineering Education (PhD) from Virginia Tech. © American Society for
Conference Session
Research Frameworks for Identity and Equity: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 9
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Malini Josiam, University of Texas at Austin; Taylor Johnson, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Janice Hall, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Walter Lee, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Crystal Pee
a largerproject. Next, we establish the criteria for quality, ethics, and equity that we considered. Then,we step through the purpose, theory, sampling, and instrumentation sections in light of thecriteria established. Finally, we present the decision we came to in light of those criteria and ournext steps. In making this process transparent, we hope to help new engineering educationresearchers understand the complex considerations that come with executing a research project. 2. Positionality & ContextThe research team is composed of the Principal Investigator (PI) who submitted the originalgrant proposal to the National Science Foundation (NSF) and received the CAREER grant inwhich this work is situated; and four graduate students
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division - Changing How We Teach: Flipping, Project-Based Learning, and More!
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jennifer Retherford, University of Tennessee at Knoxville; Sarah Mobley, University of Tennessee at Knoxville; Brad McCoy, United States Military Academy; Aaron Hill, United States Military Academy
. The U.S.West Point Academy was selected to include populations of students seeking professional military careersand supported by curriculum experiences formalizing learning in many professional skills such asteamwork and leadership. The University of Tennessee Knoxville population includes students pursuingcivil engineering careers and experiencing fewer structured learning experiences in typical professionalskills topics. The data collected shows positive student perceptions towards project-based learningcourses which supports this pedagogy as applicable in training trusted professionals. Some variationswere observed between the two populations, but general trends showed agreed positive value toprofessional skills and technical skills
Conference Session
ETD Technical Session 5 - ET Curriculum and Programs II
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Orlando Ayala, Old Dominion University; Kristie Gutierrez, Old Dominion University; Francisco Cima; Julia Noginova; Min Jung Lee, Old Dominion University; Stacie Ringleb, Old Dominion University; Pilar Pazos, Old Dominion University; Krishnanand Kaipa, Old Dominion University; Jennifer Kidd, Old Dominion University
ANOVA. The satisfaction scale consists of three items on a 5-pointscale ranging from 1 to 5, where 5 = very satisfied. Reflective Assignments For the 1st PBL project, students were asked to answer the following questions: ▪ Do you think what you learn is important for your professional career? ▪ Where do you think you will be using everything you learned? ▪ How would you explain the project and your contribution to the project in a job interview? ▪ How would you explain how your strengths helped you contribute to the project in a job interview? ▪ How would you explain in a job interview how your weaknesses affected your ability to
Conference Session
Thinking Outside the STEM Box: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Adam Talamantes; Susan Rowe Rowe; Emily Nicholson; Renee O'Neill, Oregon State University
, appropriateness, value, and economic impact an invention can have on a user or a 3INVENTION EDUCATION: POSITIONING YOUTH AS AGENTS OF CHANGE community. This is extremely important when considering a “bring-to-market” business plan an inventor could follow to patent, market, and distribute their invention. There are a growing number of invention educators designing IvE experiences to supportyouth engagement in STEM. Many of these experiences focus on advancing innovation andentrepreneurship, 21st-century skills, improving youth self-efficacy, STEM career awareness,and increasing standardized math and science scores (Couch et al., 2019
Conference Session
PCEE Session 9: Virtual Summer Programs
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carol Geary, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Tawni Paradise, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education; Kim Lester, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Hannah Glisson, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
developed codebook that shows the salient themes that emerged from our collected data isshown in Table 6, which includes the applied codes, definitions of these codes, and code countsfor each of the respective years.Table 6 - Codebook and frequency of relevant codesCode Definition Example Quote 2019 2020 2021Major Participants shared that they “It helped me develop a better 3 2 3Exploration had time to explore the understanding of what I want different majors offered by to pursue as a major and a the university College of career. I now have a better Engineering during the understanding of which
Conference Session
College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Charles Baukal, John Zink Hamworthy Combustion; Linda Thurman, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Carter Stokeld
particularly appreciate engineers that can speak Spanish and/or Portuguese.  Have at least a realistic plan of where they want to be in 5 and 10 years, especially if they plan to stay on the technical side or want to move into management; this does not mean a candidate is locked into a particular career path, but they at least have a plan (which can change based on circumstances).  It may not be “cool” to go to your professor for help, but it is a very good idea to meet up with coworkers/management.  Students are not typically expected to spend time in other departments to learn what they do, but in the professional world it is imperative that engineers know what other groups are doing around