Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roger Forsgren, NASA Headquarters; Lauren Miller, NASA Headquarters

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

NASA lessons learned. Mr. Forsgren began his career at Cleveland’s NASA Lewis Research Center (now NASA Glenn) in 1983 as an apprentice mechanic. After attending evening classes and gaining years of experience, he was promoted to a project manager role. Success in this position led to a move to NASA Headquarters in 2005 to become the deputy director of NASA APPEL under Dr. Ed Hoffman. Mr. Forsgren holds a Bachelor of Arts and Sciences from Georgetown University, and a Bachelor Degree in Mechanical Engineering and a Master's Degree in Manufacturing Engineering, both from Cleveland State University. His contributions have been recognized by the Agency, having

Conference Session

Student Paper Presentation

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melanie Watson, Louisiana Tech University; Krystal Corbett, Louisiana Tech University; Kyle Prather, Louisiana Tech University; Jenna Carpenter, Louisiana Tech University; Stanley Cronk, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Students Constituent Committee

, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) graduate programs typically provideinsufficient instruction for doctoral students electing to pursue a career in higher educationinstruction. Often, doctoral students who teach classes are required to offer lectures or even fullcourses without any formal training1, 2. Therefore, a doctoral student’s transition to a facultyposition may raise concerns from a university administration concerned with maintaining thequality of its course delivery. This paper documents the account of three doctoral students andtwo engineering faculty members while co-teaching/teaching a project-centered first-yearintroductory engineering course. The implementation of a preparatory teaching program fordoctoral students in the

Conference Session

Assessment & Continuous Improvement in ECET: Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jane LeClair, Excelsior College; Li-Fang Shih, Excelsior College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2010-2261: IMPLEMENTATION OF A SYSTEMATIC OUTCOMESASSESSMENT PLAN TO ENSURE ACCOUNTABILITY AND CONTINUOUSIMPROVEMENT IN A NON-TRADITIONAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGY PROGRAMJane LeClair, Excelsior College Dr. Jane LeClair is currently the Dean of the school of Business and Technology at Excelsior College in Albany, New York. Dr. LeClair’s career in the nuclear industry spanned two decades in various management positions, most recently working for Constellation Energy. She has been involved in many aspects of the industry, including CONTE, MANTG, and ANS ETWD chair. She continues to collaborate with the nuclear industry on various projects.Li-Fang Shih, Excelsior College Dr. Li-Fang Shih

Conference Session

Track 1 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Shankar Muthu Krishnan, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

and protocols. A co-op program with four phases and multipleactivity/training segments at a large teaching hospital has been very successful with students fromthree universities in U.S., France and Canada. Other students did their co-op at a research center,with service contractors, or with project teams on commissioning and installation of specializedequipment. These students generally prepared a written report with appropriate approvalemployers.With the proposed co-op model, graduates are better trained in the BME field. They get valuableexperience of understanding real life problems and participating in solving them. They can assestheir own interests and develop necessary practical skills to succeed in their careers. Some studentscan

Conference Session

Track 1 - Session I - Student Development

Collection

2013 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Sigrid Berka, University of Rhode Island; Walter von Reinhart, University of Rhode Island; Erin Papa, University of Rhode Island

Tagged Topics

Invited - Student Development

21.38.3Table 2: Overall satisfaction with the IEP program and its international componentsIn general, participants saw the value of their semester abroad predominantly in the opportunityto improve their language skills and as an enriching cultural and personal experience, and less asa preparation for their professional career.The study-abroad experienceAlmost all participants (97%) valued their semester abroad as a personal growth experience;95% as an opportunity to improve their language skills and to experience a foreign culture; and88% appreciated the opportunity to make new friends. Participants attributed less value to thestudy-abroad experience as a preparation for their professional career. Only 65% of participantswere absolutely or very

Conference Session

Recruiting, Retention & Advising

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Frank Jacobitz; Kathleen Kramer; Rick Olson

other personal challenges during their collegecareers.This paper will introduce the Passport to Success program and how it is implemented across theUniversity. Details regarding adoption in ENGR 101 will be presented. The effect of thePassport program on engineering student perceptions of their preparation for a successfulcollegiate career will be discussed.Introduction and BackgroundThe preceptorial method of teaching was introduced by Woodrow Wilson when he was thePresident of Princeton University in 19051. As originally developed, preceptorial coursesincluded a high degree of personal interaction between the instructor (or preceptor) and thestudents (precepts). Rather than rely on a traditional lecture, the preceptors guide the

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

James Bartlett

the respective student organization for fifty percent oftheir course grade. This encouraged student chosen engagements with industry, professors,upper classmen, and each other. The resultant activities accommodated individual learningstyles, interests, and career paths. Based on the Individual Development and EducationalAssessment (IDEA) Center nationally normalized long-form survey of the student reactions tothis instruction and course, three aspects of the teaching methods and style were ratedsignificantly higher than for other classes of similar size and level of student motivation. Thesehighly rated aspects were relevant to the essential and important objectives of the course andinvolved fostering student collaboration, establishing

Collection

ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Charlotte Gottilla, University of Delaware

Tagged Topics

Diversity

, reflecting the benefits of student ownership andaccountability [4]. Two alumni Malawi PMs also responded to the survey and highlighted skillsthat carried over from EWB-UD to their careers, including interpersonal communication,technical writing, and flexibility. These are examples of durable skills, which apply across abroad range of industries and job titles and will last through a student’s lifelong career [23]. Aunique skill taught to EWB-UD PMs is financial management, as students balance an annualproject budget, coordinate international financial transfers, and track in-country payments totranslators, contractors, and drivers. These financial skills, outside the scope of a typicalengineering curriculum, have diverse applications in students

Conference Session

Track 6: Technical Session 3: Teaching Equity through Assets-Based Journaling: Using Community Cultural Wealth to Guide Student Reflections

Collection

2024 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Gabriella Coloyan Fleming, University of Texas at Austin; Jessica Deters, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Maya Denton, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

water resources engineering from the University of Texas at Austin (UT-Austin), and her PhD in STEM education from UT-Austin. Before graduate school, she worked for an industrial gas company in a variety of engineering roles. Her research in engineering and STEM education focuses on career pathways within engineering and issues of diversity, equity, and inclusion. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024Teaching Equity throughAssets-Based Journaling:Using Community Cultural Wealth to Guide Student Reflections Gabriella Coloyan Fleming, Jessica Deters, Maya Denton 1

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Jennifer Vernengo, Rowan University; Tom Merrill, Rowan University; Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University; Mary M. Staehle, Rowan University; Robi Polikar, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Istanbul Tech- nical University, Istanbul, Turkey in 1993, and his M.Sc and Ph.D. degrees, both co-majors in electrical engineering and biomedical engineering, from Iowa State University, Ames, IA in 1995 and 2000, re- spectively. His current research interests within computational intelligence include ensemble systems, incremental and nonstationary learning, and various applications of pattern recognition in bioinformatics and biomedical engineering. He is a member of IEEE, ASEE, Tau Beta Pi and Eta Kappa Nu. His re- cent and current works are funded primarily through NSF’s CAREER and Energy, Power and Adaptive Systems (EPAS) programs

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Giersch, Broad-based Knowledge; Flora P. McMartin, Broad-based Knowledge, LLC; Elizabeth Nilsen, National Collegiate Inventors & Innovators Alliance (NCIIA); Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; Phil Weilerstein, National Collegiate Inventors & Innovators Alliance (NCIIA)

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

specifically on implementing, evaluating, conducting outreach for and promoting the sustainability of education digital libraries. Prior to establishing a consulting practice, Giersch worked in the private sector conducting market analyses and assessments related to deploying technology in higher education. She received a M.S.L.S. from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.Dr. Flora P McMartin, Broad-based Knowledge, LLC Flora P. McMartin is the Founder of Broad-based Knowledge, LLC (BbK) , a consulting rm focused on the evaluation of the use and deployment of technology assisted teaching and learning. Throughout her career, she as served as an External Evaluator for a number of NSF-funded projects associated with

Conference Session

Integrating Engineering & Liberal Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brent K. Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Paper ID #10028Torquing Engineering: Historical and Contemporary Challenges to the Tech-nical Core via InternationalizationProf. Brent K Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette Dr. Brent K. Jesiek is Assistant Professor in the Schools of Engineering Education and Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue University. He is also an Associate Director of Purdue’s Global En- gineering Program, leads the Global Engineering Education Collaboratory (GEEC) research group, and is the recent recipient of an NSF CAREER award to study boundary-spanning roles and competencies among early career engineers. He holds a B.S. in

Conference Session

Simulations and Project Based Learning I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason K. Durfee P.E., Eastern Washington University; Donald C. Richter, Eastern Washington University; Martin William Weiser, Eastern Washington University; N.M. A. Hossain, Eastern Washington University; Hani Serhal Saad, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Washington University Page 24.1324.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Using Course Projects to Infuse Innovation throughout the Undergraduate Experience in the Engineering and Engineering Technology CurriculumEngineering and Engineering Technology students need to learn how to innovate and embracenew technologies as they develop and progress through their careers. Accomplishing thischallenge requires the undergraduate degree programs to provide the first opportunities forinnovation technological problems to gain experience and confidence before they reach theCapstone course. This paper describes the learning experiences in innovation

Conference Session

Manufacturing Partnerships

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

from a summer research program forundergraduate engineering students. Students were recruited from colleges throughout the U.S.from disciplines such as mechanical, manufacturing, electrical, and biomedical engineering andcomputer science. Special effort was made to recruit students who had limited opportunities toparticipate in research on their home campuses or belonged to groups that are traditionallyunderrepresented in engineering and science. Program objectives were to help participants tounderstand the research process, to acquire laboratory skills, and to be well-positioned forgraduate school and career success. Participants spent 10 weeks working on a research projectwith a mentor and a graduate student. Opinion survey data suggests

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary R. Anderson-Rowland, Arizona State University; Armando A. Rodriguez, Arizona State University; Anita Grierson, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

students, especially women and underrepresented minority students, and her research in the areas of recruitment and retention. A SWE and ASEE Fellow, she is a frequent speaker on career opportunities and diversity in engineering.Dr. Armando A. Rodriguez, Arizona State University Prior to joining the ASU Electrical Engineering faculty in 1990, Dr. Armando A. Rodriguez worked at MIT, IBM, AT&T Bell Laboratories and Raytheon Missile Systems. He has also consulted for Eglin Air Force Base, Boeing Defense and Space Systems, Honeywell and NASA. He has published over 200 technical papers in refereed journals and conference proceedings–over 60 with students. He has authored three engineering texts on classical controls

Collection

2023 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Joshua M. Sanchez; Ethan Weems; Han Hu

theintegration of numerical simulation modeling into traditional mechanical engineeringcoursework along with the implementation of field-driven design approaches in design-centricclasses. Despite being commonplace throughout professional environments within industry andacademia, undergraduate engineering students often have little to no exposure to computationalmodeling techniques without taking elective courses or pursuing academic research. Bypresenting traditional theory alongside numerical simulations illustrative of coincident content,students are provided multiple approaches to a given problem that serve to enhancecomprehension of core material while gradually developing a marketable skill that can be usedthroughout an engineering career. Further

Conference Session

Transfer issues between 2-year colleges and 4-year Engineering and Engineering Technology programs 3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heather Dillon, University of Washington; EC Cline, University of Washington Tacoma; Emese Hadnagy, University of Washington Tacoma ; Sarah L Rodriguez, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Amanda K Sesko, University of Washington Tacoma; Rebecca N Sliger, Tacoma Community College; Noelle Wilson

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two-Year College Division (TYCD)

historically marginalized populations at higher education institutions. Currently, Dr. Rodriguez is involved with several large-scale interdisciplinary research projects focused on institutional environments and STEM identity development are sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Kapor Center. In recent years, she was selected as an Early Career Awardee and Faculty Fellow with the American Association of Hispanics in Higher Education (AAHHE) and a NASPA Emerging Faculty Leader. She also received the Barbara Townsend Early Career Scholar Award by the Council for the Study of Community Colleges (CSCC) and gave the distinguished ASHE-CAHEP Barbara Townsend Lecture. To learn more about her current projects

Collection

2024 Rocky Mountain Section Conference

Authors

Timothy Frank; Daphne DePorres; Emily Stoneham; Joel Sloan P.E.; Vincent Bongionanni; Eric Tucker

. Course-related activities are designed to optimize astudent’s potential and chances of success within a chosen career path by providing andsupporting opportunities and experiences that enhance their professional identity and careerprospects (Holland, 2010). In this way, Engineering Problem Solving can be seen as a course thathelps students explore, adopt and/or solidify their engineering identity or by contrast, determinethat engineering is not a preferred part of their identity. Exploration of engineering identity wereencouraged in the course through gaining insights from professionals and developing new skillsthrough projects (Noe & Wilk, 1993). A study by (Holland, et al., 2012) explored how engagingin "capitalization activities

Conference Session

Inclusive Horizons: Shaping Diverse Pathways in Engineering and Design Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brandon Bakka, University of Texas at Austin; Elisa Koolman, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

students in STEM[8], [9], [10]. Additionally, first year mentorshipprograms have previously been implemented successfully in both the biomedical engineering andchemical engineering departments at UT [11], [12]. Peer mentorship programs, or programs thatmatch students at different stages of the same degree, are shown to positively affect graduatestudents’ academic, social, psychological, and career development [13]. Fostering this additionalform of mentorship can act as a safety net for students with insufficient institutionalizedmentorship (e.g. research advisor) which can reduce feelings of isolation. Developing a programfor peers, especially around the same identity, can form a sense of community, between mentorshippairs and across pairs [13]. A

Conference Session

MECH - Technical Session 8: Sustainability and Interdisciplinary Learning

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deepika Ganesh, University of Michigan; Carissa Yim, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

, sustainability courses were notintegrated into prescribed undergraduate or graduate engineering curricula, and in some cases this mayhave been due to a lack of resources. Rather, students independently sought ‘special topics’ to supporttheir interest in sustainability. This lack of emphasis on sustainability contrasts the descriptions ofin-person exposure to sustainable technology which ultimately steered those individuals towardsustainable engineering careers. The instructor’s sentiment that “people are willing to learn but you needto show them why it’s important,” echoes McCormick et al.'s work from 2015 [21]. They found that“participation in more experiential, enriching learning,” improved the value students place on sustainableengineering and their

Collection

2016 Rocky Mountain Section Conference

Authors

Jeffrey S. Bates; Taylor D. Sparks

problems • An ability to communicate technical information effectively in oral and written form • An ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary in materials engineering practicesOur goals for this course were to teach the students to think creatively, be leaders in innovation,solve problems, understand the broader context of research and engineering design, prepare forfuture careers in entrepreneurship and technology, and improve critical thinking skills. Goalsand methods are outlined in Table 1. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2016

Collection

2011 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Pawan Tyagi; Christine Newman

future career.4 In addition to earlyengineering exposure, a more practical aspect of attending an introductory engineering program may beto earn college credits from Johns Hopkins University (JHU). College credits have three utilities: (a)enhances the student’s college application, (b) makes college education more affordable, and (c) reducesthe course load in the initial year and allows the student to settle into college at a convenient pace.5,6 Atpresent there are a large number of introductory engineering programs, however, rarely are theseprograms ABET accredited and provide transferable college credits to high school students. On the otherhand there are a vast number of courses at community colleges and universities, which allow high

Collection

2016 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Abdullah Konak; Sadan Kulturel-Konak

-to-face students. In a study6 involving IT students, for example, we found that online studentsexhibited more negative attitude toward teamwork than face-to-face students did. In anotherstudy11 about an online cyber security course, students rated group work activities among theleast favored parts of the course.In this paper, we investigate and compare face-to-face and online students’ interest in developingtheir teamwork skills. When students are interested in the subject matter, they tend to processthe information more efficiently and use more effective strategies that lead to deeper learning.Interest is also an important construct for identifying students’ career choices. In a longitudinalstudy12, for example, interest predicted the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael D. Johnson, Texas A&M University; Amarnath Banerjee, Texas A&M University; Bimal P. Nepal, Texas A&M University; Glen Miller

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

prominent topic inengineering education [8]. This work details results from a National Science Foundation projectthat uses evidence-based interventions to improve the education of ethical researchers andpractitioners in STEM fields. To allow for a better understanding of views of ethics that studentsmatriculate to the university with, this work details the results of a survey given to first yearengineering students. This will not only identify the gaps that need to be filled during theircollege career but also inform the designing of the summer enrichment program for high schoolteachers to improve ethics content, which is also part of this project. This work also contributesto the lack of empirical work related to ethics at the tertiary level [1

Collection

2012 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Keith M. Gardiner

]. LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY NEEDSPost-Sputnik (1957) there was surge in attention paid to science education in the US. During the late twentiethcentury there was an awakening emphasis on the skills needed by individuals seeking careers in the industrialworkplace – business-awareness, communication, project management/planning, presenting and reporting,teamwork plus integration were being reported as areas of weakness in engineering education by learnedprofessional society groups [6]. Concurrently, in the early eighties, this triggered the establishment of aManufacturing Technology Institute (MTI) under the aegis of the Corporate Technical Institutes at IBM [7]. MTIwas created as an IBM ‘university’ to revitalize and broaden the skill-levels of the

Conference Session

Track 4: Technical Session 5: Impact of Generative AI Technologies on Blind and Visually Impaired Students: A Case Study

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Lance Leon Allen White, Texas A&M University; Sara Amani, Texas A&M University; Trini Sofia Balart, Texas A&M University; Amanda Kate Lacy; Gene Sung-Ho Kim, Stanford University; Gibin Raju, Texas A&M University; Karan Watson P.E., Texas A&M University; Kristi J. Shryock, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

complex and understaffed disability services, and societal biases that can furtherhinder access Amanda’s story exemplifies these obstacles: a turning point in her academicjourney occurred in elementary school when she received her first laptop, sparking an interest incomputing that later evolved into a career as a quality assurance specialist focused onaccessibility at a Forbes Fortune 100 company. This achievement is notable, given thataccessibility was often an afterthought in her educational environments, a reality that,regrettably, persists today. Her experiences reflect broader issues facing blind and visuallyimpaired students pursuing STEM careers in the 21st century.Recognizing and celebrating the achievements of STEM professionals who

Collection

2015 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Thais da C. L. Alves

andinterests and to have students experience how work is developed in their fields. Students are invitedto interact with professionals in different settings and occasions that promote networking, learningabout technical topics, and improving their presentation and interpersonal skills. The basis ofstudent chapters’ work is “tell me, and I will forget. Show me, and I may remember. Involve me,and I will understand”. They basically help students to put into practice knowledge acquired incoursework and interactions with industry practitioners. Within this context, this paper discussesa research project funded by ELECTRI International about promoting careers in the electricalcontracting business through student chapter engagement and research on energy

Collection

2025 ASEE North Central Section (NCS) Annual Conference

Authors

Tina Johnson Cartwright, Marshall University; Julie Lynn Snyder-Yuly, Marshall University; Wook-sung Yoo, Marshall University; Husnu Saner Narman, Marshall University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

now is planning toward my future and possible workplaces following graduation.” Thosein the fixed mindset were more likely to indicate they wanted more help with resume writing,finding internships, and other work related issues. These same students also dismissed theworkshops that created the next semester, which often addressed these same topics. Unlike thefixed mindset students, those with growth mindset indicated their challenges centered on findingbalance. One growth mindset student mentioned, “Maintaining a health stress level as I find theend of the semester very stressful with such a large amount of exams.” Those in the growthmindset rarely mentioned career oriented help, but were more interested in help in tutoring toincrease their

Conference Session

Marketing Engineering to Minority Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Linda Barrington, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; John Duffy, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

AC 2007-2871: ATTRACTING UNDERREPRESENTED GROUPS TOENGINEERING WITH SERVICE-LEARNINGLinda Barrington, University of Massachusetts-Lowell Linda Barrington is the Service-Learning Coordinator for the Francis College of Engineering at the University of Massachusetts Lowell. She is a second career Mechanical Engineer, who also brings over twenty years of human services management to this position. She assists faculty in all five engineering departments to develop course-based service-learning projects by linking them with appropriate non-profit organizations to meet real community needs.John Duffy, University of Massachusetts-Lowell Professor of Mechanical and Solar Engineering, faculty coordinator of

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruk T. Berhane, University of Maryland, College Park; Felicia James Onuma; Stephen Secules, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

) A comparatively large portion of current STEM professionals retiring athigh rates, particularly as baby boomers transition toward the end of their careers; and 2) Ashortage of younger STEM professionals with requisite knowledge, skills, and abilities in thesefields (Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century, 2007; NationalScience Foundation, 2006b; Southern Education Foundation, 2005; Perna et al., 2009). A morealarming explanation, however, given our nation’s changing demographic landscape, is the shortsupply of minorities in the STEM pipeline (American Institutes for Research, 2012, 2014). Among Blacks, in particular, this low rate of participation in the sciences and engineeringis well documented (Bowen