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Displaying results 7471 - 7500 of 30666 in total
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University; Richard Newman, Arizona State University; Arunachala Nadar Mada Kannan, Arizona State University; Slobodan Petrovich, Arizona State University; Govindasamy Tamizhmani, Arizona State University
carryout the new concentration requirements at the AAS and BS degree levels. The best plan forintroducing concepts of alternative and renewable energy will be injecting information into theexisting courses. For example, new concepts will be introduced in Information SystemsTechnology by adding courses on computer networking and programming for power gridmanagement and Optical Systems Technology will develop courses on photovoltaic and solarenergy and establish a laboratory with a solar panel array. A capstone course in alternative andrenewable energy would incorporate the following: guest lecturers from industry; field trips toinvestigate operating solar, nuclear, wind and conventional power sources; laboratory instructionat ASU’s Photovoltaic
Conference Session
AEC Education: Instructional Strategies and Innovation
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Suining Ding, Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne (Eng)
Tagged Divisions
Architectural
. Signal Source Channel Recipient Figure 1: Simple Framework for Communication Model (Robinson and Petchenik (1976)Process and MethodologyProject Description and Studio ActivitiesThe project is to design a prototype floor plan with ADA accessibility in kitchen and bathroomfor Habitat for Humanity. The project fits into the curriculum very well. The learning objectivesof this sophomore studio course are bath and kitchen design and ADA clearance requirements.The project not only provides the opportunity for students to apply the knowledge that theylearned from class, but also engages students in community service activities. In the project, ahandicap lavatory, toilet seat and roll-in
Conference Session
Educational Outreach Efforts Led by the US Navy
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Barkyoumb, NSWC Carderock Division; Steven Ouimette, NSWC Carderock Division
Tagged Divisions
Ocean and Marine
for Engineering Education (http://www.asee.org/). The rationale for the program wastwo-fold: to encourage and stimulate the brightest scientific and engineering students in thenation to pursue careers in areas that could benefit the military and specifically the Navy andinvigorate research at the Naval Warfare Centers and Laboratories. At the time, managementat both ONR and the laboratories were grappling with both problems and the NREIP programwas conceived by then Chief of Naval Research RADM Jay Cohen as part of the plan toaddress both issues. Although from the laboratory point of view, hiring of young professionalsinto Navy labs was part of the strategy; this is not explicitly a goal of the program. Some effortis made to point out to the
Conference Session
Educating the Whole Engineer - Building Life Skills
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amy Kindschi, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Patrick Eagan, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Paul Ross, University of Wisconsin - Madison
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
“Relate-Create-Donate.” 1. Relate – “Emphasizes team efforts that involve communication, planning, management and social skills.” Although IRRAE is “Independent,” it flourishes within the context of the MEPP student cohort and benefits from peer review and group expertise in an engineering community of practice. 2. Create – “Students have to define the project (project domain) and focus their efforts on application of ideas to a specific context.” The work for IRRAE is the creation and completion of a useful applied engineering project. 3. Donate – “Stresses the value of making a useful contribution while learning. Ideally, each project has an outside ‘customer’.” IRRAE projects are expected
Conference Session
Industry and Engineering Technology Partnerships
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joy Colwell, Purdue University Calumet; Shoji Nakayama, Purdue University Calumet; Carl Jenks, Purdue University Calumet
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
board. The essential components of maintaining an effective advisory boardprogram in today’s fast changing society will be presented.IntroductionPurdue University Calumet (PUC) is a regional campus of State University and is located in thenorthwest part of the state in Hammond, Indiana, a highly urban and industrial area of the state.The campus serves about 9,300 students and is primarily a commuter campus. The studentpopulation consists of about half traditional students and about half non-traditional returningstudents. The OLS Program is part of the School of Technology on the campus.The OLS faculty at PUC have planned for future accreditation of the program and job success ofits graduates by carefully blending technical courses and “soft
Conference Session
Hands-on Materials Science and Engineering
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Craig Johnson, Central Washington University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
Words: Composites, Column Design, Spreadsheet OptimizationTarget Grade Level(s): This activity is oriented to Grades 13-16 (undergraduate college).Mode of Presentation (lab, demo, in-class activity, etc.): This activity includes in-class, demoand lab aspects.Prerequisite Knowledge: Students should be able to 1. use spreadsheets, 2. have basic knowledge of both structures (beam bending and columns) composites and composites structures, and 3. have the logic and math skills necessary to plan and quantify the composite design and optimization process.Objectives: • Students should be able to design an appropriate composite column structure, model the composite structure, optimize the composite structure design, and
Conference Session
Experiments and Laboratories in Mechanical Engineering
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Priya Manohar, Robert Morris University; Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University; Zbigniew Czajkiewicz, Robert Morris University
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
), and schedule policy (production scheduling).Their efforts were assessed in terms of the key business results (cash and investments),management information gathering, data analysis, decision making and team work. A secondexample that relates to this simulation is Analysis and Design of Manufacturing Systems wherestudents use Microsoft Dynamics – Great Planes system. It is a full-scale ERP (EnterpriseResources Planning) system and students have an opportunity to learn how to implement andsetup data in real industrial environment. A third example encompasses use of software tools NILabView and Circuit Design Suite in designing, troubleshooting, and controlling electrical,electronic and mechatronic systems in various courses. Students design and
Conference Session
New Trends in Graduate Engineering Education
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Donald Mueller, Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne; Hossein Oloomi, Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne; Elizabeth Thompson, Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne; Jiaxin Zhao, Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne; Steve Walter, Indiana University Purdue University, Fort Wayne (Eng)
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
Science in Engineering (M.S.E.) degree program was created to meet theneeds of local industry. During the strategic planning process in 2001, local employersmade it clear that the West Lafayette Purdue campus could not meet their employeedevelopment needs through distance and weekend degree programs. Additionally,defense industry leaders articulated a need for systems engineering training that was notavailable anywhere in the Purdue system. This led the IPFW administration and faculty towork with industry to develop a plan for graduate-level program tailored to their businessneeds.This paper will detail the creation of the IPFW MSE program. It provides insight intoissues that are relevant to other regional campuses. Specifically, this paper
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Constituents Tech Session
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Steve Walter, Indiana University Purdue University, Fort Wayne (Eng)
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering Constituent Committee
• Resource Planning • Contracts and Financial Incentives • Reading an Account Statement • Cost Management Work Package Management • Earned Value • Overhead Calculations • Cash Flow • Earned Value • Cost Estimation Process Improvement • Economic Decision Making And IRAD Planning • Cash Flow • Net Present Value • Scope
Conference Session
Innovative Programs - Structure, Delivery, Evaluation
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert Crockett, California Polytechnic State University; Kurt Colvin, California Polytechnic State University; Joel Shrater, The Aerospace Corporation; Daphne Dador, California Space Education & Workforce Institute; Matt Everingham, California Space Authority
Tagged Divisions
Continuing Professional Development
, he was founder and President of Xeragen, Inc., a San Luis Obispo-based biotechnology startup company. He has also served as an Assistant Professor at Milwaukee School of Engineering and was employed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company, where he was a lead engineer and Principal Investigator on projects to develop technology evolution plans for the Space Station.Kurt Colvin, California Polytechnic State University Kurt Colvin joined the Cal Poly faculty in January 2000. He completed a Ph.D. in industrial engineering at Oregon State University in 1999, preceded by a Master's degree in 1997. He has worked as Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) development engineer at Festo
Conference Session
Engineering and ET Relationships & Professional Development
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth Reid, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis; P.K. Imbrie, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
strictly academicassistance. As stated by Pascarella,13 “A significant amount of student attrition may beprevented through timely and carefully planned institutional interventions. Such interventionswill be most effective if those students with a high probability of dropping out can be accuratelyidentified.”Constructs in the instrument:The initial instrument consisted of nine constructs divided into subconstructs as specified in theiroriginal design or discovered though factor analysis.Motivation: Motivation was evaluated using the Academic Intrinsic Motivation Scale (AIMS)14,a scale consisting of 25 items with four subfactors: Control, Challenge, Curiosity and Career.Metacognition: The Metacognition scale consists of planning, self-monitoring
Conference Session
Innovative Curriculum in Electrical Engineering Technology
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ahmed Khan, DeVry University; Jack Manansala, DeVry University, Addison, IL; John Smith, DeVry University, Addison, IL; Gabe Perez, DeVry University, Addison, IL; R Aguayo,, , DeVry University, Addison, IL; Rommel Sison, DeVry University, Addison, IL
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
Abstract DeVry University’s Electronics Engineering Technology/Computer EngineeringTechnology (EET/CET) program senior project is a two-semester course sequence in whichstudents synthesize knowledge and skills learned in the previous courses. In the first course(EET-400, Project management), students research, plan and develop a project proposal. And inthe second course (EET-410L, Senior Project Laboratory) students implement the project plan bybuilding and testing a prototype. A typical project involves a solution to a software/hardware-based engineering problem. The process of developing and implementing a solution to theproblem offers a learning opportunity for students to gain new insights and competencies as aresult of “constructivist
Collection
2021 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Meeting
Authors
Mohammad Abu Rafe Biswas, The University of Texas at Tyler; Aws AlShalash
learned.Although project-based learning allows students to be able to deduce and apply conceptseffectively, students continue to struggle to communicate their work and results effectively fromsuch experiential learning and other projects. Thus, to overcome the deficiencies in writing skillssuch as poor grammar and formatting, and effective literature review in reports, an instructionalscaffolding plan has been developed and implemented in two junior level courses in parallel(Mechanical System Design and Thermal Fluid Laboratory course). The scaffold activitiesinclude incremental class activities and assignments as well as access to support resources. Thescaffolding activities in the instructional plan will allow students to develop confidence
Collection
2003 GSW
Authors
Farrokh Attarzadeh
functions, includingpaying attention, memorizing, analyzing, and judgment. They are seldom exposed to informationdirected at generating new ideas and visualizing the nonexistent, which are primarily thefunctions of the right brain. Similar sentiments are expressed by Michael LeBoueuf 4 when hestates, “Creative abilities are the oil wells of our mind.” The Proposed ApproachA feasibility plan was designed and implemented. It consisted of three components: (a)presentation of the idea, (b) demonstration of the EMFA gadgets, and (c) conducting the survey.The plan was put to test in four senior classes: ELET 4108 (a project-based laboratory inMicroprocessor Interfacing), ELET 4300 (Unix Operating System), ELET 4309
Collection
2008 GSW
Authors
Juan Hernandez; Michael Alegre; Dragan Siljegovic; Robie Calong; Farrokh Attarzadeh; Ankur Shukla; Vishal Naik
that field for more than 2 years while studying. He plans to do graduate studies inrisk management.ROBIE CALONGRobie Calong is currently a senior pursuing a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Engineering Technology atthe University of Houston. His interest, after graduating in Fall 2008, is to pursue a career in hardware developmentand plans to study in Audio Engineering. He is open-minded to learn many different ways and takes prior measures,for example, one of his major interests is to mainly research and develop different methods in problem solving. Hecurrently resides in Pearland, Texas, where he primarily focuses on his studies, while in his leisure time he playsbasketball, surf the interest for new technologies, etc.FARROKH
Conference Session
Unique Student Opportunities in BME
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jeffrey Johnson, University of Cincinnati / Engineering; Eileen Crisanti, University of Cincinnati; Jill Collet, University of Cincinnati; Edward Grood; Linda Moeller, University of Cincinnati
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical
university, and to the nation.Intr oductionCooperative education at the University of Cincinnati is an academic program. It has its owncurriculum and it is faculty driven. The Division of Professional Practice, where the co-oprtqitco"tgukfgu"kp"vjg"Wpkxgtukv{"qh"EkpekppcvkÓu"qticpk|cvkqpcn"uvtwevwtg."ku"cp"cecfgoke"wpkv"reporting directly to the Vice Provost for Academic Planning. This centralized structure ensuresthat the co-op program is administered consistently across participating colleges. There are 38academic programs that participate in co-op. In 2006, 2,916 students participated in cooperativeeducation. The co-op program at the University of Cincinnati is also geographicallycomprehensive. In 2006, those 2,916 students worked at 1,108
Conference Session
New Trends in ECE Education
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Arun Ravindran, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Patricia Tolley, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Arindam Mukherjee, University of North Carolina, Charlotte
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
studentunderstanding of digital logic design, exploitation of data parallelism in computationallyintensive algorithms, and hardware-software integration issues. Our overall conclusion is thatwith a carefully planned syllabus, course projects, and the availability of student supportresources, introducing reconfigurable computing to undergraduate computer engineeringstudents can be a useful vehicle for teaching topics on parallel hardware and parallel algorithms.IntroductionThe availability of high speed Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) with more than a billiontransistors has provided hardware designers with a platform for implementing complex highperformance designs such that the programmability of general purpose processors and theperformance of custom
Conference Session
Educational Research
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth Reid, Ohio Northern University; P.K. Imbrie, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
subfactors identified through factor analysis14; each subfactor isin turn comprised of individual items. The constructs include:- Motivation, consisting of 25 items in four subfactors: Control, Challenge, Curiosity and Career.- Metacognition: consisting of 20 items in four subfactors: Planning, Self-monitoring/Self- Checking, Cognitive Strategy and Awareness.- Deep Learning, consisting of 10 items in two subfactors, Motive and Strategy.- Surface Learning, consisting of 10 items in two subfactors, Memorization and Studying.- Academic Self-Efficacy, consisting of ten individual items that do not form specific subfactors.- Leadership, consisting of 20 items with four subfactors, Motivation, Planning, Self- Assessment and
Conference Session
Laboratory Development and Technology in the Civil Engineering Classroom
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Torick, University of Pittsburgh; Dan Budny, University of Pittsburgh
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
with a well developed plan in order to ensure a successfulproduct. Our instructional design process can be summarized as a 6-step iterative process (Figure1); the unfilled arrow represents the iteration point in the process. Some of the productsdeveloped from this process will be discussed to further clarify the design process. Page 14.1198.2Figure 1- Curriculum Design ProcessLaboratory Development ProcessStep 1- Determination of Design ConstraintsAll design problems have a set of constraints and requirements that are important to clearlyidentify at the beginning of the development process. The main requirements for our newlaboratories are
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Design in the Classroom
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Taskin Padir, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
project can be described as designing a portable robotic workcell for industry to showcasestate-of-the-art equipment and technologies in robotics. The industrial sponsor for this project isApplied Manufacturing Technologies (AMT) located in Orion, Michigan. AMT plans to use theworkcell for demonstrating current robotics technology in tradeshows, industrial open housesand/or robotics conferences. In addition, the workcell is to be used as a platform to providetraining to engineers working in robotics industry on robot programming, machine vision andsystems integration. The small size, flexible design and durability make the workcell appealingto many other applications in robotics engineering.An engineering senior project design team composed of
Conference Session
Distance and Web-Based Learning in Engineering Technology: Part II
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bruce Mutter, Bluefield State College
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
support of a mining plan.5. Graduates apply ventilation technology, roof control technology, and electrical and mechanical systems for support of mining operation.6. Graduates stay current professionally.The program outcomes for the Mining Engineering Technology program are:1. Students demonstrate an appropriate mastery of the knowledge, techniques, skills, and modern tools of mining engineering;2. Students identify, analyze, and solve technical problems;3. Students effectively communicate by written oral and graphical means;4. Students function effectively independently, as well as on teams;5. Students conduct standardized field testing in the mining environment and apply results.6. Students clearly
Conference Session
Entrepreneurship Education: Assessment and Integrating Entrepreneurship into the Curriculum
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sridhar Condoor, Saint Louis University; Mark McQuilling, Saint Louis University
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
to promote cross-disciplinary education for engineering, business, and intellectualproperty/law oriented students by holding an early-stage technology commercializationcompetition with cash prizes to develop the winning product ideas.2. Key Elements of the ModuleThe module, entitled “Synthesizing core concepts for technology entrepreneurship”, is composedof lectures intended to provide an overview of the product development lifecycle, includingcustomer need identification, concept generation, concept development, scope expansion, andbusiness plan.2.1. Need IdentificationTo help students conceive innovative product opportunities in the need identification process, weused the concept of suboptimal equilibrium9. The term suboptimal equilibrium
Conference Session
Novel Measurement Experiments
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amit Nimunkar, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Silas Bernardoni, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Tyler Lark, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Andrew Watchorn, National Instruments; John Webster, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
a graduate student in Industrial and Systems Engineering at the University of Wisconsin Madison, College of Engineering. Design and fabrication has been one of his main activities and hobbies his entire life while growing up on a farm in rural Wisconsin. He has been on the Intro to Engineering Design teaching team for three years and is currently the Teaching Assistant in charge of planning and coordinating all fabrication training and seminars. His graduate research focuses on usability testing and implantation systems for open source software and low cost electronics in developing countries. He is also the TA for the Triathlon Training course on campus and loves to teach
Conference Session
Student Learning and Assessment
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andre Butler, Mercer University; William Moses, Mercer University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
coefficient of performance of the refrigeration cycle under various evaporator and condenser pressures. Page 14.52.3≠ Heat Transfer – Determine the thermal diffusivity of an aluminum bar.Student groups are provided little additional information and work on each experiment for twoweeks. During the first week, students familiarize themselves with all relevant equipment anddetermine a procedure for conducting the experiment that they will execute the following week.Groups are required to submit a lab plan prior to the week two activities. Groups rotate amongthe three labs until all have been completed.Description of MAE 402LIn MAE 402L, each
Conference Session
Entrepreneurship Education: Innovation, International Cooperation, and Social Entrepreneurship
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nassif Rayess, University of Detroit, Mercy; Darrell Kleinke, University of Detroit, Mercy
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
fairly common practice in the US, thisarticle describes the business structure and educational framework that allows for this technologyto be developed rapidly, built professionally and brought to the client in a fairly short time. Thisprovides the students with a very rich experience on many levels including interfacing with thedisabled community, understanding government regulations and guidelines (i.e. FDA, CPSC)and creating a design that is well documented and easy to manufacture. The authors will use arecent venture as a case study and will share initial feedback from all constituents (client,students, faculty and volunteers) as well as initial assessment of the educational experience. Adiscussion of future plans is also
Conference Session
Liberal Education and Leadership
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Val Hawks, Brigham Young University; John Harb, Brigham Young University; Alan Parkinson, Brigham Young University; Spencer Magleby, Brigham Young University
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education
achieve the desired outcomes. Examples of the types of activities andinterventions used to teach leadership are given. Organizational and tactical plans to move theleadership initiative forward in a sustainable way are also discussed.The Call for LeadershipTo be successful and effective in the current technologically dependent, multi-disciplinary,global environment requires engineers and technologists to be more than just technicallycompetent. In fact, calls for the engineer to possess more than just technical expertise arecoming from all sides - especially from industry. Today the engineer must understand businessprocesses, thrive in cross-functional teams, and communicate effectively with and lead othersboth locally and globally. Duderstadt
Conference Session
Design Education in Manufacturing Programs
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Guanghsu Chang, Minnesota State University, Mankato; William Peterson, Minnesota State University, Mankato
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
program. With about 99% studentparticipation in the bridge design project, the motivation among the students is high andconsiderable enthusiasm and interaction is seen among the students. Finally, the students are ableto successfully plan, design, and construct a bridge project on a small budget within a relativelyshort time frame.Bridge Design ProjectWhen MET 322 students finished the first part of the five-times-a-week five-week staticslectures, they use this knowledge to build a bridge. The objective of the project is to help ourstudents successfully apply their knowledge to create a successful bridge design. A successfuldesign is one that satisfies all the design specifications, meets project budget, and cuts downconstruction time
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University; Arunachalanad Kannan, Arizona State University; Richard Newman, Arizona State University; Slobodan Petrovich, Arizona State University; Govindasamy Tamizhmani, Arizona State University
carryout the new concentration requirements at the AAS and BS degree levels. The best plan forintroducing concepts of alternative and renewable energy will be injecting information into theexisting courses. For example, new concepts will be introduced in Information SystemsTechnology by adding courses on computer networking and programming for power gridmanagement and Optical Systems Technology will develop courses on photovoltaic and solarenergy and establish a laboratory with a solar panel array. A capstone course in alternative andrenewable energy would incorporate the following: guest lecturers from industry; field trips toinvestigate operating solar, nuclear, wind and conventional power sources; laboratory instructionat ASU’s Photovoltaic
Conference Session
Two-Year/Four-Year Articulation and Cooperation
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bertram Pariser, Technical Career Institute, Inc.
Tagged Divisions
Two Year College Division
Pythagorean Theory1. This took aconsiderable amount of work on planning and filming. The outcomes improved from 40% to 55% we were encouraged. We started to make shorter videos on topics (Find the Inverse of aMatrix, and Plot a Function) We monitor the use of the video on the website by using GoogleAnalytics to measure the number of times students access a video. This provides a quantitativemeasure of students who are accessing the website.. We could never measure students studyingbefore. Since the technology is now available we have started to make shorter video toillustrate major topics and improve the outcomes of our students in meeting stated objectivesThe syllabus of a mathematic course MAT135 College Algebra and Trigonometry lists thechapter
Conference Session
Professional Practice and AEC Education
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Suining Ding, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne
Tagged Divisions
Architectural
thefirst capstone course. The course contents include design development, construction documents,senior project report, and senior show preparation. Graphic presentation skills and digital 3-Dmodel creation skills are further developed. Both capstone courses were offered in thecurriculum the second time since the B.S. in Interior Design started in fall, 2006. The capstone collaborative studio is the demonstration of students’ ability to synthesizeand apply their knowledge and skills learned in all their professional coursework. Studentsdemonstrate the synthesis project with the application of the interior design process, timemanagement, programming, space planning, interior constructions and technical skills.Purpose of the Study A