Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT) Technical Session 4

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nadia Al-Aubaidy, Norwich University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT)

in sustainable (bio-inspired) design helps them to understand the impacts oftheir decisions on the environment and natural resources and empowers them to make positivechanges. On the other hand, entrepreneurship enables students to learn how to spot, evaluate, andexplore opportunities, build a prototype, and test it to design a project that satisfies clients' needsand aesthetic preferences. Unfortunately, educational institutions and researchers lag, particularlywhen integrating an entrepreneurial mindset with green building. Thus, this study emerged toovercome this contemporary interdisciplinary challenge and prepare green entrepreneurs and T-shaped engineers.PURPOSE OR GOAL: This study aims to prepare future green entrepreneurs and T

Conference Session

Introduction to Engineering Courses

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Thomas Fuja; Stephen Batill; Jay Brockman

Session 2253 A Multidisciplinary Course Sequence for First-Year Engineering Students Jay B. Brockman, Thomas E. Fuja, Stephen M. Batill University of Notre DameAbstractThe University of Notre Dame has developed a new first year engineering program, and centralto that program is a two-course sequence entitled “Introduction to Engineering Systems.” Thesecourses use a sequence of team-based, multidisciplinary projects to introduce students to theengineering profession and to assist them in developing fundamental problem-solving skillscommon to all engineering

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 1 - STEM Outreach

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Howell; Vinu Unnikrishnan, West Texas A&M University; Kenneth Leitch, West Texas A&M University; Erick Butler, West Texas A&M University

Paper ID #37841Investigating the role of compassion in engineering service-learningNathan Howell I am an environmental engineer specializing in many aspects of water resources and environmental fate-and-transport. His initial training was in chemical engineering (BS) at the University of Texas. I worked in environmental consulting in groundwater remediation. After consulting, I spent time at the University of Houston earning an environmental engineering PhD. My research there was in water quality modeling of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and large-scale field sampling projects in the Houston Ship

Conference Session

PSW Section Meeting Papers - Disregard start and end time - for online paper access only

Collection

2019 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Farbod Khoshnoud; Dario Robinson; Bruno Marco Quadrelli; Clarence W De Silva

Tagged Topics

Pacific Southwest Section Meeting Paper Submissions

@brunel.ac.uk Marco.B.Quadrelli@jpl.nasa.govAbstract: This paper addresses opportunities for linking research and teaching through service-learning as an experiential teaching method that combines community service with research andacademic instructions, particularly related to Mechatronics and Dynamic Systems areas. Theresearch component is complementary to the service-learning activity that applies the state-of-the-art technologies, and can potentially lead to scientific original work and world-class contributionsin technological advancements. Various advanced technologies related to mechatronic systemshave been developed by the authors and the students involved in such projects as part of theirUniversity

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division (FDD) Technical Session 8

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Cribbs, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Hariharan Naganathan, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Christopher O'Neil, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Michael J D'Agostino, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division (FDD)

techniques, sustainability of the built environment and more specifically, Building Information Modeling (BIM) workflows for enhanced quality control and labor time utilization for coordinated MEP and specialty trade equipment, from design-to-install, in retrofit environments. Before joining Wentworth, Dr. Cribbs served as a Principal at Green Ideas Building Science Consultants, based in Phoenix where he regularly engaged in BIM workflows for de- sign/constructability/operations analysis, reporting and review with the full spectrum of project stakehold- ers. He has also taught both undergraduate and graduate level courses in design, construction management and Building Information Modeling at Arizona State University and

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tobi West, Dakota State University

federal government to support projects focused on technical skillsdevelopment. Significant emphasis is placed on academic transfer pathways and education-to-career pathways for students from K-12 to community college and beyond. Utilizing fundingfrom multiple sources, faculty have intertwined grant project activities to increase awareness ofcybersecurity careers and academic pathways, emphasizing digital forensics and incidentresponse. The two grant projects, Cyber Up! and GenCyber Girls, aimed to develop college-levelcurriculum and cybersecurity workshops for female high school students. Project activities weresynthesized to create a summer camp for high school students based on the curriculum developedfor the college programs in digital

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT) Technical Session 3

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahima Agumbe Suresh, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT)

work and have to be achieved in one shot after preparation, e.g.,interviews. In this course, one midterm examination was conducted, with an option to retake theexam once. One final examination was conducted with no retake opportunities. Study guideswere provided for each exam and a class lecture session was dedicated to reviewing materialsprior to the exams. The questions were designed such that 70% of the questions test corenetworking knowledge that anyone who passes the course should be able to answer, 15% of thequestions require proficiency in core topics, 10% of the questions require critical thinking, and thelast 5% of the questions show excellence.Project was a way for students to demonstrate deeper understanding of concepts. A project

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 3

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leah M Wiitablake, Clemson University; Amber Taylor; Landry Samuels; Jalani Ziad Eanochs; Caleb Jovan Hardin; Shi'ron Williams-Mattison; Samuel Cole Fambrough; D. Matthew Boyer, Clemson University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

potential for OER to improve student learning outcomes, informed our intention to bringstudents into designing OER.This paper describes the design and implementation of our model for the collaborativedevelopment of OER that intentionally integrates undergraduate student perspectives. Situated ina U.S. Department of Education grant-funded interdisciplinary, cross-college project creatingOER in the form of three robotics textbooks. We focus on the work of the Collaborative DesignTeam, composed of undergraduate students from project partner institutions, a graduate ResearchAssistant, and a faculty member from engineering education. Specifically, we share the processof elevating and incorporating undergraduate student voices into the design of OER

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 1: Adapting to COVID and other Design Challenges

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heather Orser; Tiffany Ling, University of St. Thomas

led a team of engineers in continuously improving and supporting the supply chain and process flow of pressure sensor manufacturing lines. At the University of St Thomas, she teaches Introduction to Engineering and Senior Design. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Enduring Pandemic Impacts on Capstone CourseAbstractThe capstone experience at the University of St Thomas (UST) is a two-semester courseintegrated across four disciplines: mechanical, electrical, computer, and civil engineering. Withinthe course students design, analyze, finalize, and verify a company sponsored project. The resultsof projects are

Conference Session

ERM: Instruction and Engagement

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aparajita Jaiswal, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Devang Patel, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Yi Zhu, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Jin Su Lee, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Alejandra Magana, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

students as part of a sophomore-level systems analysis and design course. In this evidence-based practice paper, we report on students’ reflections regarding their perceptions of teamwork.This study approaches the following research questions: What are students' reflections about therole of communication while working in teams in a cooperative project-based learningenvironment?The guiding pedagogical framework for this course is cooperative learning. The course requiresthe students to work in teams in a semester-long software development project. To elicit reflectionon action about their teamwork experience. Specifically, we exposed students to concreteexperiences as part of their teamwork interactions, which became the basis for observations

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division (FYP) - Technical Session 1: Course Design

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catalina Cortazar, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Isabel Hilliger P.E., Pontificia Universidad Catholica de Chile; Gabriel Astudillo, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

, Lessons Learned from a PandemicAbstractThis evidence-based paper describes the process of implementing and evaluating a flippedclassroom approach, in conjunction with a project-based learning methodology, in a remoteCornerstone Engineering course and how it was kept in the face-to-face return. In the first year,cornerstone engineering courses are taught mainly using project-based learning. Thismethodology allows students to develop teamwork and communication skills and promotescritical thinking allowing students to solve real-world problems. Traditionally, project-basedlearning courses are taught face-to-face. Due to COVID-19, educational institutions were forcedto move from face-to-face teaching to remote teaching and learning. In this new

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 13

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cecelia Kinane, University of Michigan; Kaitlin Tyler PhD, ANSYS, Inc.; Alan Taub; Abdon Pena-Francesch

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

focus on the economic, environmental, and social impact ofadvanced materials and processes. In this course, groups of five students collaborate on amaterials-focused sustainability project addressing specific United Nations SustainableDevelopment Goals (UN SDG). The goal of the course is to provide a team environment inwhich each student can gain an understanding of key aspects of sustainability in materialsdevelopment and engineering design, and apply relevant analysis methodologies such as lifecycle assessments, techno-economic analysis, and eco-properties audits. Students use AnsysGranta Edupack to visualize and understand the economic and environmental impacts of theirproject to identify trade-offs in sustainable engineering decision-making

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Callan E. Monette, Stanford University; Alexis Seymour, Stanford University; William T Yu, Stanford University; Leighton Terrance Wan, Stanford University; Andrew Sho Perley, Stanford University, Department of Bioengineering; Ross Daniel Venook, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

graduate TAs the why (i.e., theoreticalknowledge) and the how (i.e., actionable strategies and skills) of equitable pedagogy, such asdesigning learning objectives and rubrics or discussing critical pedagogy and culturallyresponsive teaching. See Appendix A1 for an overview of weekly topics and learning objectives.Final Project: A final project allowed course participants to tie their conceptual understandingto practice [1]. Each participant chose a personally meaningful pedagogical project, such asmentoring a summer undergraduate student or preparing to instruct a future class and designed aplan for effectively and equitably carrying out their role utilizing skills learned in the course. SeeAppendix A3 for more details about the final

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

H. Bryan Riley, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

course is centered onrealistic contractual conditions and project deliverables (i.e., medical ventilators) to a medicalsupplier, whereas the team is assumed to emulate a global automotive manufacturer. Theprojects are organized into student teams for realistic implementation and to meet a societalneed. The course underpins students with exposure to concepts of acquiring intellectualproperty, from the design of an embedded system including the human machine interface (HMI),to testing and validation. An in-depth study of assembly lines, lean manufacturing,determination of production capacity, sequential operations, and economic calculations arepresented. Students are presented with urgent societal needs and learn to address designrequirements and

Conference Session

Design Mental Frameworks

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Christopher D. Schmitz, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Jake Fava, Siebel Center for Design; Sneha Subramanian, Siebel Center for Design

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, students in ECE 110 attend a weeklythree-hour lab session, where they work on a series of guided projects exploring topics they’relearning in lecture using components in a personal required lab kit. In past semesters, the finalproject of the course has been an open-ended design project where students are encouraged tocreate something using the concepts learned throughout the course. However, curricularlimitations as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic have forced the final project to bemore narrow in scope the past two semesters. ECE 110 was selected for this study since it is oneof the only courses in the curriculum that (normally) contains an open-ended design project, andalso because a large portion of the students in the course are first

Collection

Proceedings of the 2020 ASEE PSW Section Conference, canceled

Authors

Angelique Bonilla; Daniel Charles Jones, California Polytechnic State University; Amanda Krysl; John S Seng, Cal Poly State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Undergraduate Students, Campus Engagement through Social Media, and Building Interest in STEMAbstractIn this paper, we describe the development of Herbie, a robot developed in our computer sciencedepartment. Herbie is an autonomous robot built using commercial off-the-shelf componentsthat navigates the halls of the computer science building using a camera-based approach. Therobot runs the ROS operating system and provides a good platform for robotics research. Herbietravels in our department to different waypoints in the building, stops for pedestrians, and drivesaround obstacles when necessary.In addition to using Herbie as a research platform, a growing part of the Herbie project hasbecome engagement of the campus community and

Collection

2021 ASEE North Central Section Conference

Authors

Harrison Heinig; Kyle Hohman; Derek Ritterbusch; Stephany Coffman-Wolph, Ohio Northern University; Heath Joseph LeBlanc, Ohio Northern University; Tyler Joseph Horne

Northern University Ada, OH 45810 Ada, OH 45810 Ada, OH 45810 h-heinig.1@onu.edu k-hohman@onu.edu t-horne@onu.edu Derek Ritterbusch Stephany Coffman-Wolph Heath LeBlanc Computer Engineering ECCS Department ECCS Department Undergraduate Student Ohio Northern University Ohio Northern University Ohio Northern University Ada, OH 45810 Ada, OH 45810 Ada, OH 45810 s-coffman-wolph@onu.edu h-leblanc@onu.edu d-ritterbusch@onu.edu1. IntroductionThis paper will describe a senior capstone project to create a digital

Collection

Chemical Engineering Education

Authors

Steven Perri; M. Barclay Satterfield; Leah Burton

of what • Projects linked to national objectivestype of organization to partner Contract Research Organiza- • Market connected projects, ones utilizing unique capabilitieswith depends on how well the tionscompany’s needs are aligned Intermediaries (AKA technology • Grand challenges and areas where totally different thinkingwith the skills and capabilities match makers) is neededthe organization provides. Some Consultants • Cases where confidentiality precludes use of intermediariesof these partner types and provi- • Market

Conference Session

Sustainability and Environmental Issues

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Achintya Bezbaruah, North Dakota State University; Wei Lin, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

from various nonprofit andgovernmental organizations including the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) are used. Various models used for environmental analysis and decision making areintroduced. The instructor’s knowledge gap is filled by inviting guest speakers to cover varioustopics. Students extensively use the Blackboard, a software system designed to facilitate themanagement of and access to educational information delivered via the Internet, for groupdiscussion and course materials transfer. A discussion forum is kept open on the courseBlackboard allowing students post course assessments anonymously as the course progresses.Student inputs are used to decide on the nature of assignments and projects. Two projects

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computer-Oriented Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Hacker, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Krishna Madhavan, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

limited space, equipment, and high-end computing resources. Weare using the laboratory for two hands-on courses and four research projects, and have found thatthe flexible and reconfigurable concepts we have embedded into the design of the laboratoryhave already proven their worth. In this paper, we describe our efforts in developing this lab, thechallenges we face, specific goals and objectives, and specific outcomes we have alreadyobserved in the process of developing and utilizing this lab. The results presented in this paperwill be useful and interesting to groups seeking to develop curriculum and research programs inhigh performance computing and cyberinfrastructure.1.0 IntroductionThe department of Computer and Information Technology in

Conference Session

Instructional Strategies in AEC Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Megri, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

recognized as the key to an effective and efficient buildingoperating building. The process involved in the integration of a fire protection subsystem, alongwith additional MEP subsystems within a building is quite challenging, and can have a profoundimpact on the client’s satisfaction. This process becomes especially important once furthertechnological system integration within a proposed building is considered in addition to thepossibility of future system upgrades and their incorporation into the structure, as newertechnologies enter the market place. The objective of this paper is to discuss the project-basedlearning integrated with formal lectures approach in which the goal is the integration of safetyand fire protection measures into the

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Leevones Dubose; Jean Newman; Cecil Ramage; Burke Johnson; Brenda Litchfield; Edmund Tsang

course by providing the context of teaching and learning design. The emphasis is on experientiallearning, and service is a by-product of the learning experience. At the University of South Alabama, ServiceLearning is implemented by a partnership between the SECME (Southeastern Consortium for Minorities inEngineering) program of the Mobile County Public School System in Mobile, Alabama and the MechanicalEngineering Department. First-year mechanical engineering students are formed into design teams, and eachteam is paired with two middle-school teachers serving as customers for the design projects. The design teamsdesign, produce and test an instructional module and manipulate(s) that promote a thematic approach tomathematics and science

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Osama Ettouney; Don L. Byrkett

—.”. Session 2263 Learning about CIMS by doing Design: An integrative Model for Manufacturing Education Osama M. Ettouney, Don L. Byrkett Manufacturing Engineering/Systems Analysis Miami University, Oxford, Ohio Abstract This paper describes an integrated experience to teach students about computer-integratedmanufacturingsystems (CIMS) by engaging them in hands-on team projects to design and build usefulproducts for

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Anderson, United States Air Force Academy; Matthew Snyder, United States Air Force Academy; Michael Maixner, United States Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

capstone courses.The manufacturing processes presented include wood working, machining, welding andcomposite lay-up. In addition, software tools are introduced and compared including MicrosoftExcel®, MatLAB®, MathCAD®, and Inventor®. Key aspects of technical communicationincluding reading, writing and presenting are introduced and practiced. Finally, a two-lessonseminar on engineering ethics completes the content. A small desk set is constructed by thestudents as a capstone project, and draws on many of the skills learned throughout the course.To evaluate the course, students were surveyed frequently and faculty feedback was collected.The results presented show that the welding, machining and Excel® content was very successful,while general

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering and Business

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Howard Clayton, Auburn University; Chetan Sankar, Auburn University; Evelyn Thrasher, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

instructionalmaterials for use in engineering classrooms to adapt the instructional materials for use inbusiness classrooms. The purpose of this paper is to report on the instructional materials thatintegrated methods to teach fundamental statistics skills with the introduction to businessapplications. We also tested these instructional materials in classrooms during summer 2005 andthe results of the test are reported. The ultimate goal of this project is to develop innovative andwell-tested instructional materials that help teach statistics to students in the colleges of businessand engineering.Literature Review Contemporary business practice has undergone a drastic change in this informationage where the business processes, accounting systems, and

Conference Session

SED Technical Session: Applications

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angran Xiao, New York City College of Technology; Rafaela Alba, New York City College of Technology; Ozlem Yasar, City University of New York, New York City College of Technology; Andy Zhang, New York City College of Technology; Gaffar Barakat Gailani, New York City College of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

York, New York City College of Technology Prof. Yasar is currently working as an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology at City Tech. She is also the director of Research Laboratory SET – Scaffolds for Engineered Tissues. Her research interests are: - Design and Fabrication of Tissue Constructs - Bio-fabrication - Biomechanics - Soft lithography Techniques for Cell Micro-patterning - CAD/CAM ApplicationsDr. Andy Zhang, New York City College of Technology Dr. Andy S. Zhang received his Ph.D. from the City University of New York in 1995. He is currently the program director of a mechatronics project in the New York City College of Technology/CUNY. For the past 15 years, Dr. Zhang

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bahaa Ansaf, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Nebojsa I. Jaksic, Colorado State University, Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Course Using Design-Based Teaching ApproachAbstract: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes is one of the core courses in most mechanicalengineering, manufacturing engineering, and industrial engineering programs. The current coursecurriculum and teaching style mainly depend on the lectures for the manufacturing processes thatare aligned and synchronized with the laboratory work (project) to gain the required knowledgeand skills. According to students’ feedback for this course as well as similar courses offered at otheruniversities, the course is time intensive, involves no critical thinking, requires limited classparticipation, and is not well connected with real-world manufacturing problems

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peilin Fu, National University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

. Likewise, instructor satisfaction will also increase and it will be abetter learning experience for all.This paper introduces the framework of Trifecta of Engagement. The author shares theexperiences in designing and teaching an online Operations Management Course. Through well-designed class activities such as online sessions, instructional videos, assignments, threadeddiscussions, journals and group projects etc., student-to-content, student-to student, and student-to-instructor engagement have been greatly improved. The students' feedback and the end-of-course survey were collected at the end of the course, which demonstrated that these teachingmethodologies stimulated students’ curiosity and critical thinking, improved students’ problem

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 10

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melany M. Ciampi, Safety, Health, and Environment Research Organization; Claudio da Rocha Brito, Science and Education Research Council; Rosa Maria Castro Fernandes Vasconcelos, Universidade de Minho; Luis Alfredo Martins Amaral P.E., University of Minho - ALGORITMI; Victor F. A. Barros Ing.-Paed IGIP, Science and Education Research Council

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Associate Professor at the Department of Textile Engi- neering since 2005. Degree in Textile Engineering by the University of Minho. Professor at the University of Minho since 1984. PhD in Engineering –Technology and Textile Chemistry by the University of Minho in 1993. Rieter Award, 1993. Responsible for several curricular units in the integrated study cycles in Textitle Engineering and Engi- neering and Industrial Management, in the 1st cycle course of Design and Fashion Marketing, and also in the 2nd cycle courses of Fashion Design and Communication, Textile Chemistry, Advanced Textiles and Design and Marketing. Head research and research member of several R&D projects, has presented as main author or co

Conference Session

Novel Teaching Methods in a Multidisciplinary Context

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelsey Joy Rodgers, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Heidi A. Diefes-Dux, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Yi Kong, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Krishna Madhavan, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Network for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN) education research team at Purdue University. She received her M.S. in agriculture in Fishery Resources from Huazhong Agricultural University and B.S. in Biological Science from Shaanxi Normal University in China. Her research includes evaluating first-year engineering students’ communication of nanoscience concepts through project-based-learning activities.Krishna Madhavan, Purdue University, West Lafayette Dr. Krishna Madhavan is an Assistant Professor in the School of Engineering Education at Purdue Univer- sity. He is Co-PI and Education Director of the NSF-funded Network for Computational Nanotechnology (nanoHUB.org which serves over 330,000 global researchers and