Asee peer logo
Well-matched quotation marks can be used to demarcate phrases, and the + and - operators can be used to require or exclude words respectively
Displaying results 8551 - 8580 of 11170 in total
Conference Session
Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrew L. Gillen, Virginia Tech; Cheryl Carrico P.E., Virginia Tech; Holly M. Matusovich, Virginia Tech
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education
research study design and implementation. She is/was PI/Co-PI on 10 funded research projects including a CAREER grant. She has won several Virginia Tech awards including a Dean’s Award for Outstanding New Faculty. Her research expertise includes using motivation and related frameworks to study student engagement in learning, recruitment and retention in engineering programs and careers, faculty teaching practices and intersections of motivation and learning strategies. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Gatekeepers to Broadening Participation in Engineering: A Qualitative Investigation of a Case Site in Virginia (Work in Progress)AbstractTo broaden participation in engineering
Conference Session
Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Greg Rulifson, University of Colorado, Boulder; Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
where interdisciplinary students learn about and practice sustainability. Bielefeldt is also a licensed P.E. Professor Bielefeldt’s research interests in engineering education include service-learning, sustainable engineering, social responsibility, ethics, and diversity. Page 26.643.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Engineering Students’ Varied and Changing Views of Social ResponsibilityAbstractEngineering students have been found to have a wide range of opinions on their socialresponsibilities as engineers. These ideas relate
Conference Session
Community Engagement Division Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bowa George Tucker, UMass Lowell; David O Kazmer, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University; Chris Swan, Tufts University; Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Kurt Paterson P.E., Michigan Technological University; Annie Soisson, Tufts University
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
Paterson is an associate professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and director of Michi- gan Tech’s D80 Center which offers contribution-based learning, research and service opportunities for students with the poorest 80% of humanity. Dr. Paterson is a noted educator, workshop facilitator, and public speaker on community engagement, and leads several initiatives for learning engineering through service, recently leading ASEE’s newest division, Community Engagement in Engineering Education. He is PI on several research projects assessing the impacts of community engagement on students, faculty, and communities around the world.Dr. Annie Soisson, Tufts University Dr. Annie Soisson is the associate director of the
Conference Session
K-12 Teachers: PD, Implementation, and Beyond
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eugene Rutz, University of Cincinnati; Anant R. Kukreti, University of Cincinnati; Catherine Maltbie, University of Cincinnati
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
Teachers Make Lousy Students – And What You Can Do About ItAbstractA pre-engineering program was included in the College’s Research Experience for Teachers(RET) program to further equip participants with an understanding of engineering. The programdescribed the fields of engineering and engineering technology allowing participants to exploreengineering disciplines and design processes. The overall goal of the pre-engineering programwas to help teachers better understand engineering and engineering technology so that they couldappropriately address engineering and technology related topics in their classrooms. Theprogram content was provided using a variety of means including instructor led presentationsand projects
Conference Session
Engineering Ethics Division Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cortney Holles, Colorado School of Mines
Paper ID #37940Centering Social Justice and Diverse Voices in EngineeringEthics CurriculaCortney E Holles (Teaching Professor) Cortney Holles is a Teaching Professor in the Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences at Colorado School of Mines where she has taught and developed the required first-year ethics and writing course for STEM majors since 2004. She also teaches science communication and service learning. She defended her educational criticism/action research dissertation on “Faculty-Student Interaction and Impact on Well-Being in Higher Education” and earned her Ed.D in 2021. She is now engaged in the action
Conference Session
Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Technical Session 11
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brianna N. Griffith, University of Arkansas; Eric Specking, University of Arkansas; Jena Shafai Asgarpoor, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Stephanie G. Adams, University of Texas, Dallas; Meagan C. Pollock, Engineer Inclusion; Adrienne Minerick, Michigan Technological University; Patrice Nicole Storey
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity
Paper ID #36878Improving Gender Equity in Engineering—Perspectives from Academia andLiteratureBrianna N. Griffith, University of Arkansas Brianna Griffith currently serves as a graduate research assistant at the University of Arkansas while pursuing a M.S. in Engineering Management. She received a B.S. in Biomedical Engineering from the University of Arkansas in May 2022. .Dr. Eric Specking, University of Arkansas Dr. Eric A. Specking serves as the Assistant Dean for Enrollment Management and Retention for the Col- lege of Engineering at the University of Arkansas. Specking received a B.S. in Computer Engineering, a
Collection
2024 CIEC
Authors
David Labyak; Scott Wagner
. Topics include best safety practices with respect to; riskmanagement, lockout/energy isolation, fluid power and electrical symbols, basic circuit designand machine design, and sequence of operation involved with automation controls andmechanical motion.Collaborations with industry partners have helped influence courses in the newly establishedgraduate certificate in Manufacturing Engineering and the Master of Science in ManufacturingEngineering at Michigan Technological University. This assessment reviews how courseassignments and student evaluations will be used to assess the level of meeting course learningobjectives.Industry 4.0 Concepts CourseWith Industry 4.0 being a popular advanced manufacturing topic, Industry 4.0 STEM educationresearch
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tirupalavanam G. Ganesh, Arizona State University; Johnny Thieken, Arizona State University; Lisa Stapley Randall, Arizona State University; Alison W. Smith, SRP
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees
the Information Technology Experiences for Students and Teachers project, Learning through Engineering Design and Practice (2007-2011), a National Science Foundation Award# 0737616 from the Division of Research on Learning in Formal and Informal Settings. This project is aimed at designing, implementing, and systematically studying the impact of a middle-school engineering education program.Johnny Thieken, Arizona State University John Thieken, MEd., is currently a high school mathematics teacher at the Paradise Valley School District and a doctoral student in the PhD in mathematics education at Arizona State University. He has as Bache- lor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Northern Arizona University and
Collection
2023 IL-IN Section Conference
Authors
Sinan Onal
platform to streamline the competitors. company's supply chain. To evaluate and compare the potential benefits and Which option do you think would be the best fit for the risks of each option, I would conduct a thorough company's new business strategy and why? How analysis of each option's feasibility, potential return on would you go about evaluating and comparing the investment, and alignment with the company's strategic potential benefits and risks of each option? What goals. This could include reviewing market research on factors would you consider in your decision-making the demand for recycled materials, analyzing the costs process, and how would you
Conference Session
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies: Laboratory Pedagogy
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Laura A. Garrison, York College of Pennsylvania; Timothy J. Garrison, York College of Pennsylvania
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
Design Course,” ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conference &Computers and Information in Engineering Conference 2009, pp. 1-11.Appendix A: Excerpt from the 2014 SyllabusCOURSE RULES:1. Pre-lab worksheets are available on Moodle for each experiment. These will be due by the end of class the week before you do the experiment. Here is the procedure that you should follow for completing the pre-lab: a) More than one week in advance, you should download the pre-lab for your assigned experiment, read the lab manual section, and review the relevant course material. Also complete the pre-lab as best you can, following good formatting practices for tables and graphs. b) Go to the professor’s office hours
Conference Session
Committee on Educational Policy Presents: Holistic Program Topics
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Margaret A. Hunter, Hofstra University; Lynn A. Albers, Hofstra University; Salvador Rojas-Murillo, Hofstra University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)
designed to take, at most, one ninety-minutelecture. The “Water Filtration Activity” was first implemented in the engineering design coursein Spring 2022. (See Appendix C.) It is designed to take a maximum of two ninety-minute lectures.In addition to engaging students in STEM, the activities also bring awareness to potential socio-economic differences and public policy. This is a work-in-progress and the research teamhypothesizes that there is also the potential for an understanding of diversity, equity, and inclusion.The activities are presented to first-year courses but are also part of upper level courses. It ishypothesized that by repeating the activities, students will gain a deeper understanding of diversity,equity and inclusion.Literature
Conference Session
CoNECD Session : Day 4 Slot 1 Technical Session 2
Collection
2021 CoNECD
Authors
Amy Rachel Betz, Kansas State University; Craig Wanklyn P.E., Kansas State University; LaVerne Bitsie-Baldwin, Kansas State University
Tagged Topics
CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
program designed to identify, recruit, mentor and graduate Black, Hispanic and Native American students who are enrolled in the college. Bitsie-Baldwin has held this position at K-State since 2005. Bitsie-Baldwin holds a B.A. in mathematics with a minor in secondary education from Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado, and an M.S. in mathematics from Kansas State University. She has also completed course requirements for a Ph.D. in the field of geometric topology. Her professional memberships include the NAMEPA, American Society for Engineering Education, and the American Indian Science and Engineering Society. American c Society for Engineering
Collection
1999 Annual Conference
Authors
Juan Lucena; Gary Lee Downey
- Page 4.230.7engineering in the early 1990s, from which some of them graduated, were in place as a result ofthe pipeline. Students also analyze more recent engineering education reforms such as systemicreform through the Engineering Education Coalitions. By making visible images of educationreform that engineering faculty face, the main goal here is to help students understand disputesand struggles among their professors over education reform while helping students constructalternative pathways into their engineering careers.20th century U.S. Through case-studies in 20th century history of engineering, we show studentsthe origin of a key divide in contemporary engineering, between design and manufacturing. Thisis the best example in the U.S. of
Conference Session
Assessment Strategies in BAE
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Anthony Ellertson; Steven Mickelson; Thomas Brumm
programs mustdemonstrate that their graduates have…” and presents a list of eleven specific outcomes, nowwell known as ABET (a-k) Outcomes4. At Iowa State, we decided that the ABET (a-k)Outcomes are too complex to measure directly.Accordingly, we identified fourteen unique “ISU Competencies” as necessary and sufficient tomeasure the ABET (a-k) Outcomes.5, 6 The fourteen ISU Competencies have been mapped tothe ABET (a-k) Outcomes that we adopted for the ABE program and validated throughengagement with contributing constituents (Table 1). Each of the ABET-aligned Competencieshas an independent set of observable and measurable Key Actions (Table 2). A web-basedassessment tool for the Competencies and related Key Actions is now in use for students
Conference Session
CEED Paper Session 2: Leveraging Internships and Experiential Learning in Higher Education
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lisa Massi, University of Central Florida; Jenna Christie-Tabron, University of Central Florida; Michael Georgiopoulos, University of Central Florida; Mari Pina, University of Central Florida; Richard Allan Quinn, University of Central Florida; Jackie Herold, University of Central Florida; Kim A. Small, University of Central Florida
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Cooperative & Experiential Education
. Both researchers then reviewed the data together for inter-raterreliability.Students were asked to respond, in writing, to seven, open-ended questions: background story,reason for choosing the institution and the program, impact of the program, impact of thefinancial support provided by the program, plans after graduation, and best program memory aspart of the program evaluation process. The question of interest related to the value-addedprogram activities was the students’ responses to “best program memory” (RQ1, RQ2). Promptsfor “best program memory” were: “talk about working with your mentor, interaction with othersin the program, etc.” The prompts served as stimulants to recall types of most-memorableexperiences. Woike’s21 study on the
Conference Session
First-Year Programs: Tuesday 5-Minute Work-in-Progress Postcard Session
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Petra Bonfert-Taylor, Dartmouth College; Vicki V. May, Dartmouth College; Holly Wilkinson P.E., Dartmouth College; Alicia Betsinger, Dartmouth College
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
devices, an optional 4-day course on engineering of musicalinstruments, and an opportunity for students to get together and speak about their experiencesthrough guided storytelling. We will report on the results of these programs at a later date.BibliographyASEE (2014). Going the Distance: Best Practices and Strategies for Retaining Engineering,Engineering Technology, and Computing Students. https://www.asee.org/papers-and-publications/publications/college-profiles.Alon, S. (2005). Model mis-specification in assessing the impact of financial aid on academicoutcomes. Research in Higher Education, 46(1), 109–125.Alon, S., & Tienda, M. (2005). Assessing the “mismatch” hypothesis: Differences in collegegraduation rates by institutional
Conference Session
New Approaches & Techniques in Engineering I
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Mark Tekippe; Krishna Atherya; Mani Mina; Ryan Legg
student of today to approach designchallenges in a holistic manner; which ensures long term impacts of designs are well researchedand addressed. Because engineers will be designing for a global community, engineeringstudents must be able to identify the multiple effects of their practice around the world.Engineering education should use globalization as a driver to help students become moreconnected with the world and other professions, and to ensure that as practicing engineers theywill provide the best possible solutions for the context of a problem. Currently, our educationsystem does not adequately prepare future engineers to address challenges on this scale
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 9
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Aatish Bhatia, Princeton University; Peter Christopher Chen
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
in undergraduate and graduate curricula.”In this course we make extensive use of historical examples and case studies to highlightengineering in the context in which it is practiced. These case studies illustrate how great worksof engineering integrate scientific skills and innovations, are a product of social needs andconditions, and can symbolically manifest the individual vision of the engineers. A central focusof this course is for students to experience engineering as a creative discipline, allowing foraesthetic exploration within a set of constraints. Students examine the interplay betweeneconomy, efficiency, and elegance, and critically examine the idea of structural art.Recent Course EnhancementsWe are currently in the first year of
Conference Session
Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 7
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Denise M Driscoll, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Kristin Everett
Director of Diversity and Inclusion at CISTAR, an NSF Engineering Research Center.Kristin Everett Dr. Everett is an educational evaluator and researcher and the lead evaluator at Everett Evaluation. She works with a variety of education programs and projects, including STEM, engineering education, teacher professional development, after school programs, and health education. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com The Value of Assessing, Reporting, and Discussing Culture of Inclusion with a Scale Designed for an Engineering Research Center (Experience)AbstractThere is a common need
Collection
2000 Annual Conference
Authors
Teresa Larkin-Hein; Dan Budny
embedding a learning style approach within a variety of teaching strategies 4 – 13.Still others have looked at applications of psychological (personality) types within these as wellas other educational domains 14 – 18. In this paper, the research base on learning styles andpsychological types will be outlined.Additional emphasis will be placed on the critical role that these approaches can play in terms ofScience, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology (SMET) education. Specific examples ofteaching and learning strategies that utilize these approaches and that have been designed for usein the science and engineering classroom will be shared. Central to each strategy is the fact thatwhen students’ individual style and/or type preferences are
Conference Session
Special Session on Fixed-Point Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wayne Padgett, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
process, starting with simulationand then after the project had been successfully designed and tested, moving on to a specifichardware implementation. Perhaps a comparison of processors and FPGAs could beimplemented by having parts of the class use different implementation platforms, or evenpartition the design between the two. Unfortunately, such a complete version of the material hasnot yet been offered, and may not be practical in a ten week term.Conceptual Learning ExperimentIn the process of developing this course, the question was posed, “how will it affect studentunderstanding of fundamental concepts?” The question of how this hands-on course wouldcompare with a more theoretical course was also raised. Fortunately, a tool exists for
Conference Session
Technology in Classrooms - Construction Engineering Perspective
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zhili (Jerry) Gao; Russell Walters, Iowa State University
Tagged Divisions
Construction
because data can be integrated from almostany source. ArcView simplifies complex analysis and data management tasks by allowing usersto visually model the task in a logical work flow through data integration and spatial analysisusing industry-standard programming languages5.The nature of construction – large amount of field data, changing of location, changing over time– best meets the data requirements of using GIS/GPS. With increasing of demands fromconstruction industry, the education of GIS/GPS for construction graduates is not adequate.Students must learn two major concepts: one is about GIS/GPS operations, and the other is aboutspatial data management. However, the focus of applications should be on enhancing students’background to meet
Conference Session
Emerging Computing and Information Technologies II
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jessica Richards, BYU; Joseph J Ekstrom, Brigham Young University
Tagged Divisions
Computing & Information Technology
Paper ID #14106Automated Identification of Terminological Dissonance in IT and adjacentfieldsMs. Jessica Richards, BYU Graduate student in Information Technology with a background of interdisciplinary work between com- puting and media fields. Highly interested in streamlining the collaborating of technical and creative minds.Joseph J Ekstrom, Brigham Young University Dr. Ekstrom spent more than 30 years in industry as a software developer, technical manager, and en- trepreneur. In 2001 he helped initiate the IT program at BYU. He was the Program Chair of the Informa- tion Technology program from 2007-2013. His research
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Monica Gray P.E., The Lincoln University - College of Science & Technology; Constance Loretta Lundy
Tagged Topics
Diversity, International Forum
Engineering Education’s (ASEE), Going theDistance report, 53.6% Hispanics, 61.4% Native Americans, 61.7% African Americans and 49%Female students who enter engineering programs do not graduate in this major.1 This translatesto an engineering workforce that comprise of about 6% Hispanics, 0.3% Native American, 4%African Americans and 13% females according to the latest National Science Foundation’sreport.2 With such high attrition rates among minorities and underrepresented groups, changingthe current engineering workforce’s diversity portfolio is of grave national importance andrequires a plethora of high impact approaches. In the aforementioned ASEE report, over 60strategies and best practices were proposed. High impact practices included first-year
Conference Session
Pedagogical Advancements in Engineering Management
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
S. Jimmy Gandhi, Stevens Institute of Technology; Brian Sauser, Stevens Institute of Technology; Brian E. White, Complexity Are Us - Systems Engineering Strategies; Alex Gorod, Visiting Fellow, University of Adelaide; Vernon Ireland, University of Adelaide
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering
the the Systems Development and Maturity Laboratory (http://www.SysDML.com/), which seeks to advance the state of knowledge and practice in how we manage system lifecycles. He teaches courses in Project Manage- ment of Complex Systems, Designing and Managing the Development Enterprise, Advances in System of Systems Engineering, and Systems Thinking. In addition, he is a National Aeronautics and Space Ad- ministration Faculty Fellow, Editor-in-Chief of the Systems Research Forum, and Associate Editor of the IEEE Systems Journal.Dr. Brian Emery White, Complexity Are Us - Systems Engineering Strategies Brian E. White received Ph.D. and M.S. degrees in computer sciences from the University of Wisconsin, and S.M
Conference Session
Information and Network Security
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hetal Jasani, Northern Kentucky University
Tagged Divisions
Information Systems
simulation. However,this is not the best way to enhance the students’ learning as they mentioned that building a Page 15.875.3hands-on experimental lab environment is a challenging for many institutions due to spaceconstraints, budget limitations, maintenance difficulty. Other people also worked on networkingcourses which do not have focus on wireless networking11,16,19,20. There is a need to create morecomprehensive, dedicated course to teach wireless networks technologies that could givestudents a practical experience. This paper discusses how this course is offered to satisfy thisdemand and provide college graduates a practical hands-on
Conference Session
CoNECD Session : Day 2 Slot 7 Technical Session 2
Collection
2021 CoNECD
Authors
Tanya D. Ennis, University of Colorado Boulder
Tagged Topics
CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
research project was to understand the ways in whichnew engineers drew from the learning and knowledge they had developed while studyingengineering in the CEAS at the University of Colorado Boulder. The data for this project is aseven-minute transcription of the student’s response to the following request during an interviewfor a research project on learning ethnographies of new engineers: “Tell me about yourexperience studying engineering as an undergraduate.” Instead of talking about her classes, whatshe learned, or her area of expertise, she talked about the dynamics of her experiences andinteractions with her peers and professors. This discourse shifted from focusing on academiclearning as it applies to the professional engineering practice to
Conference Session
Concept Inventories in Mechanics
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Carisa H. Ramming, Oklahoma State University; Christopher Papadopoulos, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Eric Davishahl, Whatcom Community College; Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Sinéad C. MacNamara, Syracuse University; Meredith Silberstein, Cornell University; Joan V. Dannenhoffer P.E., Syracuse University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics
art, shell structural design, alternate pedagogies for interdisciplinary education, and investigations to fos- ter creativity and innovation in engineering curricula. Mac Namara co-authored a book Collaboration in Architecture and Engineering released in 2014 and her research has been published in engineering and architecture education journals, nationally and internationally. She has received awards for innova- tive teaching from Princeton University, Syracuse University, and the American Society for Engineering American c Society for Engineering Education, 2020
Conference Session
Engineering in High Schools
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mitchell Nathan, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Natalie Tran, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Allen Phelps, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Amy Prevost, University of Wisconsin - Madison
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
materials being evaluated and theselected learning goals. The validity of this curriculum-analysis procedure has been verified by aresearch study using assessment items and student work. The results of this study suggest thatthis procedure is an effective tool for analysis of mathematical content of assessment items andof a set of standards. The analysis of student work also suggests that student thinking does notalways reflect the standard identified as best aligned with the learning goals of an item4.The National Research Council (NRC) also commissioned a curriculum study to evaluate thequality of evaluations of a total of 19 curricula, including 13 mathematics curricula supported bythe National Foundation (NSF), and 6 commercially generated
Conference Session
Culture, Society, and Co-op
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lindsey Jenkins-Stark, Iridescent; Tara Chklovski, Iridescent
Tagged Divisions
Cooperative & Experiential Education
objectives, design learner-directed experiments and assesslearning (figure 1). Topics are chosen based on participating engineers’ research and experienceTwo well established lesson plan approaches are utilized: the Learning Cycles lesson approach22and Inquiry-based instruction23. Engineers practice teaching using few technical terms, real-world analogies and multi-media to ensure understanding for audiences with limited education.Engineers learn to use assessment practices such as graphic organizers to ensure families makesignificant knowledge gains24. Engineers also design a pre/post assessment in order to measuretheir effectiveness. Weekly preparation includes a reading assignment, instruction planning andreflective practice. Engineers are