Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Susan Bobbitt Nolen, University of Washington; Debra M. Gilbuena, Oregon State University; Erno Lehtinen, University of Turku; Marja Vauras, Centre for Learning Research, University of Turku; Gavin Tierney, University of Washington; Simone E. Volet, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

focus on what prevents students from being able to integrate and extend the knowledge developed in specific courses in the core curriculum to the more complex, authentic problems and projects they face as professionals. Dr. Koretsky is one of the founding members of the Center for Lifelong STEM Education Research at OSU.Dr. Susan Bobbitt Nolen, University of Washington Susan Bobbitt Nolen is a Professor of Learning Sciences & Human Development in the University of Washington’s College of Education. She holds a PhD in Educational Psychology from Purdue Univer- sity. Her research focuses on the development-in-context of motivation to learn in school subjects and the relationships among motivation, engagement, and

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session on Energy Efficiency and Power Grid Security

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Dylan Kollmer; Saroj K Biswas, Temple University; Li Bai, Temple University; Arif I. Sarwat, Florida International University; Walid Saad, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

power grid, and the integration of an intelligent virtual laboratory environment in curriculum. He is an Associate Editor of Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization, and is a member of IEEE, ASEE, and Sigma Xi.Dr. Li Bai, Temple University Dr. Li Bai is a Professor in the ECE department, Temple University. He received his B.S. (1996) from Temple University, M.S. (1998) and Ph.D. (2001) from Drexel University, all in Electrical Engineering. He was a summer research faculty in AFRL, Rome, NY, during 2002–2004 and the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division (NSWCCD), Philadelphia, PA, during 2006–2007. His research interests include video tracking, level 2+ information fusion, array signal

Conference Session

Information and Network Security

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank Jordan Sheen, Brigham Young University; Dale C. Rowe Ph.D., Brigham Young University; Richard G. Helps, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

facing dozens of industries wasthe dependency on control systems that never had security as an integral part of theirdevelopment lifecycle [13]. The results of this acknowledgement lead to research efforts wheremechanisms were trying to retrofit legacy systems. However, retrofitting legacy systems doesnot provide a long term solution to the problem[14].The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the approaches taken in higher education to address theproblem facing SCADA security. The first section describes how higher education currentlyhandles security in regards to SCADA/ICS environments. The second section discusses areas offocus pertaining to different disciplines. The third section discusses tools that can be used toexpose students to SCADA

Conference Session

Internet Programming and Applications

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Eric Crahen; Bina Ramamurthy

that willbuild bridges between the rapidly advancing modern technologies and the traditionallyrigid curricula.1. IntroductionA distributed system is a collection of autonomous computers linked by a network andsupported by software that enables the collection to operate as an integrated facility [14].A course in distributed systems covers the design principles, the architecture, thecomponents, services, and the issues in concurrency, transactions and security, client-server models, and integration models and other related material. This course is typically Page 8.94.2offered as an upper division (senior level) undergraduate course at some schools

Conference Session

FPD and DEEDs Joint Postcard Sessions

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gail Baura, Loyola University Chicago; Leanne Kallemeyn, Loyola University Chicago; Noe Arroyo; Vincent C.F. Chen, Loyola University Chicago; Allan Beale

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education, First-Year Programs

anexperimental section (n=51) in which real-world examples were integrated. For example, thereal-world examples of capacitive and inductive coupling were a touchscreen and mobile phonewireless charger; the real world example of sinusoidal steady state analysis and frequency filterswas spectral analysis of an ECG signal. Through pre- and post-test questionnaires, it wasdetermined that intrinsic motivation differed significantly post-test between sections [21]. Whileother introductory circuits or analog electronics courses have not incorporated real-worldexamples, these courses have been administered using both a traditional lecture approach and aPBL approach. In a two-course sequence of introductory circuits, the mean exam grade forstudents in the two

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Tuesday 5-Minute Work-in-Progress Postcard Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Petra Bonfert-Taylor, Dartmouth College; Vicki V. May, Dartmouth College; Holly Wilkinson P.E., Dartmouth College; Alicia Betsinger, Dartmouth College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

encouraging to see so many students in Differential Calculus who are visiting the Center.Based upon the limited amount of data available to us at this time we conclude that the programhas been successful. At the end of this year we plan to correlate Study Center visits with gradesin pre-requisite courses and persistence in engineering.Further StepsWe have initiated a number of additional programs to help students from underpreparedbackgrounds succeed in engineering. Amongst these initiatives are opportunities for students toparticipate in events at our engineering school, a voluntary bridge course (no course credit) tohelp students transition from Differential Calculus to Integral Calculus, an optional 4-day courseon programming internet-connected

Conference Session

Issues and Opportunities in IE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Kauffmann, East Carolina University; Cathy Hall, East Carolina University; Michael Bosse, East Carolina University; David Batts, East Carolina University; Laurie Moses, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

education and careers in STEM fields. Theprogram provided a rich learning environment centered on problem-solving, understanding of theintegration and interrelatedness of STEM fields, and an understanding of fulfilling statecurriculum standards in mathematics and science through hands-on projects and investigations inSTEM topics.Affective Instructional EnvironmentsIn developing the curricular plan for the summer academy, the participating faculty stronglysupported an integrated curriculum conjoining the areas of mathematics, science, andtechnology.11 The traditional disjointedness of mathematics, science, and technology instructionechoes an unrealistic view of the world. Today, interdisciplinary understanding is needed tosolve technical problems

Conference Session

Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan Sebastián Sánchez-Gómez, Universidad El Bosque; Maria Catalina Ramirez; Andrea Herrera, Universidad de los Andes, Columbia

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad El Bosque 2 Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad de los Andes 3 Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas y Computación, Universidad de los AndesAbstractScience, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) is an approach that integrates scienceand mathematics education through the development of scientific practices, technology,engineering design, and mathematical analysis. Although governments in North American andEuropean countries have invested in promoting the study of STEM disciplines, educationalprograms for migrants have been offered for adults, and very few programs for children, which areinvisible, downplaying the

Collection

2005 GSW

Authors

Pete Hylton

program risks, greatly reduces the chance of failure.Once he began teaching full time, one of the classes that the author was responsible forwas the Capstone Design Class for his department. During the course of the firstsemester, it became obvious that the students would benefit from development of somesort of connectivity between all the various topics that they had studied in the four yearsleading up to their last semester. TRM was an obvious mechanism for accomplishingthis. Each semester since, the author has introduced TRM concepts in the class, and hasrequired the design teams to perform a full technical risk analysis of their design project.This has forced them to recall material from their previous classes and integrate it intoboth their

Conference Session

Student Chapters - Formulas for Success

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Mark Evans; Eric Lachance; Allen Estes

Army Engineer Association (AEA). • Knowledge of the profession and exposure to engineering practitioners through lunchtime seminars featuring prominent engineers both in and out of the Army. • Field trips to project sites such as Big Dig in Boston, NYC Port Authority and Woodrow Wilson Bridge/I-495 interchange in D.C. • Lunch and dinner seminars that support the CE curriculum by welcoming CE new majors to the program, present avail opportunities for Advanced Individual Academic Development (AIAD), and advertise the available independent study projects for the year. AIADs are the USMA equivalent of a co-op program where students spend three weeks in an Army lab or Army Corps of Engineers District

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Terri M. Lynch-Caris, Kettering University; Karl D. Majeske, Oakland University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

typicalworkplace.This paper demonstrates an office ergonomics productivity evaluation that was incorporated intoan undergraduate ergonomics class as a lab experiment. The experiment integrated a collectionof topics and allowed students to learn in an experiential fashion. The lab experiment coveredworkplace design by comparing three potential computer workstation configurations: thetraditional seated design, a standing design, and a treadmill walk station. The experimentquantified productivity with an input task based on Fitts's Tapping Task, another basic topic ofergonomics curriculum. The data for the experiment followed a factorial experimental designand were analyzed using multiple regression and analysis of variance, thus combining additionaltopics.The

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joyce B. Main, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University; Nichole Ramirez, Purdue University; Trina L. Fletcher, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jake Davis, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Polytechnic Institute, and the University of Florida. His research on the longitudinal study of engineering students, team assignment, peer evaluation, and active and collaborative teaching methods has been supported by over $14.5 million from the National Science Foundation and the Sloan Foundation and his team received Best Paper awards from the Journal of Engineering Education in 2008 and 2011 and from the IEEE Transactions on Education in 2011. Dr. Ohland is Chair of the IEEE Curriculum and Pedagogy Committee and an ABET Program Evaluator for ASEE. He was the 2002–2006 President of Tau Beta Pi and is a Fellow of the ASEE and IEEE.Nichole Ramirez, Purdue University Nichole Ramirez is a graduate student in the School of

Conference Session

ABET Accreditation, Assessment, and Program Improvement in ECE

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diana G. de la Rosa-Pohl, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2012-3617: DIFFERENCES IN EDUCATIONAL GOALS WITHIN THEFIELD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERINGDiana G. de la Rosa-Pohl, University of Houston Diana de la Rosa-Pohl has been a lecturer in the Cullen College of Engineering at the University of Hous- ton since 2003. She has worked with the PROMES program to develop project-based learning courses for the first-year curriculum. Currently, she is developing and evaluating project-based multidisciplinary courses for the engineering honors program. Page 25.468.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 DIFFERENCES IN EDUCATIONAL

Conference Session

Insights for Teaching ECE Courses - Session I

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Safeer M. Khan P.E., Arkansas Tech University; Mohamed Ibrahim, Arkansas Tech University; Nansong Wu, Arkansas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

and robotics, non-destructive evaluation, engineering/integrated STEM education and K-12 and higher education collaboration.Dr. Mohamed Ibrahim, Arkansas Tech University Mohamed Ibrahim, PhD Associate Professor of Curriculum and Instruction College of Education Arkansas Tech University (479) 964-0583 ext. 2452Dr. Nansong Wu, Arkansas Tech University Nansong Wu received M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA, in 2008 and 2012; and M.S. in Engineering Management in 2017. He is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Arkansas Tech University. His research interests include embedded systems, image processing

Collection

2004 GSW

Authors

Tariq A. Khraishi; Larissa Gorbatikh

, involvinga design problem, in a junior-level Dynamics course at the University of New Mexico. The twoauthors taught the class in consecutive semesters and followed-up on the same experiment inboth classes. This effort is in-line with recent departmental emphasis on integrating design intothe engineering curriculum. The Department has recently instituted a five-course, four-yeardesign sequence in its curriculum with the hope of graduating better engineers. Another benefitto the current PBL experiment, besides emphasizing to students the integration of design intoengineering practice and education, was to give students an opportunity to use the 3D CADsoftware that they have learned in the year or two before taking Dynamics. While working on theproject

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bowa George Tucker, UMass Lowell; David O Kazmer, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University; Chris Swan, Tufts University; Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Kurt Paterson P.E., Michigan Technological University; Annie Soisson, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

partnership programs. His expertise includes assessment in teaching and learning outcomes in k-12 and in higher education, diversity, leadership, community outreach, and curriculum development.Prof. David O Kazmer, University of Massachusetts, LowellDr. Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University Dr. Olga Pierrakos is an associate professor and founding faculty member of the James Madison Univer- sity Department of Engineering, which graduated its inaugural class in May 2012. At JMU, Dr. Pierrakos is the director of the Center for Innovation in Engineering Education (CIEE) and director of the Advanced Thermal Fluids Laboratory. Her interests in engineering education research center around recruitment and retention, engineer

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Gary B. Randolph

Session 1275 Using Gantt Chart Software in Managing Student Team Projects Gary B. Randolph Purdue University School of Technology Anderson, Indiana INTRODUCTIONStudent team projects have become a popular way to teach. Good teams develop an environmentof effective adult learning andragogy,1 emphasizing student self-direction in their own learning,shared experiences, near-term application and performance feedback. But coaching teams andkeeping them on track is a difficult and delicate job for faculty.2 The

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) - DEI and Design Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brenda Read-Daily, Elizabethtown College; Kurt M. Degoede, Elizabethtown College; Rachel Koh, Smith College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

disposal. In thiswork-in-progress paper, we examine the first stage of a four-year curriculum initiative to developthese skills in engineering students. Specifically, we have implemented several assignments in anupper-level Sustainable Energy Systems Design course where students must address equityconcerns in four project assignments.This work-in-progress paper presents assignments used elicit the students’ ability to navigatecomplex questions of equity and the related trade-offs. We conduct an initial assessment of thestudents’ capacity to identify design alternatives to mitigate the negative effects on marginalizedpopulations. The paper provides re-designed activities based on this analysis along with aproposed pre- and post-assessment of the

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deanna H Matthews, Carnegie Mellon University; Kelly Klima, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

23University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Varied Variety of classes with no sequenced curriculum 24University of Texas, Austin Environmental Science Institute Variety of classes with no sequenced curriculum   Page 26.786.3With this in mind, Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) has asked whether it would beworthwhile to create an interdisciplinary degree offering (undergraduate minor, undergraduatemajor, or graduate program) focusing on climate change. Before assessing whether changes maybe useful, we first

Collection

2023 ASEE GSW

Authors

Nathan K. Mitchell; Aburi Anil Kumar

perform at high levels in the workplace. As with the other GTRs, integrating theseevaluative questions throughout an academic program makes them automatic and a part of astudent’s normal communicative practice. Proceedings of the 2023 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference University of North Texas, Denton, TX Copyright  2023, American Society for Engineering Education 5Asking students to consider the Circles of Action GTR focuses their attention on the actions thatthey could take to reasonably address a problem or concern in their organizations, localcommunities, national community or the world. This type of thinking

Collection

2003 GSW

Authors

Mohammed E. Haque

challenged with soft data, which are linguisticqualitative in nature, and needed to interpret and integrate into their design decision makingprocesses. They should know much about their customer’s desires and requirements, andespecially customer’s preferences when it comes to specific design issues. Hence, post- Proceedings of the 2003 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference The University of Texas at Arlington Copyright  2003, American Society for Engineering Educationoccupancy evaluation has gathered great importance as it can form an extensive knowledge base,out of which knowledge can be elicited for the future projects. This is especially true inresidential construction

Conference Session

First-year Programs: Computation in the First Year

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Djedjiga Belfadel, Fairfield University; Michael Zabinski, Fairfield University; Isaac Macwan, Fairfield University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

should be taught with anemphasis on teamwork, oral and written communication, creativity and ingenuity, which can beaccomplished by using coding and computer-aided design tools from early on in the curriculum.The instructional approach taken in this three-credit course is the one in which students are activeparticipants in the learning process. Students typically do not have an opportunity to learn thefundamentals of MATLAB until later in the curriculum, yet coding skills are very useful,especially when introduced early on. MATLAB includes the requisite programming constructs,has an easy to understand Graphical User Interface (GUI), and requires no prior programmingexperience. It is therefore an ideal programming language to introduce in a first

Conference Session

Decision-Making in Engineering Ethics Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tori N. Wagner, University of Connecticut; Daniel D. Burkey, University of Connecticut; Richard Tyler Cimino, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Scott Streiner, University of Pittsburgh; Kevin D. Dahm, Rowan University; Jennifer Pascal, University of Connecticut

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS)

. Zhu, C. B. Zoltowski, M. K. Feister, P. M. Buzzanell, W. C. Oakes, and A. D. Mead, “The Development of an Instrument for Assessing Individual Ethical Decisionmaking in Project-based Design Teams: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Methods.” Presented at ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Indianapolis, IN, USA, June, 2014. 10.18260/1-2--23130[2] National Society of Professional Engineers. “NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers.” NSPE.org. https://www.nspe.org/resources/ethics/code-ethics [accessed Jan. 4, 2023].[3] C. Moos, L. Dougher, L. Bassett, M. Young, and D. D. Burkey, “Game-Based Ethical Instruction in Undergraduate Engineering,” NEAG Journal, no. 1, pp. 20–37, Mar. 2023, doi

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Hanson, California Polytechnic State University

theirfundamental skill sets including professional skills associated with communication and globalawareness. These components, which are critical in the ASCE Body of Knowledge (BOK) andABET Criteria, are generally difficult to integrate across the curriculum in conventionalclassroom environments. Interaction between the universities provided a novel approach forhighlighting the importance of local geologic conditions, promoting unique teamwork exercises,and incorporating recent technologies in a laboratory learning environment. Page 14.1347.3The industrial partner collaborated on the project to positively affect engineering education andthe civil

Conference Session

Engineering in High Schools

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell Nathan, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Natalie Tran, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Allen Phelps, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Amy Prevost, University of Wisconsin - Madison

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

courses provided in the curriculum. Foundation courses include: Introduction toEngineering Design, Principles of Engineering, and Digital Electronics. Specialization coursesinclude: Aerospace Engineering, Biotechnical Engineering, Civil Engineering and Architecture,and Computer Integrated Manufacturing, with an engineering research capstone course entitled,Engineering Design & Development. Everyone teaching PLTW courses must attend an extensiveprofessional development program, including training provided by PLTW's network of affiliatecolleges and universities. In addition to hosting summer training institutes and ongoingprofessional development, national affiliates offer graduate college credits opportunities for

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 12: Creativity and Problem Framing

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Lawrence Anderson P.E., United States Air Force Academy; Karen Elaine Anderson, Destination Imagination Inc.; Daniel D. Jensen, Singapore University of Technology and Design/MIT International Design Center

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #25881Creativity Exercises and Design Methods to Enhance Innovation in Engineer-ing StudentsDr. Michael Lawrence Anderson P.E., United States Air Force Academy Lt Col Mike Anderson is an Associate Professor and Director of Capstone Programs, Department of Engineering Mechanics, US Air Force Academy. He has pursued research in engineering education for several years in the areas of curriculum design and assessment, capstone design experiences, innovative design methodologies, and enhancing student creativity. In addition, he pursues technical research in autonomous systems, design of terrestrial and aerial robots

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division (FDD) Technical Session 7

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kate Youmans, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division (FDD)

engineering courses. Empathic concern refers to themotivational and behavioral components of empathy that are often interpreted as care or concern[3]. This form of empathy is a foundational component in building helping relationships and haspositive impacts when integrated into classroom environments [4,5].This paper explores how the broad concept of empathy is applied in engineering education andguides faculty through the theoretical foundations of empathy as an interpersonal skill. We willintroduce three forms of empathy – cognitive, affective, and behavioral [3,6] and highlight threecomponents of empathic concern (understanding, non-judgment, and compassion) that are usedin forming helping relationships [7]. An integrated conceptual framework is

Conference Session

Unique Laboratory Experiments and Programs Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Lunsford, East Carolina University; John Pickard, East Carolina University; Chip Popoviciu, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

, Inc. Dr. Ciprian Popoviciu, CCIE, is a Technical Leader at Cisco Systems with over nine years of experience in data and voice over IP communications technologies. As part of Cisco's Network Solution Integration Test Engineering (NSITE) organization, he currently focuses on the architecture, design and validation of large IPv6 network deployments in direct collaboration with Service Providers and Enterprises worldwide. Ciprian is a regular speaker or chair at conferences and industry events and contributes to various technology publications. He is an active contributor to the IETF standards, he is a Senior member of IEEE and member of several academic advisory boards. Ciprian is co-author

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Craig Gunn

4/5 years are leading.ConclusionsTeamwork within design can be an integral part of every course in the curriculum. Using it toshow correlations between what is taught and what will be encountered in the real world givesthe student the tools to continue to accept the educational system as a valuable activity. Allowingstudents to quickly formulate plans and even more quickly build the designs in in-class activitiesgives them the chance to see design at work and keeps alive the connection with other courses.Out-of-class design activities allow students to create within environments of their ownselection. Working together in teams the natural enjoyment of design can make otherwiseseemingly worthless courses valuable. If these teams contain

Conference Session

Accreditation and Continuous Quality Improvement -- What the Experts Are Saying!

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gloria Rogers, ABET, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

techniquessuch as the integration of teaming into the course, writing assignments, oral presentations, etc.This may not be apparent from looking at a course syllabus and it can also vary when there aremultiple sections of the same course. When the map is completed, it is possible to not onlyunderstand how well and in what ways the curriculum supports learning related to the outcome,but also enables the program to collect data in an efficient and meaningful way.Assessment methodologyAssessment is more than just collecting data. It includes the processes of making decisionsabout where to collect the data, how many data should be collected, development of thetechniques of data collection, analysis of data collected and developing the report of results