Conference Session

Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

YaXuan Wen, Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yanru Xu; Ji’an Liu

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

stratification of China’s higher educationsystem is the differentiation between elite and non-elite universities. Elite universities aregenerally sponsored and administered by the Ministry of Education (MoE) or the centralgovernment, while non-elite universities are under the provincial or municipal level ofadministration. The premier status of Chinese elite universities can be best illustrated bythe Double First-Class University (DFCU) Plan[9]. ‘Double’ refers to both university anddiscipline. ‘First-Class’ refers to the objective of reaching the WCU standard. In 2022,there are 301,3 universities in China with only 147 of them (around 4.5%) being includedin the DFCU Plan[10].Thus, the elite universities in this study referred to those in theDFCU plan

Conference Session

Energy Conversion, Conservation and Nuclear Engineering Division (ECCNE) Technical Session 3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hua Chai, University of New South Wales ; Jayashri Ravishankar, University of New South Wales; Inmaculada Tomeo-Reyes, University of New South Wales

Tagged Divisions

Conservation and Nuclear Engineering Division (ECCNE), Energy Conversion

medical device regulations, data Pedagogy Biomedical Engineering privacy laws, and clinical trial methodologies. Implementing case studies on medical device Practice design, simulations of data privacy scenarios, and hands-on clinical trial projects. Climate change, sustainability, infrastructure Policy policies. Focusing on sustainable construction materials, Pedagogy urban planning

Conference Session

Fostering Diversity and Inclusion in STEM Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Royce A Francis, The George Washington University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

Appendix section at the end ofthis article. In the first part, prompts focused on interns’ professional goals and interests, highschool academic environment, formulation of career pathways, influences and sources ofinformation, and other factors that influence career direction and professional identitydevelopment. In the second part, prompts focused on the students’ experiences while completingtheir projects, including influences of presentations and site visits, research design choices,obstacles, improvisation, or planning engaged to overcome obstacles or take advantage ofemerging opportunities, communication practices, interactions among interns and instructors,and other factors that relate to the ways engineering practice was enacted throughout

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle Marincel Payne, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Julia M. Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Ben Jelen, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT)

’ persistence through college and career are real.Students’ expectations of success were found to predict achievement and students’ beliefs in theimportance of engineering were found to predict career plans [19].To address these concerns, researchers have identified the impact of storytelling on students’empathy and self-identity [3], as well as their understanding of social disparities [20]. At GeorgiaTech, a dedicated course on storytelling in the biomedical engineering curriculum benefittedstudents by facilitating intentional development of identity and self-concept. As a result of thecourse, the instructors also found that students wanted to share their newfound ideas morebroadly [3]. In addition, the researchers compared self-reported measures for

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Moriah Vaden, University of Pittsburgh; April Dukes, University of Pittsburgh; Amy Hermundstad Nave, Colorado School of Mines; Melissa M. Bilec, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

practices wasto ensure a physically accessible and usable classroom for all students and to pre-plan for anyaccommodations for students whose needs are not fully met by a course’s instructional design.The second categorization groups the practices using the Aspire Alliance’s inclusive professionalframework core domains: identity, intercultural, and relational [12]. We chose these domains tofurther categorize the strategies because they contextualized the practices for specific situationsor focuses. For example, the practices in the intercultural domain focused on supporting studentconnections to content, encouraging students to be their authentic selves, and creatingopportunities for peers to connect [12]. We also developed a supporting

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division (COED) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Syed Hasib Akhter Faruqui, Sam Houston State University; Nazia Tasnim, University of Texas at Austin; Iftekhar Ibne Basith, Sam Houston State University; Suleiman M Obeidat, Texas A&M University; Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

resources,and technology needs. However, with all the diverse learning sources, it becomes harder for stu-dents to comprehend a large amount of knowledge in a short period of time. Traditional assistivetechnologies and learning aids often lack the dynamic adaptability required for individualized ed-ucation plans. Large Language Models (LLM) have been used in language translation, text sum-marization, and content generation applications. With rapid growth in AI over the past years, AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants have been developed. This research aims to bridge this gapby introducing an innovative study buddy we will be calling the ‘SAMCares’. The system leveragesa Large Language Model (LLM) (in our case, LLaMa-2 70B as the base model

Conference Session

Engineering Empowered Communities: Place-Based Community Engaged Learning

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cindy Hua, Southern Methodist University; Jessie Marshall Zarazaga, Southern Methodist University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division (COMMENG)

network of educators who were interested in testing newways of learning in their STEM-adjacent classrooms, specifically career and technical educationcourses in urban planning and architecture. The teachers co-developed and integrated acommunity-based learning project focused on local neighborhood contexts into existing curriculaover a year. Neighborhoods of focus included those identified as infrastructure deserts in theexisting literature. Both teachers identified as women and were second-career teachers. They hadtransitioned into teaching from different professions and obtained teaching certifications whenemployed as classroom teachers. Both teachers departed public school teaching and transitionedinto advancing their studies as education

Conference Session

Tablet PC use in Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leanna M. Horton, Virginia Tech; Kahyun Kim, Virginia Tech; Shreya Kothaneth, Virginia Tech; Catherine T. Amelink, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

, classroommanagement, and overall learning experiences 12.Application of FindingsBased on the findings the COE plans to undertake several initiatives to improve usage of TabletPCs. While professional development sessions are already offered to faculty, the college plans tooffer sessions that could be conducted within each academic department, such as softwaredemonstrations or simple training sessions incorporated within regularly scheduled departmentfaculty meetings. These training sessions could be framed around how various Tablet PCfeatures can benefit them, such as how the Tablet PC can increase their flexibility through usingvirtual office hours. By doing so the college hopes that these workshops will decrease thecomplexity of the new technology and

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Courses and Outcomes II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica R. McCormick, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Beverly Radloff, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Nancy Lamm, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Terri L. Talbert-Hatch, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

? i. Individual meeting with Career Services ii. Career Services Workshop(s) iii. Career Planning Course iv. Internship or co-op v. Career Fairs11. How important were the following non-technical components of your degree program during your job search? (5 scale; not important to very important) a. Writing Skills b. Communication Skills c. Liberal Arts/Humanities Courses d. Social Science Courses e. Language Courses f. Cultural Exposure Page 22.1172.9 g. Ability to work in a team 12. Did you participate in… a. Research b

Conference Session

FPD VIII: Crossing Bridges and Easing Transitions into the First Year

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janet Callahan, Boise State University; Judith A. Garzolini, Boise State University; Gary LeRoy Hunt, Boise State University; Joe Guarino, Boise State University; Doug Bullock, Boise State University; Susan Shadle, Boise State University; Cheryl B. Schrader, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

and the underpinning courses and theirprerequisites. The results of these four activities, to date, will be presented together with strategyrevisions planned for summer 2011.IntroductionBoise State University, with the largest enrollment and highest academic admission standardsamong Idaho’s public universities, is the state’s comprehensive metropolitan research university.The university has been experiencing, year after year, exceptional growth to meet the needs ofthe area’s emerging technology economy. The Boise metropolitan area has recently earnednational Top 10 rankings for overall patents, high-tech output, business and career climate,livability, and engineers per capita.1-5The College of Engineering was formed in 1997 as a result of the

Conference Session

Emerging Information Technologies

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barbara E. Brazon, Penn State University; Mary Lynn Brannon, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

clients provided thebases for the case studies, but the students did not have interaction with the clients. Then in thefall of 2007 the added constraint of working directly with a real world client was integrated intothe student projects. The focus of the course was giving students experience in managing aproject in a team environment. The innovation of adding a strong and primary emphasis onformal communication with the client and the team makes this management project exemplary asa teaching innovation.The students worked in teams of five, with each team member assigned a the task to completeone of the phases of the management process, e.g., initiating (systems analysis), planning, designand development, testing and closing phases. These groups

Conference Session

Green Renewable Energy

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deepak Gupta, Southeast Missouri State University; Ragu Athinarayanan, Southeast Missouri State University; Bradley J. Deken, Southeast Missouri State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

energy efficiency and management, planning and design of sustainable facilities,sustainable and green construction, sustainable and green manufacturing, and renewable energysources such as biomass, solar power, and wind energy technologies.The curriculum development effort was partially funded by a grant exceeding $200,000 from theWorkforce Innovation in Regional Economic Development (WIRED), a Department of Labor(DOL) agency. Per the requirements of the grant, the curriculum development also involvedcollaboration with two community colleges in the region. The degree program was designed in away so that students completing a certificate and/or Associate of Applied Science (AAS) degreeat the two colleges could seamlessly matriculate to the BS

Conference Session

Professional Identity

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melani Plett, Seattle Pacific University; Caitlin Hawkinson, Seattle Pacific University; Jennifer J. VanAntwerp, Calvin College; Denise Wilson, University of Washington; Crystal Bruxvoort, Calvin College

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Persisting at least somewhat strongly: 8 – 10 10 Enthusiastically persisting in a true engineering role 9 Enthusiastically persisting in a role tangential to engineering 9 Persisting in a true engineering role and planning to stay in it 8 Persisting in a tangential role and planning to stay in it 8 Persisting in a true engineering role, but considering leaving due to another passion Barely persisting: 6 – 7 7 Persisting in a true engineering role, but considering leaving due to unhappiness on the job 6 Persisting in a tangential engineering role, but considering leaving due to unhappiness on the job 6 Happily persisting in a job that is very tangential to engineeringNot persisting: 1 – 55 Enthusiastically worked for a while in a true

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Michael A. Kriss

students have an appreciation of the differingneeds and to draw upon the strengths of each. An unexpected and very encouraging development has been the reaction by the Dean ofthe College, Dr. William Green, to the CRCD effort to change the undergraduate curriculum inElectronic Imaging Systems. Dr. Green indicated that he felt that our effort could evolve into theone of the keystones of the University’s undergraduate program and that he was prepared tosupport or effort in all possible ways. We are currently developing an internal “white paper” forDr. Green that lays out a multiyear plan to give the University of Rochester the mostcomprehensive undergraduate program in electronic imaging in the world.VII. Project description: A Unified Image

Conference Session

Engineering Collaboration: Faculty & Student in K-12 Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vikram Kapila, Polytechnic University; Magued Iskander, Polytechnic University; Noel Kriftcher, Polytechnic University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, algebra, andgeometry.4.2 Management Skills Team-building Skills: Fellows collaborate with one-another in a peer-learningenvironment to use laboratory lesson plans developed by others in their classrooms. Fellowspartner with their teachers to implement laboratory lessons in their classrooms. Moreover,Fellows work with students to prepare for and compete in the FLL robotics competitions.Finally, Fellows work with research mentors toward their research assignments. To performsuccessfully in these activities, Fellows are developing and mastering team-building skills. Leadership Skills: Fellows serve as STEM role-models to students and as technicaladvisors to teachers in K-12 classrooms. In addition, Fellows provide technical mentoring

Conference Session

Energy Education and Industry Needs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David McDonald, Lake Superior State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

, datasheets, test reports, processes and templates ≠ Develop control algorithms to safely auto-test electric propulsion motors and systems ≠ Assist in data analysis and correlation between modeled data and real-world data. ≠ Upgrade dyno functionality and train technicians and engineers on dyno testing operations ≠ Work with control, software, systems engineers to develop testing requirements.Electrical Hardware Engineer ≠ Create schematics, develop system-level bill of materials, and assist in component selection ≠ Simulate and test designs using software to ensure the design meets objectives ≠ Oversee board layout, ensure EMC compliance ≠ Assist in test plan development, perform in-vehicle testing and assist in

Conference Session

Administering First-Year Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gretchen Hein, Michigan Technological University; Amber Kemppainen, Michigan Technological University; Susan Amato-Henderson, Michigan Technological University; Jason Keith, Michigan Technological University; Melissa Roberts, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

developed by a different group at Michigan Tech: ≠ Renewable Energy: Wind Power Generation, Undergraduate students under the direction of a faculty member ≠ Biomechanics: Doctoral candidate and undergraduate student under the direction of faculty members ≠ Water Resources: Aquaculture Facility, First-Year Engineering faculty membersEach group was provided with the implementation plan for the modules into the existingcurriculum described in Table 2 below. For each module, the data and designs generated inENG1001 were required to be used again in ENG1100. This will reinforce the ENG1001concepts and create linkages between the two courses. For example, the students will create aphysical model in ENG1001. Using the knowledge and

Conference Session

New Learning Paradigms I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

arrive at general consensus ofwhat appears to be widely accepted definitions, and to shed light on how common terms areused.Active learning is generally defined as any instructional method that engages students in thelearning process. It is widely accepted that active learning requires students to take part in “pre-planned” learning-related activities, believed to spark and stimulate their learning, while in theclassroom 5, 6 .These activities would include: reading, writing, solving problems, answeringquestions, participating in a discussion, etc.; and most important, students must be engaged inthinking tasks while actively involved. It is generally understood that during active learning, lessemphasis is placed on transmission of information

Conference Session

Historical Perspectives for Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Slaton, Drexel University; Mary Ebeling, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

optimistic projections about nanotechnological growththat fuel this initiative. In the face of unclear promise about that sector's future, we consider theconsequences of such plans for the most marginalized groups of workers; a sectordisproportionately minority in make-up.To indicate the origins, consequences, and robust nature of such optimism about newtechnologies in American culture, we compare discourse surrounding the PaNMT Partnership toearlier positive invocations of technology as a means of economic uplift. We consider howplanners in Chicago, facing decaying heavy industry and shrinking employment in the 1960s,turned to similarly upbeat depictions of emerging technologies and the post-secondary training ofworkers for that sector. We identify

Conference Session

Implementing the CE BOK into Courses and Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Doran, University of WIsconsin-Madison; Charlie Quagliana, University of WIsconsin-Madison; Norman Doll, University of WIsconsin-Madison; Jeffrey Russell, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Greg Harrington, University of WIsconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

.” Page 15.1101.2With variable usage of the adjective “adjunct” and the noun “professor” it is not surprising thatthe title Adjunct Professor has variations in meaning and uses at our colleges and universities.Several examplesabstracted from policies issued by educational institutions can be found inAppendix A.It is evident that policies developed for adjunct faculty within various institutionsvaryconsiderably concerning defined roles and responsibilities, credential requirements forappointment, compensation, length of appointment, involvement in department policy andcurricula planning, etc. Understandably, these variations as well as vagaries in definition, asoutlined above, cause considerable confusion and uncertainty in the engineering

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norb Delatte, Cleveland State University; Patricia Ralston, University of Louisville; Matthew Roberts, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Pamalee Brady, California Polytechnic State University; Manoochehr Zoghi, Cal State Fresno; D. Joseph Hagerty, University of Louisville; Xiong Yu, Case Western Reserve University

People Learn16 page 30 refers tothe need to organize knowledge meaningfully, in order to aid synthesis and develop expertise. Pilot studies have been carried out over several semesters in order to assess the use offailure case studies in civil engineering and engineering mechanics courses at Cleveland StateUniversity (CSU). Student learning has been assessed through surveys as well as focus groups,led by researchers from the CSU College of Education and Human Services. The case studieswere pilot tested in two courses, Strength of Materials (sophomore, engineering mechanics) andConstruction Planning and Estimating (senior, civil engineering), in the spring 2007 and spring2008 semesters. Students were asked specifically about the

Conference Session

Design in Freshman and Sophomore Courses

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leigh R Abts, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

period from 2007 until the fall of 2010. • Phase III: Development of a strategy and plan to validate and determine the reliability of the EDPPSR, covering the period from the fall of 2010 to the present time. Phase I Phase II Phase III Initial Develop Test Focus ’05 to ‘07 Design ’07 to ‘10 Design Groups 200762007 Rubric 200762007 RubricPhase I: This study has been conducted under a series of Institutional Review Board (IRB)approved protocols. During this phase, there have been formal meetings, interviews

Conference Session

Developing Young MINDS in Engineering - Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Freeman, University of Texas, Pan American; Horacio Vasquez, University of Texas, Pan American; Arturo Fuentes, University of Texas, Pan American; Cristina Villalobos, University of Texas, Pan American; Stephen Crown, University of Texas, Pan American; Robert Wrinkle, University of Texas, Pan American; Olga Ramirez, University of Texas, Pan American; Miguel Gonzalez, University of Texas, Pan American

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Advisement and Mentoring Program, a faculty member from each STEMdepartment participates as a STEM Faculty Mentor. The Faculty Mentor intervenes by advisingstudents who are at-risk of failing Calculus and discusses the consequences in the student’sdegree plan if the student fails/drops Calculus since this math course is the foundation foradditional STEM courses and a prerequisite for subsequent STEM courses. The STEM FacultyMentors also give two presentations on the Applications of Calculus during the semester. In all, Page 15.721.4students who are at risk of failing Calculus I during the semester are advised to speak with theirCalculus I instructor

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Noe Vargas Hernandez, The University of Texas at El Paso; Gul Kremer, Pennsylvania State University; Julie Linsey, Texas A&M University; Linda Schmidt, University of Maryland

thiscurriculum, we propose to integrate TRIZ (a systematic problem solving approach) andsketching, and support the ideation process with technology enabled journaling (using PulseSmartpen). In this integration, TRIZ will provide the systematic innovative problem solvingmethod, sketching will externalize and enhance the design ideation, and Pulse Smartpen willcapture the ideation outcomes seamlessly, and might decrease the cognitive load. Below first weexplain our rationale for choosing these curriculum content and technology along with relevantliterature review. Then, we provide our plans for experimentation and project management.This research work proposed in this paper involves conducting research on undergraduateengineering education, assessing

Conference Session

Capstone/Design Projects: Electr-Mech ET

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Michael E. Hay; Recayi Pecen

mechanical improvements included; better propeller shaft alignment, a new motor mount andusing a new propeller shaft with more efficient sealed bearings.The team planned activities through a Gantt chart schedule that required testing to start severalmonths in advance of the competition. This was to assure adequate time to find systemweaknesses and address them with time to spare prior to the June event.Details for Meeting these ChallengesThe lighter the boat and its’ contents, the less water it displaces. This displaced water equates todrag in moving the boat through the water. Therefore, it follows that a lighter boat has less drag.The motor mount, steering bracket and control panel were rebuilt out of aluminum. This savedseveral kilograms. The

Conference Session

Recruiting, Retention & Advising

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Jane Rohrback; Donald Carpenter; Lisa Anneberg; Andrew Gerhart

through expanded K-12 outreach events. This issue was addressed atLawrence Technological University by hosting “exploration days” on campus. The premisebehind these events is to give high school students the opportunity to explore engineering on ourcampus, thereby bringing them to “engineering” instead of taking engineering to them.Currently, there are two types of exploration days at Lawrence Tech, a general EngineeringExploration Day and focused program exploration days (for example, Civil EngineeringExploration Day). These events are joint partnerships between the College of Engineering andthe Office of Admissions. Engineering faculty plan and conduct the hands-on technical sessionsassociated with the events, while the Office of Admissions

Conference Session

Innovations in Nuclear Education I

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

William Rezak

! The demand for electric power in America during the 28 years between World War II and1973 grew at a rate of about 7% per year. The unit price of electricity declined during this perioddue to increased power usage; larger and more efficient generating plants; better transmissionand distribution systems; and improved power plant and fuel technology. As it becameeconomically effective to build and operate large electric generating power plants and improvedtechnology made nuclear plants competitive with fossil fueled plants, electric utility companies,in the late 1960s and early 1970s, planned to divide future additions to generation capacityprimarily between coal-fired and nuclear power. Because the electric utility industry in the early

Conference Session

Opportunities in Environmental Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Michael Butkus

. GlenDaiggerSenior Vice The wastewater treatment plant BiochemicalPresident CH2M Hill of the future treatment International JointDr. Gerry Commission on the WaterGalloway Great Lakes Water-sharing resources Dept. of EnvironmentalMr. Robert Protection, City of NYC watershed protection WaterAdamski New York plan resources Solid andMr. Pat

Conference Session

International Engineering Education II

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Eck Doerry

geographically-distributed teams. In a 2003 ASEE paper5, we described a novel curricular paradigm called theGlobal Engineering College (GEC), based on the idea of seamlessly combining the curriculaand educational opportunities of several internationally-distributed engineering institutions tocreate a virtual engineering college spanning multiple countries and cultures. In this paper, wereport on our experiences piloting the key elements of this model under an NSF planning grant,focusing on the obstacles encountered, and solutions developed to address them.1.0 INTRODUCTIONFor the past several decades, the internationalization of college curricula has been a prominenttheme in discussions of curricular reform in higher education, including

Conference Session

Engineering in High School

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Jessica Harwood; Al Rudnitsky

teaching and learning when it is integrated with other subject matter?" and "what are someimportant things to consider when attempting this sort of integration?" The evidence needed toanswer these questions is ultimately to be found in student learning outcomes. This, however, isnot the only source of evidence. How the integration of engineering into other content areasaffects teacher thinking and behavior also speaks to these questions. The planning and teachingof a novice teacher, as told in her own words, is the focus of this paper. The teacher is workingin the subject area of science, more specifically she is teaching ideas about scientific reasoning tomiddle school students. The instructional approach she follows relies on ideas from