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Displaying results 931 - 960 of 30624 in total
Conference Session
Software Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Van Hilst; Reginald Parker, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Prescott
nuggets of wisdom like, “Spec sheets always lie,” and “There is no suchthing as a problem, only challenges.”A well planned and executed student project should be finished, tested, and working at the end ofthe semester, by the expected date of completion. But, as any faculty member will tell you,things do not always go according to plan. The shortfalls are often attributed to unforeseencircumstances, personal failures, or simply running out of time.Risks and the management of risks are part of the capstone experience. But traditionalapproaches to risk management do not address the most common kind of risk found in studentcapstone projects, namely, risk to the schedule.In this paper, we propose an approach to schedule risk management, based on
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Reeping, University of Cincinnati; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette ; Kenneth Reid, University of Indianapolis; Hossein EbrahimiNejad, Drexel University; Nahal Rashedi
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
conductingsimulation analyses of completion rates, this aspect of Curricular Complexity is generally toounderdeveloped to be used as a theoretical framework on its own – despite some work by Waller[10], who used the concept of grade anomaly instead of course pass-rate as a proxy forinstructional complexity.Much more promising, however, is the idea of structural complexity. This construct has theresearcher examine the curriculum itself by using network analysis to measure sequencing andinterconnectedness in a plan of study. Two intrinsic measurements are associated with eachcourse in Curricular Analytics: (1) the blocking factor, which counts how many courses areinaccessible to a student upon failing a specific course, and (2) the delay factor, the
Conference Session
Tech Tools and Tips
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Kevin A. Waters P.E., Villanova University; Jonathan Hubler, Villanova University; Kristin M. Sample-Lord P.E., Villanova University; Virginia Smith, Villanova University; Andrea L. Welker, Villanova University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
series of interactions with the technology to introduce and thenreinforce 3D visualization skills. A case study is presented herein of how student learningexperiences with the AR sandbox have been woven throughout the undergraduate civilengineering curriculum at Villanova University. A series of progressive AR sandbox learningactivities have been implemented in freshmen and junior-level civil engineering courses, andadditional modules are planned for other courses in the sophomore and senior years. Planningand implementation of these modules has been a collaborative effort between faculty acrossmultiple disciplines within the department (geotechnical, water resources, and structuralengineering). The purpose of the AR sandbox interventions is to
Collection
1996 Annual Conference
Authors
Thomas Johnson; Mike A. Littlejohn; Jr., Thomas H. Brown; Carl F. Zorowski
I .—. . Session 1255 . Graduate Engineering Education Emphasizing Continuous Quality Improvement Carl F. Zorowski, Thomas Johnson, Thomas H. Brown, Jr., & Mike A. Littlejohn North Carolina State UniversityAbstract A proposed program and plan of execution for integrating continuous quality improvement principles,methods and practice into the graduate education and research programs
Conference Session
Embedded Computing
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Steven Barrett, University of Wyoming; Daniel Pack, U.S. Air Force Academy
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
in several senior level coursesand the overall results.OverviewIn the classic movie “The Wizard of Oz” Dorothy, the Tin Woodman, the CowardlyLion, and the Scarecrow are making their way through a dark, dangerous forest. Aroundevery turn they are worried about what they might encounter. There could be “Lions andTigers and Bears…oh my!” The proper testing and documentation of a digital basedsystem is also fraught with a variety of “dangers.” Frequently the subject of projecttesting, test plans, and documentation is often treated as a dry and boring task inacademia. A tedious and monotonous task of extracting system data from a complexdigital design such as an embedded controller has contributed to this view. However, weall know that it is one
Conference Session
Chemical Engineering in K-12 and the First Year
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Ashlee N Ford Versypt, Oklahoma State University; Daria Khvostichenko, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
drilling fluids at Schlumberger. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Clean Water through Chemical Engineering: Introducing K-12 Students to ChE Using FiltrationAbstractThe authors have developed a lesson plan on water filtration to introduce K-12 students tochemical engineering through hands-on activities. The primary motivation for developing thelesson was to hook K-12 students into the societal impact of chemical engineering in addressingthe grand challenge of providing access to clean water. Our secondary motivation was to developoutreach materials related to our research on transport in pores and microchannels. The full planwas developed as part of a graduate course
Conference Session
Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Elizandro, Tennessee Technological University
Tagged Divisions
Industrial Engineering
, distributed simulation, adaptive control systems, digital signal processing, and integrat- ing technology into engineering education. He has also been an industry consultant on in discrete event modelling for strategic planning. Professor Elizandro received the University Distinguished Faculty Award, Texas A&M, Commerce and College of Engineering Brown-Henderson Award at Tennessee Tech University. He served as Governor’s Representative for Highway Safety in Arkansas and member of the National Highway Safety Advisory Commission during the Jimmy Carter presidency. He is also a member of Tau Beta Pi, Alpha Pi Mu, and Upsilon Pi Epsilon honor societies. c American Society for Engineering
Conference Session
STEM Education Tied to Aerospace Engineering
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hansel Burley, Texas Tech University; Terrance Denard Youngblood, Texas Tech University; Ibrahim H. Yeter, Texas Tech University; Casey Michael Williams, Texas Tech University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
University Ibrahim H. Yeter is currently a PhD candidate in the Curriculum and Instruction program at the College of Education, and at the same time, he is pursuing his Master’s degree in Petroleum Engineering at Texas Tech University. He is highly interested in conducting research within the Engineering Education frame- work. Mr. Yeter plans to graduate in December 2016 with both degrees and is looking forward to securing a teaching position within a research university and continuing his in-depth research on Engineering Ed- ucation. He is one of two scholarships awarded by NARST (National Association for Research in Science Teach- ing) to attend the ESERA (European Science Education Research Association) summer
Conference Session
Professional Skills development in Design
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Oenardi Lawanto, Utah State University; Matthew Cromwell, Utah State University - Engineering Education; Andreas Febrian, Utah State University - Engineering Education
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
(i.e., task interpretation, planning strategies, cognitive strategies,and monitoring and fix-up strategies). The findings suggest Team strategies require a high levelof student involvement and effort, while time strategies and resource management strategies areemployed to a lesser degree, on average. Small differences were seen between male and femalestudents in average strategy expression. Students may be benefitted by interventions designed toimprove self-regulation for specific team management strategies employed by engineeringstudents in relation to project management activities. Needed improvements touching on variousstrategic actions, as well as monitoring and fix-up strategies, are described in this paper.Keywords: self-regulation
Conference Session
Technical Session: Student Experience & Perspectives
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rachel Jannette McFalls, Mississippi State University; Carla Danielle Grimes, Mississippi State University; M. Jean Mohammadi-Aragh, Mississippi State University; Rani W. Sullivan, Mississippi State University; James Warnock, Mississippi State University
Tagged Divisions
Student
system for an all-composite unmanned aerial vehicle.Dr. James Warnock, Mississippi State University James Warnock is the Interim Associate Dean for Undergraduate Studies in the Bagley College of Engi- neering at Mississippi State University. His background is in biomedical engineering and he has been a big proponent of self-directed learning and active learning in his classes and was the first person to intro- duce problem-based learning in the department of agricultural and biological engineering at MSU. James is also the Adjunct Director for training and instruction in the professional services department at ABET. In this role, Warnock oversees the development, planning, production and implementation of the ABET
Conference Session
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division – Evaluating Student Behaviors and Attitudes
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Magdalini Z Lagoudas, Texas A&M University; Rodney Boehm, Engineering Academic and Student Affairs; James L Wilson, Texas A&M University - College of Engineering
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
and data products developed by Fujitsu. Along with Yau Chow Ching, Rodney conceived (and wrote the standards for), the SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) architecture, which served as the base for today’s North American telephone network. Rodney was Chairman of the T1X1 Technical Sub- Committee (the organization responsible for SONET standardization) from 1990 through 1994. He has been active in SONET’s National and International Standardization since 1985. In addition, Rodney has published numerous papers and presentations on SONET. Rodney began his career with Fujitsu Network Communications in 1989 as the Director of Strategic Plan- ning. He also held the positions of Director of Transport Product Planning, Vice
Conference Session
Design and Making
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ayush Gupta, University of Maryland, College Park
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
socialresponsibility and engineering macro-ethics into the fabric of the engineering curriculum. In thispaper, writing as an engineering design instructor, I present my own successes and challengeswith incorporating notions of social responsibility and macro-ethics in an engineering designlesson. The lesson plan evolved over a period of 10 semesters. I document the process of thatevolution and discuss how students’ responses to activity prompts influenced that evolution.IntroductionWith few exceptions, ethics education within STEM disciplines has mostly remained separatefrom courses that provide instruction in what is perceived as technical knowledge (Leydens &Lucena, 2016). This paradigm tacitly reinforces that science, engineering, and technology
Conference Session
Capstone Pedgagogy
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Nicholas A Baine P.E., Grand Valley State University; Karl Brakora, Grand Valley State University; Christopher P. Pung P.E., Grand Valley State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
“…an ability to function effectively on a team whosemembers together provide leadership, create a collaborative and inclusive environment, establishgoals, plan tasks, and meet objectives.” This assessment is performed by measuring each of thecomponents of outcome (5): leadership, collaboration, inclusion, goal setting, task management,and an ability to meet objectives.ABET requires each program to be assessed independently without data from students of differentmajors, even if taking the same course. The capstone project sequence at Grand Valley StateUniversity (GVSU) is well-suited to assess students’ ability to work in a team; however, thecapstone class consists of multidisciplinary teams drawn from multiple engineering programs,making
Conference Session
Engineering Education in the Arab World / Mid-East Region
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Suzanne Scott, The Petroleum Institute; Jamal Ahmad, The Petroleum Institute
Tagged Divisions
International
, decision-making,communications skills, and graphical demonstration.The authors wanted to know what our Arab engineering students knew about sustainability.What were their perceptions about their responsibilities as engineers in the 21st century? Didthey care? What’s being done to foster awareness in this part of the world? Shouldenvironmental sustainability and global stewardship be at the core of our engineering designprogram? How could we introduce our students to humanitarian engineering? The answers tothese questions along with data collected over two semesters are discussed in this paper.The Fall 2006 STEPS II project involved the development of a Plastics Recycling Plan for thePetroleum Institute, with applications locally and globally. The
Conference Session
Construction Industry Issues in the Classroom
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lisa M Holliday P.E., University of Oklahoma; Matthew Reyes, University of Oklahoma; Richard Cecil Ryan, University of Oklahoma; Kenneth F. Robson, University of Oklahoma
Tagged Divisions
Construction
students the lab components.Figure 1: Graphic showing the Construction Fundamentals Lab series. Left is a section view andright is the front view. Learning Mechanisms Incorporated into Each LabEach construction lab incorporated three primary learning mechanisms: the submittal process,the wall mock-up process and the use of skilled trade industry instructors. The requested Page 23.175.5submittals required planning and defining the work in a classroom environment and thenstudents measured and documented their performance based on actual field evaluation of theinstallation. The design and use of the mockup provided multiple
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Renee M Clark, University of Pittsburgh; Autar Kaw, University of South Florida; Rasim Guldiken, University of South Florida
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
promoted through reflection, orthought about one’s own actions. With reflection, students become more aware of their ownprocesses. Although reflection is essential for learning, there has tended to be limited systematicreflection and metacognitive instructional activity in engineering (Ambrose, 2013; Cunninghamet al., 2015; Marra et al., 2017).Our NSF-funded research aimed to address this gap. Our research was conducted in a flippedfluid mechanics classroom, in which step-by-step instruction in planning, monitoring, andevaluating (PME) of problem-solving was provided as part of in-class exercises (i.e., directinstruction “in context”) to support metacognitive skills development and problem-solving.Students also reflected weekly in writing about
Conference Session
Industry based new Innovative and Nontraditional Curriculum in Industrial Technology and Industrial Engineering Technology
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Louis Reifschneider, Illinois State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
students tolead the project teams while significant goals are achieved. Page 15.134.2Background and MotivationThe program in which the author teaches is an engineering technology program with the missionof preparing management-oriented engineering technologists. The program contains courses influid power, materials, processing, automation, computer-aided design, quality assessment,engineering economics, and management techniques. There is, as well, a capstone class focusedupon teams designing and implementing a manufacturing plan that results in a functioning leanproduction cell. Production rate and product quality are a significant part of the
Conference Session
TC2K Assessment: How to Really Do It
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Lennard Lema; Zbigniew Prusak; Peter Baumann
Session 3649 In-common Methodology for Objective- and Outcome-based Programs Assessment Lennard F. Lema, Peter F. Baumann and Zbigniew Prusak Central Connecticut State UniversityAbstractThis paper reviews the development of continuous quality improvement plans for three closelyaligned engineering technology programs at Central Connecticut State University (CCSU).Many of the goals for the three programs are similar thus allowing for the development ofcommon learning objectives and learning outcomes which may be assessed simultaneously. Thelearning
Conference Session
International Division (INTL) Technical Session: International Programs and Curricula II
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kirsten A. Davis, Purdue University; Mengzhou Chen, Purdue University; Amanda Danielle Wolf, Purdue University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
International Division (INTL)
engineering student, the first point the AIrecommended for consideration was “curriculum compatibility,” saying that “Engineeringcourses often have a strict sequence of prerequisites. Ensuring that the courses you take abroadwill be recognized by your home institution is crucial. This might require detailed planning anddiscussions with academic advisors” (OpenAI, 2024). In summary, both academic reports andbroader conversations suggest that curricular complexity can be a challenge for students studyingabroad in engineering. However, no studies have attempted to measure this relationship, whichwe wanted to explore in our own context at Purdue University.Characterizing the Complexity of the Curriculum With the aim of providing metrics to support
Conference Session
Engineering Management Division (EMD) Technical Session 3
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Richard (Rick) Warren Blank, Johns Hopkins Engineering for Professionals; Stanislaw Tarchalski, The Johns Hopkins University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management Division (EMD)
Paper ID #41624Preparing Future Generations for Executive Leadership Roles in TechnicalOrganizationsMr. Richard (Rick) Warren Blank, Johns Hopkins Engineering for Professionals Richard W (Rick) Blank, B.A., B.S., M.S. Mr. Blank is a Lecturer in the Engineering for Professionals Master of Engineering Management Program at the Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering. In this program he teaches Planning & Managing Projects; Finance, Contracts, & Compliance for Technical Professionals; Strategic Communications in Technical Organizations; and Executive Technical Leadership. He also holds an appointment as the
Conference Session
Engineering Empowered Communities: Place-Based Community Engaged Learning
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Paula Alvarez Pino, University of Alabama, Birmingham; Fouad H. Fouad, University of Alabama, Birmingham; Andrew J. Sullivan, University of Alabama, Birmingham; Mona N Fouad, University of Alabama, Birmingham
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division (COMMENG)
environment and to improving the overall quality of life of the communities. Paula plans international research experience programs for undergraduate and graduate students in collaboration with international partners. She has helped organize and develop international workshops in the field of sustainability and smart cities. Paula has also developed outreach programs that educate the youth about the principles of sustainability. Paula received a Bachelors and Master’s of Science in Civil Engineering from UAB.Dr. Fouad H. Fouad, University of Alabama, Birmingham Dr. Fouad H. Fouad, Ph.D., P.E., is Professor and Chairman Emeritus of the Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering Department at the University of Alabama at
Conference Session
ERM: ERM Medley Session!
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Khairiyah Mohd-Yusof, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Nur Shahira Samsuri; Maizam Alias; Akbariah Ary Mohd Mahdzir, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
testing.Her precise interest is on the aspect of instrument development and validation with the application of Rasch Model and Structural Equation Modelling. She obtained her PhD in Measurement and Evaluation from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. She has nearly 20 years of experience in the psychometrics field, including work as a Consultant inside and outside of Malaysia including Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation Sdn Bhd, MIMOS Berhad's Psychometrics and Cognitive Analytics Labs, the Examination Syndicate, Malaysia's Ministry of Education, MOE’s Education Planning and Research Department, and UNESCO. She is a member of Psychometric Society, International Sociological Association, and 5th Division of APA
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Walter C Lee, Virginia Tech; Malini Josiam, Virginia Tech; Taylor Y Johnson, Virginia Tech; Janice Leshay Hall, Florida International University; Artre Reginald Turner, Virginia Tech
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
participants. Our poster will present anoverview of our: 1) conceptual model informing our data collection; 2) workshop developmentand implementation; and 3) instrument revision and piloting.Project OverviewThis project is a multi-case study with three phases in the research plan and two phases in theeducation plan. The project is guided by a conceptual model developed during Years 1 and 2 ofthe project. Phase 1 of the research plan is a single case study, which involves data collection atthe PI’s home institution, which is the current stage of the project. Part 1 of the education planrelated to developing and implementing Situational Judgment Inventories is currently underwayas well.Before we began collecting data, we reflected on the research
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christopher Russell, Northern Virginia Community College; Josh Labrie, Northern Virginia Community College; Antarjot Kaur
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
librarians. During the project, fellowscompleted 24 hours of design thinking instruction, practiced teaching at digital fabricationsummer camps for elementary and middle school youth, and created a lesson plan that integrateddesign thinking into their subject area. This paper investigates the extent to which teacherconfidence & ability in integration of design thinking principles into classroom instruction wereimproved by participation in the PL fellowship.Project Rationale. The notion of “making” has shown promise as an active, project-basedlearning intervention[2]. Integrating digital fabrication into classroom instruction has beenshown to improve student attitudes toward the STEM disciplines and increase career interest [3]-[5]. However
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rebekah Hammack, Montana State University - Bozeman; Nick Lux; Brock Lameres, Montana State University - Bozeman; Blake Wiehe, Montana State University - Bozeman; Paul Gannon, Montana State University - Bozeman; Miracle Moonga, Montana State University - Bozeman
professional development was presented in a blended mannerusing both asynchronous and synchronous meetings platforms to support collaboration.Participating teachers came to the synchronous meetings with a list of potential topics that couldbe used to connect engineering to their local school community. During the synchronoussessions, teachers worked with project team members to further develop these ideas and plan forlesson implementation the following academic year.IntroductionConnecting the engineering curricula with the local community to build relevance andauthenticity has been a central focus of this project. Correspondingly, place-based perspectiveshave largely informed the study and curriculum development process. “Teaching and learningalways
Collection
2005 GSW
Authors
Pete Hylton
willcause students to look at their design and evaluate all possible modes of failure. The RiskAssessment phase helps students to evaluate how much risk each possible failure poses tothe project. This leads to the prioritization of the various analyses and designmodifications required for success. The Risk Mitigation phase leads the students intocritical problem solving. While they probably would have gotten there anyway, all toooften it would have been at the last minute and created ensuing panics. By using TRM,they are forced into problem solving mode earlier in the project, thus avoiding the panicmode. The steps developed in the risk mitigation plan will be driven by the student’scourse of study. However, the concepts are equally viable for
Conference Session
Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Zachary Minken, Arcadia University; Augusto Z. Macalalag Jr., Arcadia University; Najah Naylor
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education
external site.) (Links to an external site.). In 2014, Dr. Macalalag conceptualized and developed the STEM Education Graduate Certificate Program (Links to an external site.) for in-service elementary and middle school teachers. The certificate program’s goal is to foster teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge in planning, implementing and assessing instructions that incorporate science and engineering practices based on the National Research Council’s Framework for K-12 Science Education. The STEM certificate program has five courses (15 credits) that include an environmental education preview to Sicily, Italy.Ms. Najah Naylor MEd, MBA Ms. Najah Naylor is a Computer Science Educator within the Philadelphia School
Collection
2016 ERC
Authors
Keith Roper
minutes, or until vegetables are softened. Stir in allminutes, or until roux turns a dark caramel color, stirring remaining ingredients and 4 cups water. Reduce heatconstantly. to medium-low, cover, and cook 40 minutes, or until carrots are tender. Serve over rice. Vegetarian tImes Large NSF Proposals: A Recipe :)1. Choose the Dinner Party - Guests & Timing2. Plan the Event3. Balance the Menu4. Prepare the Proposal www.mccormick.com 1. Dinner Party: Guests & Timing Match your Proposal to a Program NSF Program
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jacob R. Grohs, Virginia Tech; David B. Knight, Virginia Tech; Michelle Soledad, Virginia Tech; Scott W Case, Virginia Tech; Homero Gregorio Murzi, Virginia Tech; Natasha Smith, Virginia Tech
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
]. While this decision is reasonable from an operational andresource management perspective, research on large classes have shown that students sufferdecreased academic engagement, motivation and achievement [3]–[5] . Instructors, on the otherhand, report having difficulty establishing rapport with their students and a growing inability tomonitor students’ learning gains and provide quality individualized feedback [4]–[6]. To addressthese issues, our project draws from Lattuca and Stark’s Academic Plan model [9], whichincorporates a thorough consideration of factors influencing curricular activities that can beapplied at the course, program, and institutional levels, and assumes that instructors are keyactors in curriculum development and revision
Conference Session
Technical Session V
Collection
2018 FYEE Conference
Authors
James R McCusker PhD, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Aaron Carpenter, Wentworth Institute of Technology
Tagged Topics
FYEE Conference Sessions
that is identified and researched by the student team.reflection and to assess the project’s plan for the design Over approximately 8 weeks of the semester, studentsteam that was temporarily assigned to their project. The implement the 5-step design process [4] wherein in theyauthors hope to engage in a spirited discussion on formulate their design objectives, identify required functionsemploying similar methods to challenge students in first and design constraints, propose realistic solutions, andyear design. implement and evaluate their solutions. Throughout this process, each student must