Conference Session

Ocean and Marine Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Grimsley Michaeli P.E., Old Dominion University; Paul Moses; Gene Hou, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

introductory understanding of electrical powerand energy systems for marine platforms including ships and submarines. The course covers ACand DC marine systems, power distribution design, power generation, energy storage, electricpropulsion, power management, system protection, condition monitoring, electrical systemmaintenance and class rules.Course is offered for first time in Spring 2016 and will be offered in the future in the Fall semester.Lecture 3 hours; 3 credits. Pre-requisites: Fundamentals of Electrical Technology, Introduction toElectrical Power, Electrical Power and Machinery, or equivalent.Required Course Textbook: Shipboard Electrical Power Systems by Mukund Patel [7].Software / Labs: MATLAB, will incorporate labs from planned Marine

Conference Session

Innovative Graduate Programs and Methods, Developing Master's & Ph.D. Programs and Graduate Teaching Assistants

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

MD B. Sarder, University of Southern Mississippi

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

traditional view of providing superior products or services. Companiescannot attain competitive advantage unless their logistics and transportation professionals,irrespective of their functional orientation and current job responsibilities, fundamentallyunderstand the dynamics of how products move from one place to another. A well designedgraduate program in this area can produce graduates who can handle the job. The issue is that thenumber of graduates in this field is not meeting the current industry demand. Many U.S.Universities have recently developed and are planning to develop graduate degree programs inthis area. This research (funded by the U.S. Department of Transportation) analyzed the need andidentified best practices in logistics and

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amjad Aman, University of Central Florida; Nina Orlovskaya, University of Central Florida; Haiyan Bai, University of Central Florida; Yunjun Xu, University of Central Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

screen shots illustrating thermodynamic concepts and chargetransport concepts from the Fuel Cell Science module.Software evaluation/assessmentEvaluation status and approachSo far there have been two evaluations conducted to test the effectiveness of the software in liveundergraduate engineering classrooms at a large university in the south-east of the United Stateswith sample size of 144 and 135 during Fall 2014 and Spring 2015 respectively. In addition,there is one evaluation planned for Spring 2016 at the home university and another evaluation tobe conducted in Summer 2016 at a different university. The sample size for these futureevaluations are expected to exceed 200 students each. To assess the software’s effectiveness it isimportant to

Conference Session

Student Success II: Self-Regulatory, Metacognitive, and Professional Skills

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald R. Ulseth, Iron Range Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

: “Students are self-regulated to the degree theyare metacognitively, motivationally, and behaviorally participants in their ownlearning”15. A key to SRL is that the “learner displays personal initiative, perseverance,and adaptive skill” when pursuing her learning14. Further features of SRL includestudents’ “self-oriented feedback loops” and the students’ choices of learning processes,strategies, and responses14. Key components in SRL are planning, goal setting, strategyselection, environmental monitoring, help seeking, and maintaining a sense of self-efficacy12.Whereas metacognition covers all aspects of the person, tasks, and strategies from boththe knowledge of and process using domains, self-regulated learning is more focused onusing

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lash B. Mapa, Purdue University - Calumet; Suraiya Jannat Khan, Purdue University - Calumet

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

for the usersto plan their tracking system.Tag readability depends on many variables, such as type of tag and antenna, distance from tag toantenna, tag orientation and tag placement. Also interferences with the surroundings due to otherwireless devices might have some effects on tag readability. The major interest in this research isto obtain a foot print depending on the tag readability in 3-D space in real time.EQUIPMENTResearches performed with RFID system requires a specific Antenna, Tag and Receiver. There aretwo types of tags, active and passive tags. Active tags require a continuous source of power. Theyare either connected to a power infrastructure or they use energy from an integrated battery. Onthe other hand, passive tags do not

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth M. Hill, University of Minnesota - Duluth

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

. • Be sure to include o Scope (i.e. campus wide policy, specific utilities process, timeframe of analysis in current state or if historical data available, etc.) o Methods of research planned. (See assignment on Moodle for definitions and examples of primary, secondary, and tertiary) • You should complete this BEFORE lab on dd/mm/yy • If you see another entry with a similar topic, that is OK, but if more than 3 students are researching the same thing, please choose a different topic. • Recall, any surveys or interviews planned must also be discussed with the instructor BEFORE they are to be conducted.One week prior to the scope definition due date, the instructor

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenni Buckley, University of Delaware; Amy Trauth, University of Delaware; Michael Chajes P.E., University of Delaware; Lori Pollock, University of Delaware; Kevin R. Guidry; Michael L. Vaughan, University of Delaware; Jeannie S. Stephens, University of Delaware

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

easing the transition to college and providing structure and support foracademic resource-seeking and planning [1,2]. Lastly, we considered the administrative overheadof the course, both in its original format and following the redesign; and we compared our resultsto anticipated expenditures for a small-section PBL format course.MethodsDescription of Prior Version of the Course Our FYE engineering course, Introduction to Engineering (EGGG101), is a 2-credit, 14week course, with two lecture sections of 325 to 350 students. The course is open to all students,with 98% of enrollees being first-semester freshmen engineering students (all majors), excludingthe recently launched Biomedical Engineering major. Prior to the course revision, a

Conference Session

1st and 2nd Year Instruction in Design

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marjan Eggermont, University of Calgary

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

common reading program” for incomingfirst year students.1,2 Typically, a book is selected by a campus committee and introduced duringsummer orientation activities. Students are expected to read the book in early fall and participatein discussion groups and other activities during the fall and/or winter semesters. Our first yeardesign and communications course at The Schulich School of Engineering at the University ofCalgary participated in 2013 for the first time because the book – No Impact Man by ColinBeavan - addressed questions about sustainable living and added value to a planned designproject. Students were asked to read one chapter of the book, to critically discuss this chapter intheir ‘chapter’ groups, and assign a spokesperson to

Conference Session

Developing Infrastructure Professionals

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas Schmucker P.E., University of Utah; Joshua Lenart, University of Utah; Steven J. Burian P.E., University of Utah; Amir Mohaghegh Motlagh, University of Utah

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

communications for the Depart- ment of Civil & Environmental Engineering and the Department of Chemical Engineering. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of Utah in Rhetoric and Writing Studies and an M.A. in English from Montana State University. His research focuses on land management policy in two discrete areas. The first relates to civil infrastructure projects and landscape-scale impacts on habitat, community resilience, and long- term land use planning; the second involves the utilization, conservation, and management of big game wildlife resources. For the past five years he has led various transdisciplinary teaching and research projects examining land and wildlife resource management conflicts vis-`a-vis

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

interaction and help break thetraditional lecture dominant pattern when cooperative learning protocols are deployed. Thepaper will illustrate how cooperative learning can advance academic success, quality ofrelationships, psychological adjustments, and attitudes toward the college experience. Whatneeds to be done to move the process forward? What are the key components of successfuldeployment of active learning in general and cooperative learning in particular? How tofoster and expand the community of engineering faculty who use cooperative learning?What plans, efforts, and resources need to be mobilized to institutionalize pedagogies ofengagement including cooperative learning at the department or college level?Next, it identifies barriers to

Conference Session

Pedagogical Considerations for Teaching Engineering Professionals

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachel LeBlanc, WPI

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

quality efforts have been focused onenhancing the quality of our graduate engineering programs, this knowledge is also being appliedto gap courses. As part of the WPI’s new strategic plan, one of the elevate impact initiatives isfocused on pioneering competency-based online education with a focus on engineering educationat the graduate level. This focus and investment has allowed us to reexamine the gap coursesand identify areas for enhancement. Efforts are currently underway to transition those coursesfrom traditional lecture-based courses to competency-based courses. While we expect the moveto competency-based graduate courses to be a large undertaking, we expect the gap course effortto be minimal since the courses had already been modularized

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session: Works in Progress

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sahid Linés Rosado Lausell, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Kevin Pitts, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Jana Sebestik, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; George Reese, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Adam Poetzel, University of Illinois

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

; Middle School Student Interactions. Students in attendance during the fourth Saturday were asked if they enjoyed interacting and working with the undergraduate student volunteers. In the future, we hope to encourage more robust mentor/mentee relationships by allowingfor more interactions outside of the program. These strategies could include a PenPal program, ora visit day on campus so students can see what a typical day at a university looks like for theirmentors.Future Plans Research shows that providing long-term engagement is crucial in moving youth fromsimply having an interest in science to actually having the skills, knowledge, and self-efficacy topursue careers in science13

Conference Session

Social Responsibility and Social Justice II: From Classroom to Community

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna M. Riley, Virginia Tech; Janice L. Hall, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

. Itshould be noted that Algiers is located in the West Bank district of New Orleans and was one ofthe less-impacted areas after Katrina, an “Immediate Opportunity Area”a as it would later becalled in the action plan set forth by the Urban Planning committee for the Bring New OrleansBack Commission.23 The vice president and Algiers legislators presented the proposal for thenew charter schools to an invitation only group on October 5, 2005 without informing theOPSB.21 The vice president for Algiers schools emailed the proposal to board members the nightbefore the scheduled OPSB meeting, which was held on October 7, 2005. It was announced atthe OPSB meeting by New Orleans Governor Kathleen Blanco that charter schools were to bebuilt in New Orleans and

Conference Session

Assessment, Course, and Curricular Development

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Glenn T. Wrate P.E., Northern Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

parameters on the relay, connectingthe test leads, developing the test plan in the Doble software, and running the tests. Based onpreliminary feedback, the students also prefer this arrangement. The only drawback to this iscoordinating individual student testing times, since setup and running the tests can sometimestake two hours (more if the students run into problems).In the future, the plan is to add SEL-321 relays (already in the lab) along with a SEL-311 (in theprocess of being donated by a local utility), to match the protection schemes of local utilities.While this lab is similar to laboratories at some universities3, it does not have the advancedcommunication capabilities or other advanced features of some of the premier laboratories4, 5

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joyce B. Main, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University; Nichole Ramirez, Purdue University; Trina L. Fletcher, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jake Davis, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #11321Factors Associated with Student Participation in Cooperative Education Pro-grams (Co-Ops)Dr. Joyce B. Main, Purdue University, West Lafayette Joyce B. Main is an Assistant Professor in the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University. She holds a Ph.D. in Learning, Teaching, and Social Policy from Cornell University, and an Ed.M. in Administration, Planning, and Social Policy from the Harvard Graduate School of Education.Dr. Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University Matthew W. Ohland is Professor of Engineering Education at Purdue University. He has degrees from Swarthmore College, Rensselaer

Conference Session

Student Recruitment and Retention in ET Programs

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alka R Harriger, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Bradley C. Harriger, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

digital inputs, 4 digital relay outputs, 2 analog inputs and 2 analog outputs). 1 24 Volt Power Supply 2 I/O Expansion Modules (3 digital inputs and 4 digital relay outputs) 2 2 amp circuit breakers 10 Terminal Wiring Blocks 2 Screw drivers 1 Ferrule crimper with 2 small bags of ferrules. 1 Copy of Nanonavigator software (Free Web download) 1 $200 gift card for help in purchasing project items.The materials in the toolkit are valued at around $500.00. Additionally, they receive a $200 giftcard to purchase related materials for their planned project, such as

Conference Session

Fundamental: K-12 Students and Engineering Design Practices (Part 1)

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Molly H Goldstein, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mitch Zielinski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Robin Adams, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

undergraduate student in the School of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering at Purdue University, West Lafayette. He plans on pursuing an M.S. in dynamics and control of astronautical systems, but is interested in engineering education research as well.Dr. Robin Adams, Purdue University, West Lafayette Page 26.846.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 High School Students’ Ability to Balance Benefits & Tradeoffs while Engineering Green Buildings (Fundamental) AbstractThe ability to balance benefits and tradeoffs is

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kuosheng Ma, Southern Polytechnic State University ; Liang Hong, Tennessee State University; Kai Qian, Southern Polytechnic State University; Dan Lo, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

to learn course materials through the mobile enabled labware in anywhere they liked.Finally, they were confident and motivated to work on more advanced topics and variousapplications in mobile sensing systems developments.IV. Evaluation plan Page 24.1397.4With regards to evaluation of the leaning approach over the long term, we considered acomprehensive qualitative and quantitative evaluation plan to assess the project developmentsand progresses periodically; and gather evaluation results as on-going feedbacks fromparticipants to improve the project in the future. All evaluation criteria are designed focus on theimplementation progress, the

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre- College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Shultz, Drexel University; Daniel Edward Ueda, GRASP Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania; Jessica S Ward, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Adam K Fontecchio, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

further insight.&V. ConclusionIn this study, we implemented a series of lesson plans designed to provide students with hands-on programming and circuitry, while simultaneously teaching students about the growing field ofcybersecurity. This study makes a strong case for the use of Arduino-based lesson plans in thehigh school setting to teach cybersecurity concepts and generate interest in STEM andcybersecurity career paths. The authors found that the project discussed previously could befeasibly executed in the high school classroom, and yielded non-significant increases in STEMinterest as assessed by pre and post-survey in a group of 12th grade students already largelycommitted to pursuing careers in STEM-related fields. Despite this non

Conference Session

Interest and Movitation: Formulating New Paradigms to Increase URM Participation in Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Yatchmeneff, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Alaska Native Science & Engineering Program (ANSEP) Deputy Direc- tor and managed its Summer Bridge, Academies of Engineering, and University Success components. I earned a BS in Civil Engineering from University of Alaska Anchorage (UAA) in 2005 and a MS in En- gineering Management from UAA in 2009. I have taught the Introduction to Engineering course at UAA 5 times. I have more than five years of construction and engineering professional experience in Alaska. I specialized in water and sewer projects in remote Alaskan villages. My responsibilities have included design assistance, technical report and permit writing, feasibility studies, and business plan preparations. Previous work includes conceptual design of

Conference Session

Additive Manufacturing Practices

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marilyn Barger, FLATE: Florida Advanced Technological Education Center of Excellence; Richard Gilbert, University of South Florida; James Janisse, Fox Valley Technical College

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

basedlearning (“hands-on”) activity. To ensure successful production, it is necessary to plan theproduction process prior to manufacturing or making modifications to the product beforeproduction. The activities started with product design and ended with a fit, form and functionexercise as a final quality check. The four workshop modules were designed to mimic thefirst/front-end of a “product life cycle” which include initial product design stages includingmaterial selection, making a prototype, redesign, and production process development andfinally, production. Quality, functionality, size tests and checks are done during and between allthe phases of the process. A full life cycle would also include labeling, packaging, distributingand ultimate

Conference Session

Fundamental: Home, Parents, and Other Out-of-School Issues Related to K-12 and Pre-college Engineering Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brianna L Dorie, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

odd shaped package to an engineer. Along the waythey ponder who an engineer is, what they do, and where they work before eventuallymeeting up with a team of engineers. In particular, the focus of the storyline was upon thetake-away message that engineers make the world a better place through the process ofasking, imagining, planning, and creation to solve problems that are small or great whichis derived from the National Academy of Engineer’s report Changing the Conversation.9The text of the storyline allows the reader(s) to become an active player in a journey tofind the “engineer” through several artifacts and locations that illuminate aspects of theengineering occupation through what, where, who and why questions. In addition, thestorybook

Conference Session

Subjects in Renewable Energy and ET

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenan Baltaci, University of Wisconsin, Stout; Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University; Andy S. Peng, University of Wisconsin, Stout; Ulan Dakeev, University of Michigan, Flint

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

“Renewable Energy and Sustainability,” and to provide anassessment plan for the course. The proposed course is designed as general education course.This course does not have a prerequisite and is open to students from all majors as a generaleducation elective. The course uses a combination of lectures, reading discussions, case studies,and demonstrations. Class content includes an extensive review of various renewable energyresources, as well as an analysis of the economic, social, and environmental effects of renewableenergy systems. It also analyzes the effects of politics and government regulation of renewableenergy.IntroductionFor more than a century, human beings have relied on fossil fuel as a primary energy source.However, these conventional

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick A. Tebbe, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

calculations. Theseproblems are ideal for structuring problem based or cooperative learning activities around. Theproblems are based on actual real world issues encountered by engineering professionals at thelocations studied. Also, the Engaged material is currently structured for self-directed learningallowing students to proceed quickly to new information within the site and through outsidelinks.Currently, collaborators are being sought who will develop lesson plans that employ the Engagedin Thermodynamic material. These could take different forms, involve different teachingpedagogies, and be of short or long duration. It is intended to make these lesson plans availablethrough the website for others to use or adapt.AcknowledgementThis material is

Conference Session

Something New??? within Engineering Design Graphics Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Theodore J. Branoff, Illinois State University; Kevin L Devine, Illinois State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

prevalent in engineering design graphics, explainengineering design graphics instruction within the context of cultural-historical learning theory,and describe specific learning examples within this theory.Introduction / Review of LiteratureThe process engineering graphics educators use to design instruction, select course materials, andexecute an educational plan is influenced by many factors. Some educators instruct primarilyusing methods that they experienced as students. They use instructional strategies that havesuccessfully produced results over time. Others are reflective practitioners and ponder the theorythat motivates their classroom instruction. The learning theory they embrace informs the types ofinstructional strategies they use in the

Conference Session

Research on Design Learning

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Wegner, University of Michigan College of Engineering; Stefan M Turcic II, University of Michigan; Gail Hohner, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

development ofthese skills.We saw several themes emerge in the data. Although students identified a range of learningopportunities, the most common milestones originated from students’ courses, extracurricularactivities, mentorship opportunities, and team projects. From these milestones, we found avariety of professional skills and competencies identified as significant by the students:communication skills, navigating group dynamics, and planning/organization abilities are mostprominent. Finally, we noticed differences in the proportions of milestones and skills whenanalyzing other factors such as: sex, grade point average, citizenship status, minority identity

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yongpeng Zhang, Prairie View A&M University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

trajectory5. Along with the trend,several particular aspects have been sketched for the future scenario. (i) Distributed Generation: In recent years, new generation deployments have been shrinking in scale meanwhile dispersing geographically, driven by changes in policy, business models, and technologies3. Since planning

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Weizhao Zhao, University of Miami

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

of classes. Students’ engagements with the MITS/DATS systemalso show strong disparities from different level of classes.ConcernsBased on the outcomes and evaluations of different assessments, we summarize that thedeveloped internet-accessible teaching software (MITS/DATS) is convincingly suitable andapplicable for medical imaging education to undergraduates. We plan to scale up our currentMITS/DATS system to a new level to create a National Medical Imaging Education Portal. Wewill address the following concerned questions:Web-based Learning (Functions and Formats): Online teaching material can be establishedthrough a website, though the challenge is in the interactivity between instructor/student and theteaching material. Our prior NSF

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lash Mapa, Purdue University Calumet (College of Technology)

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

customer, marketing decisions, inalignment with general corporate goals and strategy. Commonly considered as a complex andknowledge demanding process, management of supply chain can interest significantly with theimplementation of RFID technology [1].RFID technology has grown to become a innovative element in supply chain management. RFIDis not just a substitution for barcodes. RFID ensures that accuracy in inventory control and realtime product information available to make decisions. It makes the supply chain significantlymore accurate and improves the reliability and efficiency of the entire chain. As real-timeinformation is made obtainable, planning and administration processes can be extensivelyimproved as well [1]. Applying RFID technology

Conference Session

Two Year College Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farzin Heidari, Texas A&M University, Kingsville

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

reference to create a sketch. to create a sketch.  Most of the times, just the  Orientation of the whole model is orientation of an individual part is assumed as the first step and then taken into consideration. individual part orientation is planned.  For mating the parts in an  Datum planes are used in all possible assembly, only the surfaces of the ways to define the mates in the adjacent parts are considered. assembly.  Less time taking comparatively.  Takes more time in planning but easily