Conference Session

Best in DEED

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Andrew Katz, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Isil Anakok, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Umair Shakir, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Homero Murzi, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

advantageous opportunity toprepare future engineers analytically, practically, and morally. Integrated ethics content canencourage students to practice “what is right to do and how will my decisions impact thesociotechnical and societal norms within society?” The process of seeking answers for thesequestions can help students to recognize the ethical and moral conflicts as a part of designproblems. In a complex design process, there are often conflicts, and these potential conflictsshould be considered simultaneously by design engineers [7].Researchers conceptualize the design process and propose moral reflections with distinctapproaches that are informed by empirical research in socio-technical contexts [6]. While someempirical studies look into

Collection

2011 North Midwest Section

Authors

P. B. Ravikumar

. Rationals form the lowest percentage in the general population (about 5 to 8%) which is reflected across all courses. Rationals are pragmatic, creative, problem solvers who are abstract in communicating and utilitarian in achieving goals. d. Artisans are the second largest segment of the general population (about 30 to 35%) after guardians. This ratio is much better reflected in the theater classes than the engineering/business classes where the lower percentage of artisans than the national average goes to somewhat make up the higher percentage of guardians than the national average. Artisans are concrete in communicating, utilitarian in achieving goals, and can bring creative ideas for teams.In

Conference Session

Bridging Content and Context in the Classroom

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Joel Alejandro Mejia, University of San Diego; Diana A. Chen, University of San Diego; Mark A. Chapman, University of San Diego; Bryce Fledderman, University of San Diego

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education, Equity

lower-division students to engineering as a sociotechnical discipline—that engineering is inherently political, and that we must understand our own stances asindividuals in conjunction with considering social impacts of our engineering [1]. In keeping withthe university mission, all graduates must complete two courses with the diversity, inclusion,and social justice (DISJ) university core flag, which seeks to help students develop critical self-reflection and the ability to analyze the complexities of social constructions in everyday life. As aresult of our campus environment, our version of User-Centered Design has evolved to beunique in its objective to cover topics including justice, power, intersectionality, and privilege andoppression

Conference Session

Advances in Additive, Hybrid, and Digital Manufacturing Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Robert Simoneau

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

, General Motors, and General Electric andmanufacturers in general [11] [12] [13]. The issues regarding the Boeing 737 Max are apowerful backdrop for faculty to highlight the distinction between perceived operating efficiencyand true productivity.2.0 Evolution of Operating Efficiency MeasurementIt may interest manufacturing engineering students that the root of operating efficiency has itsbeginning largely with the industrial revolution which began in England. As early as 1791Benjamin Franklin understood the need to contribute something of value to society each day withthe question, “What good shall I do today?” This was but one of Franklin’s 13 virtues. Hissentiment is reflected and shared by the Engineering Creed as well as the

Conference Session

Design Methodologies 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Alexander R. Murphy, Georgia Institute of Technology; Henry David Banks, James Madison University; Matt Robert Bohm, Florida Polytechnic University; Robert L. Nagel, James Madison University; Julie S. Linsey, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

based on our past experiences, cultural perspectives, innocuous misconceptions, orsubjective biases. Measuring these different mental models poses a unique challenge sinceconceptualizations are held in the mind and any description of them is simply a representation ofthe mental model and not the mental model itself; in other words, we are seeing a reflection ofthe mental model through a dirty mirror. In this work, the previously published instruments usedto elicit undergraduate students’ mental models [1-3] are deployed without intervention to makeprogress on validation of the instruments for future research studies, therefore cleaning thatmetaphorical mirror. Despite the impossibility of perfectly representing a mental model, thiswork takes a

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jeanna R. Wieselmann, Southern Methodist University; Elizabeth A. Ring-Whalen, St. Catherine University; Gillian Roehrig, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

at home.Some of the opportunities reflected more accurate conceptions of the work of engineers thanothers, but students often described key people who served as informal mentors in engineeringby inviting them to help with projects. Notably, these key individuals were often male familymembers: fathers, grandfathers, and uncles. No student provided an example of doing somethingthey saw as engineering with a female family member. Although boys referred to theseexperiences more often, they were not exclusive to boys. For example, one girl said, “Well, mygrandpa would do some of that [engineering] stuff too, and my dad, and so I would help themwith my dirt bike or my snowmobile and stuff. Because I’m like a tomboy, but I’m also a girlygirl too

Conference Session

NSF Grantees: Faculty Development 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Chrysanthe Demetry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Elizabeth Long Lingo, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Jeanine Lee McHugh Skorinko, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

on research [18] [19] [20].Women also are more likely to use student-centered teachingpractices [21] [22]. Moreover, women show greater commitment to community service in theirfaculty roles [23] and are more likely to pursue service as scholarship [24] [25] [26]. Park notesthat some responses to this gendered division of labor problematize women [17]. For example,women are often advised to become better at saying no to service requests in order to prioritizeresearch. She argues that such advice reflects sexist attitudes pervasive in our society thatundervalue nurturing tasks (child rearing, teaching, advising, mentoring) and communal servicetasks (departmental and institutional service) often undertaken by females. Moreover, Parkargues that

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Denise Wilson, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

scalesrepresenting academic challenge (higher order learning, reflective and integrative learning,learning strategies, and quantitative reasoning) and two scales representing experiences withfaculty (student-faculty interactions and effective teaching practices). The subscales associatedwith the latter set of indicators (experiences with faculty) are similar to faculty support andstudent-faculty interaction scales used in other research efforts. In contrast, the four subscalesassociated with academic challenge reflect what students actually do in their academic endeavorsby measuring time on task associated with the various skills that students use and develop duringtheir college experience [15].Studies which focus on the emotional aspects of engagement are

Conference Session

Biological and Agricultural Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Youngmi Kim, University of Wisconsin, River Falls

Tagged Divisions

Biological and Agricultural Engineering

experiments, and draw conclusions from the evidence. Inaddition, most of the students in the class indicated little or no previous exposure to PBL-basedlabs, which also contributed to this perception. However, the open-ended responses regardingwhat the students did or did not like about the labs reflected a consistent theme that students feltPBL provided a highly engaging, hands-on experience and that the lab activities were morerelevant to real-life problems. In terms of the time commitment required to complete each labmodule, some students stated that they preferred the modified lab structure (a multi-week labtask) to a weekly lab, because it provided them with a greater degree of flexibility in schedulingwith other team members to complete the lab

Conference Session

Capstone Design Practices

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Valerie Vanessa Bracho Perez, Florida International University; Anilegna Nuñez Abreu, Florida International University; Ameen Anwar Khan, Florida International University; Indhira María Hasbún, Virginia Tech; Alexandra Coso Strong, Florida International University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

. Given that engineering starts and endswith people, it may be helpful to have students reflect on the impacts of their design work onstakeholders and the environment at different phases within the design process. Lastly, this resultalso highlights the need for the broader engineering design curriculum within senior design andpossibly earlier required courses to examine how to better support students’ thinking about theimplications of engineering and its relationship to society.The lack of deep consideration for stakeholders seen in the preliminary results of this work inprogress is consistent with previous studies of students from a large public institution.Researchers found that learning activities focused on stakeholders supported students

Collection

2020 ASEE North Central Section conference

Authors

Ron Averill, Michigan State University; Geoffrey Recktenwald, Michigan State University; Sara Roccabianca, Michigan State University; Ricardo Mejia-Alvarez, Michigan State University

and reflecting on what ‘reasonable’ answers look like. Ifan exam has un-realistic answers (e.g. a Factor of Safety of 0.0004 or 100000), then the examwill not help students build intuition.Exam Grading ProcessFrequent exams imply a high volume of grading under traditional grading strategies. To makethis activity more manageable and to add even greater value to the testing process, weimplemented a different process for grading exams.Below are the steps of the examination and grading process we now use for large sophomore andjunior level mechanics courses. The number of steps may seem high, but the net effect of thisapproach is a significant reduction in total time spent to create and grade exams. The biggestbenefits, though, may be in student

Collection

2020 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Cody Crosby; Anita Patrick; Margo Cousins; Laura Suggs; Mia Markey

the mandatory logbooks were an excellent opportunity for reflection on the previous week’s work. Yet not all feedback was positive. The students had two main criticisms: (1) the poster-making seminar was undermined by the Proceedings of the 2020 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference University of New Mexico, Albuquerque Copyright © 2020, American Society for Engineering Education 8 different poster preferences of each lab, and (2) they would prefer even more information on the graduate school application process.III. Effectiveness of Bootcamps. The students enjoyed the tissue culture and

Collection

Proceedings of the 2020 ASEE PSW Section Conference, canceled

Authors

Grace Gius, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo; Ahmed Osman; Maggie Rose Nevrly, Cal Poly SLO; Benjamin David Lutz, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Topics

Diversity

and BackgroundDespite decades of targeted effort and resources, women remain dramatically underrepresentedin engineering fields (Yoder, 2012) and this underrepresentation can lead to a number ormarginalizing experiences. Researchers have demonstrated the ways in which masculine normsand values are reflected in engineering practice and therefore code the discipline as male(Dryburgh, 1999; Secules, 2019). At the same time, technical/social dualisms map intomale/female binaries in ways that inform and support beliefs about what counts as engineeringwork and what is peripheral to the practice (Faulkner, 2000, 2007). These factors combine towhat amounts for an unwelcoming or chilly climate for women in most engineering fields(Ambrose, Bridges

Conference Session

Efforts to Understand and Support Students' Socioemotional Factors

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Matilde Luz Sanchez-Pena, University at Buffalo; Nichole Ramirez, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Xinrui (rose) Xu, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Douglas B. Samuel, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

through the processes of social categorization, social identification, and social comparison. These processesFigure 1. System of analysis and theoretical framing considered result in a division of in-groups and out-groups which helpsenhance self-image. Social identities can be positive or negative; the latter reflect elements thatdo not comply with societal expectations. Because of the multiple spaces where we

Conference Session

Assessment in Multidisciplinary Learning Environment

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Haolin Zhu, Arizona State University; Amy Trowbridge, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

new hands-on multidisciplinary introduction to engineering course, a unique introduction to engineering MOOC, and another MOOC focused on exploring global challenges from an interdisciplinary perspective. She is interested in curricular and co-curricular experiences that broaden students’ perspectives and enhance student learning, and values students’ use of Digital Portfo- lios to reflect on and showcase their accomplishments. Amy earned her Master’s degree in Biomedical Engineering from Arizona State University (ASU), and is currently pursuing her PhD in Engineering Education Systems and Design. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Work

Collection

CoED

Authors

Bahaa Ansaf; Neb Jaksic

approach are reflected through the students’ successful completion of the project activities; in addition, the students learned how to use a single computer-aided design (CAD) package to engage in an advanced design and manufacturing analysis which is valued in industry as well as to solve difficult engineering problems. Besides that, the students gained lifelong learning and communication skills through micro-lecture preparations and presentations. In this work, in addition to the students’ performance in the course assignments, a pre- and post-course evaluation

Collection

2013 North Midwest Section Meeting

Authors

Charles McIntyre

course content. 66.7 25.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 | College 4.072 0.807 5789 | University 4.094 0.870 42537------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------In addition to the six (6) standard questions, instructors are permitted to ask additional ratingquestions on the SROI. For CM&E 111 an additional ten (10) rating questions were generated.These questions were provided to the students a week before the administering the SROI so thatthe students had an opportunity to reflect on their learning. These ten (10) supplementalquestions directly relate to

Conference Session

Diversity Research - Session I

Collection

2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference

Authors

Jacklin Stonewall, Iowa State University; Michael Dorneich, Iowa State University; Cassandra Dorius; Jane Rongerude PhD, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Diversity Research

, negatively impact the instructors [10]. Assessments can foster the development ofway people perceive members of disadvantaged groups. autonomy and maturity, as well as improve social andUnfortunately, biases often extend into the classroom professional skills [11]. The process also encourages self-environment [1], [2]. In one academic year, 38% of professors reflection and deeper understanding of the material, whichsurveyed perceived an act of bias in their classes [2]. In small may lead to improved retention and confidence [12]. Givengroup learning classrooms, these biases have been shown to the increasing prevalence of small group learning and amanifest in many ways

Conference Session

Disability Track - Technical Session IV

Collection

2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference

Authors

Cassandra J. Groen, Virginia Tech; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech; Denise Rutledge Simmons P.E., Virginia Tech; Ashley Shew, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Disability

Virginia Tech, where she also serves as Director of the Center for Research in SEAD Education at the Institute for Creativity, Arts, and Technology (ICAT). Her research interests include interdisciplinary collaboration, design education, communication studies, identity theory and reflective practice. Projects supported by the National Science Foundation include exploring disciplines as cultures, liberatory maker spaces, and a RED grant to increase pathways in ECE for the professional formation of engineers.Dr. Denise Rutledge Simmons P.E., Virginia Tech Denise R. Simmons, Ph.D., PE, LEED-AP, is an assistant professor in the Myers-Lawson School of Con- struction and in the Department of Civil & Environmental

Conference Session

Writing and Communication

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amanda Simson, University of New Haven; Judy Randi Ed.D., University of New Haven; Amanda Lynn Becker, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

writinginstructor present. The techniques were evaluated primarily by student reflection at the end of thesemester. Additionally, student writing assignments were evaluated to determine students’performance on selected writing tasks. Table 1 describes the writing tasks assigned throughoutthe course.Table 1: Assignments given in the Fall 2016 course Laboratory Module Assignments (all technical memos) Temperature Sensing Experiment Individually written Technical Memo (1 week turn around) Individually written revision (1 week turn around) Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Group-written Planning Report (1 week turn around) and

Conference Session

Awareness, Expectations, and Recognition of Ethics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rockwell Franklin Clancy III, University of Michigan, Shanghai Jiao Tong Joint Institute; Joanna Ruth Sessford, The Sino-British College, USST; Longfei An, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Yan Ge, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

actions of engineers and the technologies for which they are responsible,giving priority to public safety in normative endeavors to define right and wrong within the fieldof engineering.These tendencies are reflected in the emphases of various engineering ethical codes, where avariety of ideals and rules for action are outlined, aimed at and applying to the individualengineer.2,3,4,5,6,7 This orientation could be described as “micro-ethics,” aimed at fostering thecapacities of individual engineers to engage in ethical reflection, decision-making, and action. Inrecent years, the focus of engineering ethics has expanded, encompassing the responsibilities ofprofessional and social organizations, “macro-ethics.”8,9 This shift has raised and

Conference Session

Work-in-Progress Oral Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louis Reis, Louisiana Tech University; Katie A. Evans, Louisiana Tech University; Dexter Cahoy, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

, group C was assigned paper homework and group D wasassigned WeBWorK.On the day of the quiz, homework was collected at the start of the class period. To ensure thatquiz score would reflect the student’s understanding gained from the homework, both instructorsrefrained from answering any questions prior to and during the short 10-20 minute quiz(instructors could clarify problem statements but refrained from giving hints during the quiz).The quizzes were graded by a common third-party (neither instructor) grader under a specificcommon rubric. The grader had no previous knowledge of which test groups students belongedto during the grading of the quizzes. To verify the effects of either homework format on quizgrades, any quiz grades belonging to

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session II - Curriculum II

Collection

2017 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Sigrid -- Berka, University of Rhode Island; Anett Geithner, University of Rhode Island; DAAD; Eric Kaldor, University of Rhode Island; Scott Streiner, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Topics

Main Forum (Podium Presentation)

directors through the spring/summer “internship course” whichallowed them to critically reflect on the experience while they were in it by writing reports,producing videos or engaging in interactive peer-to-peer assignments in the target language -- allof these components of curricular design and faculty intervention during the students’ year abroadmake out the background and most likely key to the success behind the seniors’ high interculturalgains and later on also career success10.An additional key element that may have played a role in the students’ high GPI scores is thesequence of a voluntary faculty-led short-term trip abroad prefacing their year-long independentsojourn. The short-term tour plays a significant role in engineering student

Conference Session

Practical Teaching in Manufacturing

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel J. Waldorf, California Polytechnic State University; Trian M. Georgeou, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

different offerings of the same course, butoccasionally significant changes in the exam are reflected in changing scores (see, for example,IME 330 final exam). The authors intend to continue using this assessment tool to track studentprogression towards GD&T mastery throughout the curriculum. The data can serve as anindicator of the effects of any system changes (instructor, course activity, prerequisite orsequence, etc.) as well as monitor general improvement or decline in performance.Of course, exam questions are not the only way to assess the effectiveness of the new integratedeffort. Some of the inspiration for the effort began in the job offerings, job descriptions, and jobinterviews that students and instructors have been seeing more of

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amelia Chesley, Purdue University; Nathan Mentzer, Purdue University - West Lafayette; Andrew Jackson, Purdue University - West Lafayette; Dawn Laux; Max Renner, Purdue Polytechnic Institute, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

reflect high hopes and some ambitionand excitement. Those that feel most positively report holding regular meetings with theinstructors in their trio. Most instructors indicated that their students seemed incrediblycomfortable with their classmates, which indicates that the integrated classes are contributing tomore connectedness among those enrolled. Of 14 instructors (7 from English, 4 fromCommunication, and 3 from Technology) who responded to the final journal prompts, 10instructors indicated that teaching an integrated course like this one was pedagogically sound andrewarding in some fashion, either for themselves or for their students. These 10 instructors (5from English, 3 from Technology, and 2 from Communication) all expressed willingness

Conference Session

Issues in Academic Integrity and the Value of Portfolios, Case Studies, and Supportive Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine T. Amelink, Virginia Tech; Benjamin David Lutz, Virginia Tech; Marvin K. Karugarama, Virginia Tech; John J. Lesko, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

summer bridge program was to smooth the transition for incoming engineeringgraduate students who were both demographically underrepresented and matriculating from a differentundergraduate university. Given the unique challenges these individuals face upon entering this newcontext, the experiences of past graduate students were leveraged to inform the development of thesummer bridge. A group of current engineering graduate students who were primarily fromunderrepresented groups (i.e., women and racial/ethnic minorities) identified key areas where graduatestudents new to the university (i.e., those matriculating from a different undergraduate program) mightbe disadvantaged and need further support. Through personal reflection and discussion with

Conference Session

Innovative Instructional Strategies for Integrating Sustainability

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abbie B Liel P.E., University of Colorado, Boulder; Sarah J. Welsh-Huggins, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

regulations (writing assignment 2), withpersonal opinions and reactions to the case, offering time for reflection of some of the conceptsexplored in the class. This combination (sometimes more elegantly achieved than others) isexemplified by this submission to the forensic engineering assignment: These improvements are relatively inexpensive from an economical point of view… the state will definitely not be happy with these extra expenses, so this is controversial… the construction team could be at a high risk of losing their engineering license and the media will most likely stir up some harsh and unnecessary labels to them…This student is reflecting on many of the case study’s key ideas, but struggling to articulate hisideas

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 7: Experiential Learning

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexandria Steiner, University of Michigan; Laura Hirshfield, University of Michigan; Cynthia J. Finelli, University of Michigan; Debbie Chachra, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

confidence or self-efficacy.This study focuses on students enrolled in first-year project-based engineering courses at a largepublic university in the Midwestern United States. A mixed-methods approach was used for datacollection and analysis. Pre- and post-course surveys were administered to collect informationabout student demographics and personalities and to measure the students’ engineeringconfidence and self-efficacy. Students were also asked to record the amount of time they spenteach week on different tasks (e.g., project management, using CAD software, communication,and working on written reports) in an Activity Log. Post-course interviews were conducted toallow students to reflect about their team experiences during the semester.Our

Conference Session

The Philosophy of Engineering and Technological Literacy

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan S Weedon, Case Western Reserve University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

, pounds, and feet) into more computable units for wind force. The display on thewhiteboard reflects back to the participants that their task cannot continue as it had beenaccomplished up to the present moment. The goal of calculating was impeded by the variousunits of measurement, which Bob saw, recognized, and decided to have changed. For theparticipants, the whiteboard “structures mutual orientation to a shared interactional space” 12. Itbrings the group’s attention to a space where everyone can see the agreed-upon record of thegroup’s activity and appraise its progress in satisfying the task. Bob noticed the impediment andacted in a way to further the group’s desired activity. He refined the equation to make simplercomputations. The

Conference Session

Insights for Teaching ECE Courses - Session I

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Clint Kohl, Cedarville University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

utilizes a 2.2nF capacitor in series with an IR phototransistor that conditionally discharges the capacitor proportionally to the amount of reflected IRlight it receives (which has been reflected back from its surroundings). Figure 14 shows theschematic for these IR sensors. Figure 14. IR photo transistors and IR emitters used in the front, left & center sensors.By making the bidirectional pin an output for one-half of the cycle, the capacitor is charged to alogic high. Then, the bidirectional pin is changed to an input, and the IR photo transistordischarges the capacitor. This time of discharge is measured using counters inside the CPLD andhas proven to be stable and accurate. Calibration is needed and the students are required toprovide