Conference Session

Experiential Learning in ECE

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Peyton Jones, Villanova University; Connor W. McArthur, Villanova University; Tyler A. Young, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Figure 1. The LEGO MindStorms NXT brick and associated peripheralstarget hardware, and finally to tune system parameters while the code is actually running on thetarget. This development cycle is both practical and educational and is widely used in industry.Specifically, these tools include MicroSoft Robotics Studio (MSRS), LabView from NationalInstruments, and Matlab / Simulink from the Mathworks. The Matlab / Simulink environmentwhich is arguably the most pervasive in the STEM community, is already tightly integrated intothe research activities and educational curriculum at Villanova University and other institutions.Simulink was therefore chosen as the design environment for the project.The use of Matlab and Simulink for educational robotics

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Merredith D. Portsmore, Tufts University; Jessica Watkins, Vanderbilt University; Rebecca Deborah Swanson, Tufts Center for Engineering Education and Outreach

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

science for adults and youth, and pre-service elementary teaching in informal science learning environments. Dr. Swanson received her PhD in Curriculum and Instruction in Science Education from the University of Colorado Boulder, and a BA in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology from University of California, Santa Cruz. Prior to graduate school, she was an elementary science educator for a small children’s science center in California. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Exploring how engaging in-service teachers in authentic engineering design tasks refine their understanding of engineering design (Work In Progress)Introduction and BackgroundAs K-12 engineering education

Conference Session

Student Perceptions of Self-efficacy, Success, and Identity

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Isabel Hilliger P.E., Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Constanza Melian, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Javiera Meza, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Gonzalo Cortés, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Jorge A. Baier, Pontificia Universidad Catholica de Chile

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #30658WIP: What Makes Courses Demanding in Engineering Education? ACombination of Mixed Methods and Grounded Theory ResearchMiss Isabel Hilliger P.E., Pontificia Universidad Catholica de Chile Isabel Hilliger is the Associate Director for Assessment and Evaluation at the Engineering Education Division in Pontificia Universidad Cat´olica de Chile (UC). Isabel received a BEng from UC and an MA in Education Policy from Stanford University. She is currently a PhD Candidate in Computer Science at UC-Engineering. Her research theme is the use of methodologies and analytical tools for continuous curriculum improvement

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ghina Absi, Vanderbilt University; Emily Williams Van Schaack, Vanderbilt University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

., "Integrating Innovation and Entrepreneurship Principles into the Civil Engineering Curriculum," J. Prof. Issues Eng. Educ. Pract,, vol. 141, no. 3, 2025.[6] KFF, "The Kern Family Foundation," 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.kffdn.org.[7] G. Michelsen, "Sustainable Development as a Challenge for Undergraduate Students: The Module 'Science Bears Responsibility' in the Leuphana Bachelor's Programme Commentary on "A Case Study of Teaching Social Responsibility to Doctoral Students in the Climate Sciences""," Sci. Eng. Ethics, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1505-1511, 2013.[8] G. S. a. S. Srinivasan, "Integration of Ethics, Sustainability, and Social Responsibility Components in an Undergraduate Engineering

Conference Session

Non-Technical Skills in ET

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Robertson, Arizona State University; Richard Newman, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

was easy to replicate in an academic department. Componentswere cheap and the design skills were well-suited to undergraduate teaching in anyElectronics Technology department. However, electronics in that form has effectivelydisappeared so the provocative question is, “how have the discipline skills being taught inhigher education institutions changed to match the new generation of job requirements?”The technology change has been driven by the effects of increasing integration ofelectronic functions on silicon. The inexorable progress of Moore’s law 1 has allowed arelatively small number of companies around the world to produce powerful electronicfunctions that deliver super-computer performance on a single chip. The product is alsodelivered

Conference Session

Involving Undergraduates in Research

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tarek Abdoun, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Usama El Shamy P.E., Southern Methodist University; Anthony Tessari; Victoria Bennett, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; John E Lawler, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Page 23.918.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Multi-Institutional Physical Modeling Learning Environment for Geotechnical Engineering EducationAbstractThis paper discusses the preparation and pre-evaluation for the development and implementationof an educational module that integrates major remote research facilities into undergraduateclasses. The developed educational module incorporates state-of-the-art experimental tools(geotechnical centrifuge) into the undergraduate education curriculum via web-basedtechnologies that enable real-time video monitoring, tele-control, and shared execution ofexperiments. The students' activities within the developed module are

Conference Session

Software Applications in ET Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Omer Farook, Purdue University Calumet (College of Technology); Jai P Agrawal, Purdue University, Calumet (College of Technology); Ashfaq Ahmed, Purdue University Calumet (College of Technology); Athula Kulatunga, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Naveen Kumar Koyi, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Hassan Abdullah Alibrahim, Purdue University Calumet; Mohammad Almenaies, Purdue University, Calumet

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

(SOC) devices(BeagleBone Black1 and Raspberry PI2) that were essentially capable of performing all the dutiesof a computer on a single chip. The need to go beyond the basics of providing an introductorycourse in the microprocessor or microcontroller in Engineering and Engineering Technologytype curriculums has long been overdue. The subject matter covered in System Design hasmatured to the extent that it has been the subject of curriculum content in the form of two ormore courses in most of the universities. The subject course which is the subject of this paper is a400 level course in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology Department. This ispreceded by two courses: 1) a C or C++, programming course, that covers the C or C

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Eric Campbell; Yolanda Guran

31997 Annual Conference Proceedings_____________________________________________a. First term : Introduction to ASIC DesignThe principal objectives of the first term course (Introduction in ASIC Design), are as follows:a. To give students a clear understanding of what they are going to design and how.b. To give students an overall perspective of the field of chip design, industry status and trends.Two textbooks are recommended for use in this course:1. John Uyemura - Physical Design of CMOS Integrated Circuits, PWS 1995, and2. John Huber, Mark Rosnek - Successful ASIC Design the First Time Through ,Van NostrandReinhold 1991.The course outline is presented below, :1. Introduction to Physical Layout of CMOS Integrated Circuits 12

Conference Session

Teaching Strategies in Graphics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony Dean, Old Dominion University; Moustafa Moustafa, Old Dominion University; Julie Moustafa, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

drafting and design.Optimally, the program will take the input gathered from employers and use thatinformation to refine the program into a seamlessly integrated process where the studentis challenged in every course to rise to the highest level of performance in a real-worldscenario based curriculum. Typically, the problems presented to employees in the real Page 12.1538.6world are ill structured problems with multiple unknown variable and no clearprototypical solutions. Jonassen (2000), in dealing with designing instruction for illstructured problems recommends a systematic approach to designing instruction in thisparticular case. First, begin with

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

K. Jo Min, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; John Jackman, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Zhuoyi Zhao, Iowa State University of Science and Technology

learning gains, we will extend our study to tactile aids for the (Q, r) model.Tactile aids have been a useful tool to help students understand abstract concepts. For example,the crocheting of hyperbolic planes has been successfully used in many high school and collegegeometry classrooms for decades [9]. Moreover, even though deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)structure is not directly observable, the corresponding tactile aids have been widely applied inbiology, medicine, and health sciences [10, 11]. We will continue searching for alternative tactileaids as teaching tools for better learning outcomes considering the abstract concepts are oftenconfusing [12].Inspired by classical integration calculus, tactile aids have been explored in [13]. As an

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeritt Williams, Illinois State University; Jaby Mohammed, Illinois State University

Using Logisim-Evolution and Basys 3Teachers in undergraduate programs often find it challenging to engage with students so thatmaterials and knowledge related to the subject matter are communicated in an efficient andmeaningful way. To address the effectiveness of knowledge transfer and to make the DigitalElectronics (DE) classroom experience more productive, several pedagogical approaches such asactive learning with a hands-on approach, scaffolding, project-based learning, authentic and real-world learning, simulation within the classroom environment, and teamwork have been found tobe effective [1]-[4]. Additionally, recent advances in technological tools have createdopportunities for a flexible curriculum that serves the

Conference Session

Professional Skills for Graduate Students

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Holloway, Purdue University, West Lafayette; David F. Radcliffe, Swinburne University of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

- Note: for both ABET lists, almost solving, communication, and everything is an “ability”. teamwork). 3. Engineer of 2020 2020 list is short and concise, trade- 3. Have successfully brought off with no context, which is about change in the curriculum assumed. Pushes attributes beyond (except TUEE which is brand ABET. new). 4. ASEE TUEE TUEE differentiates between knowledge, skills, and abilities (although many are still “abilities”. Prioritizes list.3 Survey of Proposals Globally for Reform of the

Conference Session

Lab Experiments in Materials Science

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Terry Creasy; Richard Griffin

. Page 7.785.2“Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyrightã 2002, American Society for Engineering Education.Casting- the components are produced by green sand casting, and cast in aluminum. An exampleof the finished mold after pouring is shown in Figure 4. a) b) c) d)Figure 2. Solidworks models. a) Detail of bevel gear, b) Mounting pins integrated with blank, c) Isometric view of the gear, d) Gates and runners. Figure 3. a. Gears. b. Gates and runners. Figure 4. Castings after pouring

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Industrial Technology

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ranjeet Agarwala, East Carolina University; Tarek Abdel-Salam; Mohammed Faruqi, Texas A&M University-Kingsville

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Instruction.The students had a positive rating for the delivery of instruction. Overall, the students feltthat the Instructor did very well (greater than 6.5) in all elements of instruction. But themost important feedback as depicted figure 4, suggests that the students rated thelaboratory instruction higher than lecture. These results validate the strengths that thelaboratory based components bring to a curriculum thereby enhancing student learningexperience.At the end of each semester each instructor in the department completes a courseimprovement summary log to create an archival record of how each course competencieswere accomplished and how improvement will be made for subsequent offerings of thecourse. Table 4 summarizes the problems identified

Conference Session

Instructional Technology in CE 2

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

John Kemeny

Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, Albuquerque, NM, Paper752, American Society for Engineering Education.2. Kemeny, J. and B. Zeitler. 2001. “An approach to distance-learning courses based on streaming audio and vectorgraphics”, 2001, Computers and Geosciences, 27:1119-1121.3. URL: www.grow.arizona.edu4. Kemeny, J., Poulton, M. & Zeitler, B., NATS 101: A Geo-engineering general education course withsynchronous web and classroom delivery. Proceedings of the ASEE Pacific Southwest Section Spring Conference,University of Arizona (2000).5. URL: http://www.armarocks.org6. Poulton, M & Kemeny, J. A model for integrating technical preceptors in the classroom. In J.Miller, J. Groccia,M Miller (eds), Student Assisted Teaching: A

Conference Session

Student Engagement, Socioemotional Needs, and Social Support During Pandemic

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University; Stephanie Cutler, Pennsylvania State University; Sam Spiegel, Colorado School of Mines; Deb Jordan, Colorado School of Mines; Ariana C. Vasquez, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

company and as founding Director of the Center for Integrating Research & Learning (CIRL) at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University. Under Dr. Spiegel’s leadership, the CIRL matured into a thriving Center recognized as one of the leading National Science Foundation Laboratories for activities to promote science, mathematics, and technology (STEM) education. While at Florida State University, Dr. Spiegel also directed an award winning teacher enhancement program for middle grades science teachers, entitled Science For Early Adolescence Teachers (Science FEAT). His extensive background in science education includes experiences as both a middle school and high school science teacher

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ramsey George Jabaji, University of Maryland, College Park; Shannon Hayes Buenaflor, University of Maryland, College Park; Brian Farrington Dillehay, University of Maryland, College Park; Rebecca Z. Kenemuth, University of Maryland, College Park; Elizabeth Kurban, University of Maryland, College Park; Paige E. Smith, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

encourage greater engagement for all students.More effort and attention should be placed in future onboarding efforts to highlight theimportance of active engineering engagement and the benefits of seeking support from peers,engineering faculty, and staff.References[1] C. Clark, “Diversity initiatives in higher education: Intergroup dialogue as pedagogy acrossthe curriculum,” Multicultural Education, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 51, 2005.[2] A. B. Dessel and N. Rodenborg, “An evaluation of intergroup dialogue pedagogy:Addressing segregation and developing cultural competency,” Journal of Social WorkEducation, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 222-239, 2017.[3] A. Dessel, M. Rogge, and S. Garlington, “Using intergroup dialogue to promote social justiceand change,” Social

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Ken Vickers; Ron Foster; Greg Salamo

). • Creating an industrial style two-day creativity and innovation-training event at the end of each summer to enhance student expectations of themselves and to rapidly integrate new students into the microEP community (Summer Camp). • Scheduling of routine external socialization events for continuing enhancement of the natural workgroup community. • Introducing entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial skills through the creation of a specific course (MGMT 5383 Intra/entrepreneurism of Technology). • Practicing entrepreneurial skills through application of theoretical knowledge in assessing current research for commercialization potential. • Creating and/or improving student interpersonal

Conference Session

Works in Progress I

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malini Natarajarathinam, Texas A&M University; Lei Xie, Texas A&M University; Michael Beyerlein, Texas A&M University; Rodney Boehm, Texas A&M University; Jill Zarestky, Colorado State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

), and Rockwell International. He earned both his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in electrical engineering at Texas A&M University.Dr. Jill Zarestky, Colorado State University Jill Zarestky, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor of Adult Education and Training in the School of Education at Colorado State University. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Engagement in Practice: Engaging Undergraduate Students in a Multidisciplinary Service-Learning EnvironmentBackground and motivationIn today’s integrated society, professionals and students alike rarely work solely with membersof their own discipline and must learn to work collaboratively with others to solve

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Roger Hadgraft; Mike Xie

havebeen:• Identification of graduate capabilities as the focus of student learning.• A focus on the whole lifecycle of an infrastructure facility, rather than on detailed design.• Use of sustainability principles as key to decision making for civil engineers.• Creation of a stream of Engineering Practice courses to provide integration of the content in each semester.• Recognition of team teaching as an essential ingredient in integrating the curriculum around the Engineering Practice courses.• Use of team-based, project-based learning plus year themes as means to develop graduate Page 9.306.7 capabilities in a staged approach

Conference Session

Design Thinking and Student Design Teams

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea Hemmerich, McMaster University; Monica De Paoli, McMaster University; Robert V. Fleisig, McMaster University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

course and an undergraduate science course. Participants describedtheir values and motivations in relation to their learning though stories about specific aspects ofthe course curriculum. An empathy map, a design thinking tool, was used by investigators toanalyze each interview, identifying needs and insights about students’ engagement in eachcourse. Based on this initial understanding of student learning challenges, researchers generatedideas to improve learning. Participants were then invited to join small focus group discussions toshare their feedback and contribute their own ideas on the reimagined learning experience.From researchers’ reflections and collaborative discussions, three themes emerged in relation tofundamental learning problems

Conference Session

Educational Strategies in Architectural Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shahnaz J. Aly, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

19th century” [3]. While computer development began in the 1940s,the CAD industry began to take shape in the 1960s [3], [4]. The use of CAD became widespreadin architectural practice in the 1990s. Initially CAD was mainly used for 2D drafting, “emulatingtraditional hand drafting practices” [3] while at the same time enabling editing and revisions ofdrawings without the need to redo the entire drawing [5]. With advancements in research inindustry as well as universities CAD evolved to 3D using wireframe geometry [3]. Thewidespread use of CAD in industry has led to training in CAD tools becoming an integral part ofarchitecture and engineering curricula.According to Andia, computers affected architectural education in five distinct ways that

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

James Bowen

been seen by the Civil Engineering faculty as a way of improving thestudents’ skills in logical reasoning, application of technical knowledge, and quantitativeproblem solving. But teaching programming in the “Introduction to Civil Engineering” coursehas always posed a dilemma for the faculty. A primary objective of this course is to retainexisting Civil students and attract other students who have yet to choose an engineering major,yet many of these students find traditional programming instruction to be dry, boring, andirrelevant to Civil Engineering. In an effort to make programming instruction more relevant,interesting, and engaging, students now write MATLAB programs as an integral part of astructural design project where groups of

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS) Technical Session_Tuesday June 27, 9:15 - 10:45

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tori Wagner, University of Connecticut; Landon Bassett, University of Connecticut; Jennifer Pascal, University of Connecticut; Daniel D. Burkey, University of Connecticut; Scott Streiner, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS)

they are at the post-conventional level of moral development, this may suggest thatthey are able to make moral judgments based on abstract principles and values [8]. In this case,an ethics education program may focus on helping students to deepen their understanding ofthese principles and apply them in a variety of different contexts.To assess our current ethics education curriculum, we used the EERI as a pre-test and a post-test.The pre-test was intended to assess students' baseline knowledge and understanding of ethicalprinciples, while the post-test was administered after students completed an ethics educationprogram. We used the EERI to assess students’ growth in engineering ethics understanding atboth the course and program level to

Conference Session

Basic Concepts in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Neelam Soundarajan, Ohio State University; Rajiv Ramnath, Ohio State University; Bruce W. Weide, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

. This is notsurprising given the potential rewards of a successful entrepreneurial career both with respect toallowing entrepreneurs the freedom to pursue their own ideas and visions as well as with respect tothe potential for large material rewards. But how do we nurture students to become successful en-trepreneurs? In this paper, we report on an innovative program at the authors’ institution, designedto nurture students to become IT entrepreneurs. While the program builds on the experiences ofother programs, it includes a number of novel components that are integrated together in an un-usual manner to interlock and complement each other.1. IntroductionIt is widely accepted that entrepreneurship is the engine that drives the American economy

Conference Session

Mobile Robotics in Education

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

R. Stephen Dannelly; Carl Steidley

Session 1320 Robots and Search Algorithms: Real-World Applications for Students R. Stephen Dannelly, Carl W. Steidley, Mario A. Garcia, and Sreevani Pelala Texas A&M University Corpus ChristiAbstractFrequently in the Computer Science curriculum we introduce topics in an abstract fashion inwhich the abstraction seems perfectly straightforward as well as easily implementable tostudents. Such is the topic of search. Generally, the topic of search is introduced to students asearly as the data structures course where the student is introduced to various algorithms for thesearch of tree structures. In this light

Conference Session

Measuring Learning in Statics & Dynamics

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ning Fang, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

instructional tool to assess student conceptual understanding in a variety of academicdisciplines 3-6, including engineering 7, 8. For example, Robert et al. 7 employed concept maps toassess student learning in an undergraduate civil and environmental engineering course. Thecourse aimed to develop student understanding of infrastructure and interconnected systems inthe civil and environmental engineering course curriculum. Watson et al. 8 employed conceptmaps to assess student sustainability knowledge. Their ultimate goal was to incorporatesustainability into engineering curricula.A significant amount of research has been conducted to study how to use concept maps toenhance teaching, learning, and assessment in various courses 9-11, including

Conference Session

Teaching Strategies in Graphics

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Theodore Branoff; Nathan Hartman

delivery, although it is influenced by the learning theory to which the instructorsubscribes. Examples might include cooperative learning, direct instruction or lecturing,advanced organizers, or project-based learning. In addition, instructional strategies may not beapplicable to all learning environments. They are dependent on subject area, grade level, age, andclassroom setting, while learning theories are independent of these variables 2. A learning theoryis “a systematic integrated outlook in regard to the nature of the process whereby people relate totheir environments in such a way as to enhance their ability to use both themselves and theirenvironments in a most effective way” 3.Several authors have expounded on the necessity of curriculum

Conference Session

Course Transformation in ECE

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie A. Claussen, Colorado School of Mines; Jessica Mary Smith, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

technology, energy consumption)  Define clear, achievable objectives for the development of a semiconductor device, articulate how these objectives are informed by CSR considerations, and develop sufficient criteria for assessing your design  Integrate social and technical considerations into your design of a semiconductor device for sale by a corporation  Justify their work to multiple external audiencesThere were three project deliverables that were turned in during the final week of the semester.These included a design memo written to an engineering manager, a summary of their work to beincluded in the company’s annual CSR report or website, and a presentation to Peach’s Board ofDirectors. The design memo needed

Conference Session

Computers in Education Poster Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Michael Ward; Eugene Simmons; Michael Doran

-intelligent robots was desired to build upon prior elements created for the repository. Thecourse would be created to combine a theory-based component, building on AI and othercourses, with a hands-on hardware component.Methodology: Course Concepts: The course topics were selected to build on the prior knowledge of the students from theAI course and other related courses in the curriculum. An understanding of these topics wouldalso be necessary to make a robot perform the desired tasks in the obstacle course. Some of thetopics covered included: the history of robots, applications of robotics, definitions associatedwith robotics, use of sensors, data gathering/interpretation, use of actuators, navigation,landmarks, learning and adaptive