Conference Session

Classes in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhang Fenzhi, Aalborg University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

questions were as follows: (1) how learning trajectories were related withconflicts and innovation competency from students’ perspective? (2) how learningtrajectories were related with conflicts and innovation competency from academic staff’sperspectives? (3) how students and academic staff’s perspectives were similar and differentfrom the literatures? Besides providing a brief literature review, we collected empiricaldata by one-year observation and 14 interviews in one engineering master program,Environment Management, at +++ University, Denmark. The empirical findings displaydiverse views on conflicts in relation to innovation competency from both students andacademic staff’s statement, which reminded educators to reflect the use

Conference Session

Novel Pedagogies 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Cutler, Virginia Tech; Maura J. Borrego, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

that are necessary for fidelity. In this study, we will refer to them as criticalcomponents.Mowbray and coworkers[12] reviewed the literature on fidelity of implementation to identifycommon steps used to establish, measure, and validate the fidelity criteria of an innovation.Author et al. developed a list of critical components using Mowbray et al. as a framework. Theliterature and a panel of experts with experience in the development and implementation of RBISwere consulted to create a list of critical components for each RBIS. A full list of RBIS andcritical components can be found in Appendix A (Note: Having students “Participate in activitiesthat engage them in course content through reflection and/or interaction with their peer

Conference Session

Novel Methods of Construction Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca N Macdonald, East Carolina University; Erich Connell, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

.    Page 23.259.3Figure 1: Assignment InstructionsThis assignment followed course textbook reading which provided a pragmatic historicalrationale of the evolution of construction from its origins to the present.5 In addition, emphasiswas placed upon understanding how residential construction evolved from the primary criteria ofsurvival to that of comfort, and adapted according to location.3 Drawing from this insight, theexercise was intended for pairs of students to propose a residence on the moon. This encouragedindividual reflection and a team situation requiring students to take their ideas, discuss, andultimately compromise on a final solution. The submittal was to include a materials list, methodof construction, design rationale and a

Conference Session

Basic Concepts in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barbara A. Karanian Ph.D., Stanford University; Mona Eskandari, Stanford University; Jackie Liao, Stanford University; Zubair Ahmed

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

journey.To increase our base of shared moments, another set of stories were collected using this classprompt:Complete strategic storytelling. Write a strategic 5 sentence story that can be told in any order.a) Student reflects on her Chinese past. ● It’s Chinese New Year. Page 23.13.10 ● Red lanterns hang all along the streets, emanating warms and happiness. ● She could not draw herself away from the stall with steaming rice cakes, the ones just like her grandma used to make for her. ● A gust of piercing wind came by, she shivered in cold, tiny hands blue and purple. ● Squeezing tight on a bill of one, all

Conference Session

Trends in Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Junaid A. Siddiqui, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Robin Adams, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

closely related to teaching conceptions and beliefs aboutknowledge, education and teaching47–50. It follows from such observations that changing beliefsand conceptions of teaching are critical for any substantive change in teaching51,52. Efforts toinfluence beliefs through courses and interventions that seek to challenge individual beliefs havemixed outcomes53,54. De-contextualized evidence-based teaching models that are prevalent inthe literature have also been shown to offer limited support for teachers to change theirpractice55. Many researchers consider reflective practice, in which a teacher frequently engagesin reflection on their ongoing practical experiences, as having more potential in helpingpracticing teachers change their

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ann Sharon Lourens, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) Port Elizabeth South Africa

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

reduce stress and anxiety and to provide moral support, WELA members receivedexamination survival packs 6 .In celebration of the successful first year of WELA, an Inspirational Students booklet waspublished featuring the first WELA members. Professional photographs were taken of the Page 23.1180.4WELA members, and each member wrote a self-reflective article on what it meant to be a part ofWELA, and of the engineering world, as well as what they had learnt and gained during theirfirst year as WELA members 6. Special awards were given to acknowledge and celebrateacademic and other achievements of WELA members.2.1.2 WELA Senior programmeThe WELA

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicole D. Berge, University of South Carolina; Charles E. Pierce, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

are EFFECTs?The Environments for Fostering Effective Critical Thinking, or EFFECTs, are modular inquirybased tools designed to stimulate critical thinking and collaborative teamwork while improvingthe transfer of core knowledge in engineering.1 The pedagogical framework for EFFECTs linkstwo critical elements, active learning and reflective writing, within the context of a realisticengineering design problem. Lipman2 defines critical thinking as “skillful, responsible thinkingthat facilitates good engineering judgment because it relies upon criteria, is self-correcting, andis sensitive to content.” The EFFECT framework is designed on the basis of this definition.EFFECTs begin with a driving question that is embedded in a decision worksheet

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cyrus Habibi P.E., Minnesota State University, Mankato; Eric Diep, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

Virginia-Minnesota which promotes learning in the context of engineering projects, professionalism and reflection (metacognition). His research in the area of engineering education is focused on project-based learning, design and innovation, professionalism and self-directed learning.Mr. Eric Diep, Minnesota State University, Mankato Page 23.1388.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Works in Progress: Developing an Integrated Motion Capture and Video Recording System for Pediatric Biomechanical Studies1. Project OverviewA kinematic understanding of gait has numerous

Conference Session

Biological and Agricultural Engineering Education Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chehra Aboukinane; Daniel N. Moriasi, USDA-ARS; Ann L. Kenimer, Texas A&M University; Kim Dooley, Texas A&M University; James DUPE Linder, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

Page 23.613.31965 (as listed in Dacey, 1985). The model considers both personal and cognitive traits ofcreative people, characteristics of the products creative individuals often produce, and thereflexive reactions observers usually have to those products (Table1).Table 1-Jackson and Messick’s four characteristics of creativity Traits of the Person Traits of the Product Intellectual Personality Product Reflective Traits Traits Properties Standards Reactions 1.Tolerance of Original Unusualness Norms Surprise incongruity 2. Analysis and Sensitive Appropriateness

Conference Session

ABET Accreditation, Assessment and Program Improvement in ECE.

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diane T. Rover, Iowa State University; Douglas W. Jacobson, Iowa State University; Ahmed E. Kamal, Iowa State University; Akhilesh Tyagi, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

begins in a sophomore course, Program Discovery, and is continued in a juniorcourse, Program Exploration. Portfolios are a means to document and communicate student workfor faculty review and student outcomes assessment. The process of creating a portfolio alsogives students the opportunity to reflect on their academic program. The portfolio is submittedelectronically, typically as a link to a web site designed by the student. The main elements of aportfolio used for assessment by the portfolio review committee are: 1. Career objective and resume 2. General education component and reflection 3. Examples of prior work 4. Technical work experience 5. Senior design project 6. Cumulative reflectionThe general education

Conference Session

...by Design

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amber Kendall, Tufts Center for Engineering Education and Outreach; Merredith D Portsmore, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, attention-dependent knowledge includes a “repertoire ofattentional skills for attending to cognitive and affective aspects of pupil activity which may notbe apparent to those without this experience” and contains knowledge which “cannot be writtendown….[but] becomes available during the complexity of the progress of a lesson, often inresponse to instances of pupil activity that could not be predicted on the basis of the teacher’ssubject or pedagogical knowledge” (p 4). Thus the framework they used to identify thisknowledge and the data presented in this present study rely on both classroom observation dataas well as later teacher reflections on their practice. Additionally, the emphasis Ainley andLuntley place on teacher attention to student

Conference Session

Misconceptions

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Venters, Virginia Tech; Lisa DuPree McNair, Virginia Tech; Marie C Paretti, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Department Head of Graduate Education and co-Director of the VT Engineering Communication Center (VTECC). She received her PhD in Linguistics from the University of Chicago and an M.A. and B.A. in English from the University of Georgia. Her research interests include interdis- ciplinary collaboration, design education, communication studies, identity theory and reflective practice. Projects supported by the National Science Foundation include interdisciplinary pedagogy for pervasive computing design; writing across the curriculum in Statics courses; as well as a National Science Foun- dation CAREER award to explore the use of e-portfolios for graduate students to promote professional identity and reflective practice. Her

Collection

2013 EDI

Authors

Ardie D. Walser

candidates' qualificationsand the faculty's support for them. She might also note thevalue in recruiting a woman in this STEM field, particularly ifthe unit's gender diversity is not reflective of that of the poolof available PhDs. CCAS case study for inclusion in the Department Chairs Seminar March 12, 2012 4. How should she justify her selection to the faculty?If she endorses Moore, Liberative is supporting the majorityrecommendation of the faculty, and so that outcome requiresno unusual justification. However, she may wish to discusswith the dean her observations and concerns regarding thetwo candidates' qualifications and solicit his input as to thedirection to proceed.If she endorses Served, Liberative might choose to share withthe dean

Conference Session

Teaching - Best Practices

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bimal P. Nepal, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

depicts the proposed framework for enhancing student learning. It consists of fourtypes of learning that happens over the semester long course, which the author defines as thestudent learning lifecycle. Each type of learning and their timeline are briefly described in thefollowing sections. Page 23.536.3 2 Exhibit 1: A framework for enhancing student learning in a classroom setting Comparative  Integrative and  Direct  Reflective

Conference Session

Computers and Learning

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hoda Baytiyeh, American University of Beirut

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

these activities. Participants were also asked torate, using a 4-point Likert-type scale (1 = very little, 4 = very much), 22 items that reflected thedegree to which their internet use affected their skills. Exploratory factor analysis generated fourknowledge factors involved in internet use: non-formal, informal, professional, and social.Informal was shown to be the most important knowledge factor for participants, followed bynon-formal, social, and professional.IntroductionVarious researchers have examined the impact of internet use on academic performance andachievement of students, and have come to diverse conclusions. On one hand, some researchersfound a negative effect of internet use. Kubey, Lavin, and Barrows 1 for example found

Conference Session

Product Development and Manufacturing

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Alavizadeh, Indiana University Purdue University, Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

building, model verification, and result interpretation. 2- Understand and apply statistics and probability as is used in simulation analysis. 3- Use a simulation tool to model and simulate manufacturing systems. 4- Be able to complete a manufacturing system simulation project from beginning to end.Assignments and reflection papersBoth undergraduate and graduate students worked on identical problems, although graduatestudents worked on a few more problems. The assignments covering the basis of modeling andsimulation (i.e., statistical distribution, random numbers, etc.) were submitted in written format,while the later assignments on building and running models were submitted electronically viaBlackboard. For the latter, students

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering (ME) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Firas Akasheh, Tuskegee University; Kenneth D Dawson, Tuskegee University; Jonathan Rocha, Tuskegee University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Comprehensive approach to teaching dynamics of planar mechanisms based on modern learning theoriesAbstractIt is well known that students have different learning styles and for teaching to be effective anon-traditional approaches that can address the different styles should be attempted. Also,according to Kolb, learning is most effective if done in a cycle involving experiencing,reflection, thinking and planning. In this paper, we present an attempt at a comprehensiveapproach to teaching the course Theory of Machines, a standard course in the majority ofmechanical engineering curricula. At the beginning of the semester, students are asked toconceptualize and realize a

Conference Session

Socio-cultural Dimensions of Community Engagement

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Loree Dika, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Brett Tempest, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Miguel A. Pando, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

Summer 2012. Student participants included10 civil engineering students (9 undergraduate and 1 graduate) at a large urban researchinstitution in the southeast United States. With the first author, they designed pre- and post-tripquestionnaires, focus group interviews, and written reflection activities to assess students’perceptions, attitudes, and learning as a result of the experience. This paper addresses threeresearch questions: 1) What is the profile of engineering students who choose to participate in a study abroad/ service learning experience, in terms of motivation for enrolling in study abroad, reasons for volunteering, and previous educational, organization and service activities

Conference Session

Information Literacy, Computer Efficacy and Readiness

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bill D. Bailey, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

project, students assessed their performance on both technical andWorkforce Skills using inspection sheets, rubrics and other tools. This self-assessment includeda reflective paper about the project; what went well, what might be improved, and lessonslearned. After the self-assessment, the instructor also assessed student performance. Aconsensus meeting between the instructor and the student was held to discuss and reconcile anydifferences, and to plan the next activity. Documentation from this cycle could be accumulatedin an optional employment portfolio4.Project planning and assessment documentsEach individual project and each team project required a detailed written plan. Highly skilledpractitioners often create mental plans rather than

Conference Session

K-12 Professional Development II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremy V Ernst, Virginia Tech; Aaron C. Clark, North Carolina State University; Vincent William DeLuca, North Carolina State University; Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

teacherswho meet these standards, and advocating related educational reforms to integrateNational Board Certification in American education and to capitalize on the expertise ofNational Board Certified Teachers.” The NBPTS “seeks to identify and recognizeteachers (primarily Pre K – 12) who effectively enhance student learning and demonstratethe high level of knowledge, skills, abilities and commitments reflected in the followingfive core propositions”5. First, teachers are committed to students and their learning.Second, teachers know the subjects they teach and how to teach those subjects tostudents. Third, teachers are responsible for managing and monitoring student learning.Fourth, teachers think systematically about their practice and learn from

Conference Session

Innovative IE Course Content

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas H Timmer, University of Texas, Pan American; Miguel Gonzalez, University of Texas, Pan American

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

information sheet and student survey after submitting the project butbefore receiving feedback reflecting their performance as defined by the rubric. The surveyfocused on the students’ perceived understanding of the project learning goals and confidence inability to implement the learning goals in real life.ResultsThe Gauge R&R Project was implemented at the University of Texas – Pan American (UTPA)in MANE 4311 – Quality Control during the Fall 2012 semester. Eleven students were enrolledin the course and eight submitted the (voluntary) demographic and survey sheets. The assessmentresults are provided in Tables 1 – 3.Table 1 contains the student demographic information. Participation in the demographic surveywas voluntary. The demographic

Conference Session

Design Based Energy Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer M Peuker, University of Alaska, Anchorage; Steffen Peuker, University of Alaska Anchorage

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

whichhave a designated laboratory time. Anecdotal evidence of the activities indicates that students wereengaged and enjoyed the active learning activities. Student reflections show that students not onlyachieved individual learning outcomes—such as analyze thermal system components, design andoptimize thermal systems, etc.—but they synthesized them into their project and performed anevaluation, demonstrating they achieved the highest domain in terms of cognitive learning.Background and IntroductionThermal system design courses tend to be senior level mechanical engineering courses—either re-quired or as a technical elective—designed to incorporate several aspects of thermodynamics, heattransfer, and fluid dynamics into a single course having an

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tolga Kaya, Central Michigan University; Kumar Yelamarthi, Central Michigan University; Brian P DeJong, Central Michigan University; Qin Hu, Central Michigan University; Shaopeng Cheng, Central Michigan University ; Steve Kettler, Alma High School; Daniel Chen, Central Michigan University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

that participants would work on developing. Several guest speakers andprofessional coaches helped us during the professional and curriculum development activities.We are currently working on developing follow-up plans during the academic year where pre-service teachers will implement classroom activities under in-service teachers’ supervision andthese activities will be used during high school visits to the campus.In this paper, we will give the details about the RET Site’s management and discuss ourexperiences from lessons learned during the first year. Weekly survey results will be analyzedand interpreted. Reflections from participants, faculty, and undergraduate students will bepresented. External evaluation scheme will be introduced and

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl Carrico PE, Virginia Tech; Matthew Arnold Boynton PE, Virginia Tech; Holly M Matusovich, Virginia Tech; Marie C Paretti, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

students, interviewsare central to providing the context-specific information needed for robust survey development.Therefore, we are using a quasi-longitudinal approach and we are interviewing Appalachian highschools students for a current perspective, Appalachian college students for a recent reflection,and working engineering professionals in Appalachia for a longer-term reflection. This paperfocuses on the development and pilot testing of semi-structured interview protocols for eachparticipant type.Preliminary findings from pilot testing support the protocol’s ability to provide meaningfulinformation across multiple frameworks. Initial findings from a priori coding of the frameworkconstructs suggest that influences specific to Appalachian

Conference Session

Assessment of Community Engagement

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado Boulder; Kurt Paterson P.E., Michigan Technological University; Chris Swan, Tufts University; Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University; David O Kazmer, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Annie Soisson, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

Service (LTS) is an umbrella term that encompasses service-learning (SL) andextracurricular activities such as Engineers Without Borders (EWB) that teach students valuableskills while also benefitting community partners. Although EWB is primarily an extra-curricularactivity for students, some projects are designed and structured to teach specific skills andinclude reflective writing assignments for student participants. Research has shown that LTSactivities can successfully meet a variety of learning outcomes for engineering students andprovide benefits to community partners.6,14 This paper will present a summary of LTS activitiesbased on a literature search and recent activities associated with the NSF-grant on EngineeringFaculty Engagement in

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nizami Z Vagidov, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Vladimir Mitin, University at Buffalo, SUNY; Athos Chariton Petrou; Joseph L Zawicki Zawicki

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

a function ofφ. Then, they will analyze the data and verify Malus’s law: I = I0 cos2φ. Finally, the studentswill verify that a wire grid can act as a polarizer or an analyzer for microwaves.(b) Standing waves. The setup of Fig.2 will be used. The transmitter sends a wave along the rail on which the various components are mounted. At the other end of the rail a reflector is placed with its plane perpendicular to the emitted wave. The emitted and reflected waves form

Conference Session

Innovative Pedagogy in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven J. Burian, University of Utah; Jeffery S Horsburgh, Utah State University; David E Rosenberg, Utah State University; Daniel P. Ames, Brigham Young University; Laura G Hunter, Utah Education Network; Courtenay Strong, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

universities. The assessmentof the course sought to determine if these anticipated challenges occurred and then solicit studentsuggestions for improvement.AssessmentMethodsThe assessment of the initial course offering involved (i) administering mid-semester and end ofclass surveys to the students, and (ii) instructor reflections. The midterm and final surveys wereboth anonymous and similar (words were changed slightly to improve meaning of questions anda couple of additional questions were added to the final assessment survey). The open-endedquestions were: What went well in class? What contributed most to your learning? What could have been improved? How could this course be more effective to help you learn?Surveys also requested students to

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamara J Moore, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Aran W Glancy, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Kristina Maruyama Tank, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Jennifer Anna Kersten, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Micah S Stohlmann, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Forster D. Ntow, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Karl A Smith, University of Minnesota & Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

, and Mathematics (STEM) for America’s Future5 indicates the need toproduce individuals with a strong STEM background in order to be competitive internationally.Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter EconomicFuture6 notes that economic growth and national security are related to well-trained people inSTEM fields.STEM integration can provide students with one of the best opportunities to experience learningin real-world situations, rather than learning STEM subjects in silos7. However, the mostprevalent methods of structuring and implementing STEM education do not “reflect the naturalinterconnectedness of the four STEM components in the real world of research and technologydevelopment”1 (p. 150). This

Conference Session

Graduate Student Experience

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janet Y Tsai, University of Colorado at Boulder; Daria A Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado Boulder; Beverly Louie, University of Colorado, Boulder; Virginia Lea Ferguson, Mechanical Engineering; University of Colorado; Boulder, CO; Alyssa Nicole Berg, University of Colorado Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, Student

. During theirparticipation in the mentoring program, undergraduates are assessed via pre- and post- surveys togauge several dimensions of their engineering identity and confidence. Additionally,undergraduates respond to biweekly reflective questions to give researchers a qualitative flavorof their experiences in the mentoring program. Graduate mentors similarly respond to severalreflective questions about their experiences during their participation in the program andcomplete pre- and post- assessments.This paper presents the qualitative data collected from graduate student mentors during the firsttwo years of program implementation. Graduate student responses have been examined in thecontext of each individual mentoring partnership to understand

Conference Session

Grasping the "Concept"

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sayara Saliyeva, Nazarbayev University; Dinara McLaughlin; Moulay Rachid Babaa, Nazarbayev University; Hella Tokos, Nazarbayev University; Stefaan Jan Rogier Simons, University College London; Sarim Naji Al Zubaidy, Nazarbayev University; Joseph A. Menicucci Jr., Nazarbayev University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

balanced between active and reflective learning as well as visualand verbal learning. They have a moderate preference for sensing, and a very strong preferencefor global learning. Prior to this course, they indicated that they agreed with Statement A. Afterthis course, they strongly agreed with this same statement. They agreed with Statement B in bothpre-course and post-course evaluation. Finally, they indicated neutrality on Statement C beforethe course but disagreed with it in post-course evaluation. Student X indicated that they believedpre-course that they would earn a “B” in the course but believed that they would earn a “C”post-course (but before the final exam). They earned a “C+” in the course.Case Study 2: Student Y is also well balanced