Conference Session

STS Perspectives on Engineering Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wesley Marshall P.E., University of Colorado, Denver; Michael Tang, University of Colorado, Denver; Stephan A. Durham, University of Colorado, Denver

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

59 92 Regular 53 60 ENGR 3600 Online 110 92 120 Regular 97 95 Total Enrollment 320 306 212Research Related to the Courses A third and largely unexpected development of these courses, due in part to the largenumber of students in each, is that the courses provide an ideal laboratory for quantitativeresearch as to their effectiveness. This includes the study of online course delivery incomparison to more traditional teaching methods with respect to the impact of such technologieson higher

Conference Session

Active Learning and Demonstrations in Materials Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Spencer Seung-Hyun Kim, Rochester Institute of Technology; Elizabeth Dell, Rochester Institute of Technology; Mario H. Castro-Cedeno, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Materials

engineering technology in the United States that educates students to step intocareers in the new Green Plastics Manufacturing Technology field.One of the most important subjects in engineering and technology programs is manufacturing.Manufacturing involves a complex system of materials, machines and people. Most subjects ofthe curriculum in manufacturing focus on teaching the fundamentals of current materials (i.e.,metals, ceramics, composites, and petroleum based plastics) and processes; however, fewprepare students to work with a broad range of new/future materials, particularly green materials(such as, green nano-materials, biodegradable polymers, and ecofriendly-hybrid materials) inadvanced manufacturing technology. The primary goal of the study

Conference Session

Case Studies, Engineering Education and Outcome Assessment Around the Globe

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alongkorn Pimpin, Chulalongkorn University; Kuntinee Maneeratana, Chulalongkorn University

Tagged Divisions

International

for teaching units by Chulalongkorn University was introduced [4]. 2005 Bachelor Degree Standard by the Commission on Higher Education was revised [5]. 2005 Quality assurance for curriculum in Chulalongkorn University was expanded into CU-CQA [6]. 2006 New system of undergraduate admission was introduced by the Association of University Presidents of Thailand [7]. 2008 Chulalongkorn University Act transformed the public university into an autonomous university, receiving annual block grants from the government [8]. 2008 Regulation on Degree Accreditation for Professional Licensing was revised by Council of Engineers [9]. 2009 New Thai Qualifications Framework for Higher Education (TQF: HEd) [10] was introduced with

Conference Session

Gainful Employment: Preparing Technicians to Satisfy the Needs of Industry

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel M. Hull P.E., OP-TEC; Greg Kepner M. Ed., Indian Hills Community College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

Education, 2014 Career Pathways for STEM TechniciansAbstractScience and engineering technicians are needed in emerging technologies by U.S. employers.These technicians are being produced by U.S. community and technical colleges usingNSF/ATE-developed curricula and teaching strategies. However, enrollment is low and attritionis high, because there is not an adequate “high school pipeline” to interest and prepare youngpeople to select and be successful in educational programs for these rewarding careers. STEMprograms, developed and offered at high schools throughout the country can provide this“pipeline” by recruiting and educating applied learners to graduate and enroll in technologyprograms at nearby colleges. However

Conference Session

Engineering Across the K-12 Curriculum: Integration with the Arts, Social Studies, Sciences, and the Common Core

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norman "Storm" Robinson III, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jeffrey H Rosen, Georgia Institute of Technology; Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jeremy A. Lingle, Georgia Tech

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

teaching and learning. Storm began his career as a Mathematics Teacher at Tanglewood Middle School in Greenville, South Carolina. He was awarded Teacher of the Year after his second year in the classroom. Also at this time he was selected to serve on the Curriculum Leadership Institute for the Greenville County Schools District. After teaching middle school for five years, Storm moved to Riverside High School and instructed integrated mathematics classes for 2 years. With a solid foundation of teaching experience formed, Storm accepted a position as an Aerospace Edu- cation Specialist for NASA’s Aerospace Education Services Project. For 7 years Storm designed, imple- mented and facilitated various STEM programs to

Conference Session

Labs, Demos and Software in Mechanics

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard Hall; Carla Campbell; Nancy Hubing; Timothy Philpot

teaches Statics and Mechanics of Materialsand is the author of MDSolids – Educational Software for Mechanics of Materials and MecMovies, recipients of thePremier Award for Excellence in Engineering Education Courseware.RICHARD H. HALLDr. Richard H. Hall is a Professor of Information Science and Technology at the University of Missouri-Rolla. Hereceived his BS degree in Psychology from the University of North Texas and Ph.D. degree in ExperimentalPsychology from Texas Christian University. He is co-director of UMR's Laboratory for Information TechnologyEvaluation, and his research focuses on design, development, and evaluation of web-based learning technologies.NANCY HUBINGDr. Hubing is an Associate Professor in the Basic Engineering Department at

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Michael Deisenroth

this reason, objectivesusually contain active verbs (e.g.: analyze, create, locate, perform, etc.) that explicitly state thebehavior expected of the student that will be used as an indicator of completion of broadereducational goals.Learning objectives exist at two levels of education, the program level and the course level. Atthe program level, the selection of learning objectives creates the overall picture of a programand provides guidance and motivation for individual courses. At the course level, instructors cantailor the objectives to his/her course needs, student needs, and teaching style. Program learning Page 8.152.1

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Smaill, University of Auckland; Gerard Rowe, University of Auckland

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

are concerned, covering more than 20 years. Since the start of 2002, he has lectured in the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering at the University of Auckland. The scholarship of teaching and learning provides his research interests, in particular: the conceptual understanding of students, the high-school to university interface, computer-assisted learning, and computer-based assessment.Dr. Gerard Rowe, University of Auckland Gerard Rowe completed the degrees of B.E., M.E., and Ph.D. (in electrical and electronic engineering) at the University of Auckland in 1978, 1980, and 1984, respectively. He joined the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Auckland in 1984, where

Conference Session

Thinking About the Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Feser, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Science & Technology Policy ; Maura J. Borrego, National Science Foundation; Russ Pimmel, University of Alabama; Connie Kubo DUPE Della-Piana, National Science Foundation

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

engineers are educated.IntroductionIncreasingly, high profile organizations including ASEE1, National Academy of Engineering2-4,Association of American Universities5, National Research Council6-8, and the National ScienceBoard9, 10 are calling for widespread improvements in undergraduate STEM education.Tremendous investment and related efforts over the past few decades have built up a substantialknowledge base about STEM learning and many effective pedagogies and interventions11, 12. Yetthese groups are increasingly expressing dissatisfaction with the rate of implementation, whichdraws attention to implicit assumptions and models of how change occurs in STEM highereducation and how it might be accelerated. Broad scale changes to teaching practices

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 25

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexander Pagano, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Taylor Tucker Parks, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Saadeddine Shehab, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

Paper ID #42187Developing a Human-Centered Engineering Design Self-Assessment SurveyMr. Alexander Pagano, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign Alex Pagano is a PhD student studying engineering design. His work is focused on the early phases of design and the use of human-centered design or design thinking as a teaching tool. Alex holds a BS in Materials Science and Engineering from University ofMs. Taylor Tucker Parks, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign Taylor Parks is a research fellow in engineering education at the Siebel Center for Design. She earned her bachelor’s in engineering mechanics and master’s

Conference Session

FPD XI: Assessing First-Year Programs, Experiences, and Communities

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech; Kelly J. Cross, Virginia Tech University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

AC 2011-1903: ASSESSING FIRST-YEAR PROGRAMS: OUTCOMES, METH-ODS, AND FINDINGSMarie C Paretti, Virginia Tech Marie C. Paretti is an associate professor of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech, where she co-directs the Virginia Tech Engineering Communications Center. Her research focuses on communication in en- gineering design, interdisciplinary communication and collaboration, and design education. She was awarded a CAREER grant from NSF to study expert teaching practices in capstone design courses na- tionwide, and is co-PI on several NSF grants to explore gender in engineering, design education, and interdisciplinary collaboration in engineering design.Kelly J Cross, Virginia Tech University

Conference Session

TC2K Issues and Experiences

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

James Higley; Jana Whittington; Joy Colwell

both traditional and onlinecourses. For purposes of this paper, the term traditional refers to a typical college course wherethe instructor and students meet face-to-face in a classroom or laboratory at the same time in asynchronous fashion. Similarly, the term online refers to a course where material is prepared byan instructor (including audio, video, and written formats) and presented to the student over theInternet in an asynchronous fashion. The student can access the class from any Internet-enabledcomputer at any time, and the student learns from the course material on his or her own. Theauthors have no experience with courses presented through TV or synchronous web courses, sono comments directed towards those types of courses will be

Conference Session

Technological Literacy I

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Samuel Daniels; Bouzid Aliane; Jean Nocito-Gobel; Michael Collura

Engineering Educationuniversities, both engineering and non-engineering students take this course. Non-engineeringmajors choose Introduction to Engineering as an elective course to fulfill the scientificmethodology requirement of the current Core Curriculum at UNH. Historically, large numbersof non-engineering students take this course. The diversity of students in a particular class variesfrom section to section. It is not uncommon for freshmen engineering students to be in a classwith sophomore, junior or senior non-engineering majors.Evolution of Project-Based Version of the CoursePrior to the introduction of EAS107P in the curriculum, the structure of any particular section ofEAS107 was dependent on the faculty member teaching the course. Some

Conference Session

Classroom Innovations

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Marilyn Smith

contributions of material?· What does the DL need to satisfy user needs: “inspire learning of undergraduate SME&T”?· What is the need for adaptive, flexible and responsive to unforeseen needs and problems?While the aim is to bring digital resources into the hands of students in technical disciplines, theapproach to the above problems so far has been conducted from the perspective of the librarianand the social scientist. In the 1990s, there was a major thrust at NSF to bring psychologists andresearchers in the cognitive sciences into the business of engineering education, and to apply theresearch literature on cognitive sciences to the teaching of engineering. However, there has notbeen a commensurate effort to educate the social scientists about

Collection

2024 ASEE North Central Section Conference

Authors

Aiden James Landis, University of Pittsburgh; Robert J Kerestes, University of Pittsburgh; David V.P. Sanchez, University of Pittsburgh; Tony Lee Kerzmann, University of Pittsburgh

, dynamics and heat transfer. He has always made an effort to incorporate experientiallearning into the classroom through the use of demonstrations, guest speakers, student projects and sitevisits. Dr. Kerzmann is a firm believer that all students learn in their own unique way. In an effort to reachall students, he has consistently deployed a host of teaching strategies into his classes, including videos,example problems, quizzes, hands-on laboratories, demonstrations, and group work. Dr. Kerzmann isenthusiastic in the continued pursuit of his educational goals, research endeavors, and engagement ofmechanical engineering students. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Creating Interdisciplinary Sustainability

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Swan, Tufts University; Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Kurt Paterson P.E., Michigan Technological University; David O Kazmer, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University; Annie Soisson, Tufts University; Bowa George Tucker, University of Massachusetts, Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

Kazmer, University of Massachusetts, Lowell David Kazmer is a Professor of Plastics Engineering at UMass Lowell where he has previously served as Associate Dean. His academic work is motivated by industry experiences with teaching and research related to engineering education, design, manufacturing, and optimization.Dr. Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University OLGA PIERRAKOS is an associate professor and founding faculty member of the James Madison Uni- versity Department of Engineering, which graduated its inaugural class in May 2012. At JMU, Dr. Pier- rakos is the Director of the Center for Innovation in Engineering Education (CIEE) and Director of the Advanced Thermal Fluids Laboratory. Her interests in engineering

Conference Session

Advances in CAD with Emphasis on Dimensioning

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Holly K. Ault Ph.D., Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Linjun Bu; Kejiang Liu, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

, Boston, Modesto (CA), and Melbourne. In the fall of 2001, she was invited as the Lise Meitner Visiting Professor, Department of Design Sciences, Lund Technical University, Lund, Sweden. Prior to teaching at WPI, she worked as a Manufacturing Engineer for the Norton Company in Worcester, MA, and Product Development Engineer for the Olin Corporation in East Alton, IL. Professor Ault’s primary teaching responsibilities include undergraduate and graduate level courses in computer-aided design, mechanical design and rehabilitation engineering. Her research interests include computer aided mechanical design, geometric modeling, kinematics, machine design, rehabilitation engi- neering and assistive technology. She is a

Conference Session

Engineering Education in the Middle East and Technology Exploration in Africa and Developing Countries

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wilhelm Alexander Friess, University of Maine; Muhieddin Amer, RIT-Dubai

Tagged Divisions

International

developed (including oversight and assessment internal to therespective branch campus, and which may transition to a peer basis as shared governance isincreased), but which at the same time are aligned with the main campus by appropriaterelationships between the branch and home campus chairs that ensure upholding of the academicstandards.Another important point in the organizational structure, and one that has direct implication onaccreditation status, is the degree of curricular flexibility between the locations. Some degree offlexibility is needed due to the differences in teaching resources and laboratories, quality ofstudents, and qualification of faculty. This need can be difficult to embrace for departments thatpride themselves of a long

Collection

2024 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Charles Baukal

small groups is not new. However, engineering students solving problems insmall groups in the context considered here (i.e., not in a laboratory or capstone project) hasreceived little attention in the literature. At least until the time of their article, Springer et al.(1999) argued that small-group learning for undergraduate engineering students was notcommonly practiced, even though many studies have shown a statistically significant andpositive effect on achievement, persistence, and attitude on undergraduate STEM students [21].They strongly recommended it be used, although they did not specify a particularimplementation. Sternberg recommended a more formal approach to collaborative learning forengineering students than is advocated here

Conference Session

ML and Generative AI Tools and Policies

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sofia M Vidalis, Pennsylvania State University; Rajarajan Subramanian, Pennsylvania State University; Fazil T. Najafi, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

Paper ID #44160Revolutionizing Engineering Education: The Impact of AI Tools on StudentLearningDr. Sofia M Vidalis, Pennsylvania State University Sofia Vidalis is an associate professor in the Department of Civil Engineering/Structural Design and Construction Engineering Technology at Penn State Harrisburg. She received her Ph.D., Masters, and Bachelors in Civil Engineering from the University of Florida.Dr. Rajarajan Subramanian, Pennsylvania State University Rajarajan Subramanian is currently serving as an Associate Teaching Professor of Civil Engineering and Construction (SDCET) programs at Pennsylvania State

Conference Session

MECH - Technical Session 6: Curriculum Development and Pedagogical Strategies

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gloria Guohua Ma, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Bo Tao, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

Paper ID #42273Pilot Study: Incorporating the study of engineering history into engineeringcourses.Dr. Gloria Guohua Ma, Wentworth Institute of Technology Gloria Ma is a Professor in the Mechanical Engineering program at Wentworth Institute of Technology. She has been teaching robotics with Lego Mindstorm to ME freshmen for several years. She is actively involved in community services of offering robotics workshops to middle- and high-school girls. Her research interests include dynamics and system modeling, geometry modeling, project based engineering design, and robotics in manufacturing, artificial intelligent in

Conference Session

Experiential Learning in ET Programs I

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeevan Shridhar Devagiri, Michigan Technological University; Paniz Khanmohammadi Hazaveh, Michigan Technological University; Nathir Rawashdeh, Michigan Technological University; Sai Revanth Reddy Dudipala, Michigan Technological University; Pratik Mohan Deshmukh, Michigan Technological University; Aditya Prasad Karmarkar, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology Division (ETD)

Paper ID #41192PLC Multi-Robot Integration via Ethernet for Human Operated Quality SamplingJeevan Shridhar Devagiri, Michigan Technological University Masters in mechatronics and Robotics from Michigan technological university, interest in Automation and Controls.Dr. Paniz Khanmohammadi Hazaveh, Michigan Technological University Dr. Hazaveh received her PhD in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the Michigan Technological University in 2018 with a focus on Single Electron Transistors. She is the program director for BS in Mechatronics/EET and an associate teaching professor in the department of Applied Computing.Dr

Conference Session

Mathematics Division (MATH) Technical Session 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luis E Montero-Moguel, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Joel Alejandro Mejia, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Guadalupe Carmona, The University of Texas at San Antonio

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics Division (MATH)

Paper ID #42419Leveraging Mathematical Modeling to Expand Measurement-Process Opportunitiesfor Engineering StudentsLuis E Montero-Moguel, The University of Texas at San Antonio Luis Montero-Moguel is a Ph.D. Candidate in Interdisciplinary Learning and Teaching specializing in STEM education at The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA). Luis holds an MSc in Mathematics Education from the University of Guadalajara and a BSc in Mechanical Engineering. Luis is an NSF-CADRE fellow. As part of his doctoral program, Luis has earned a Graduate Certificate in iSTEM Education and a Graduate Certificate in Engineering Education. With

Collection

2015 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Sunil Dehipawala; Vazgen Shekoyan; Raul Armendariz; Chantale Damas; Todd Holden; David Lieberman; Tak Cheung

attitudevariations, which bear similarity to grade histogram. Examples of student entrepreneurialphysics based projects in space weather forecast, mobile-Health, solar energy in terms ofenhancing Entrepreneurially Minded Learning are discussed.I. IntroductionThe Kern Family Foundation has initiated a university network called Kern EntrepreneurialEngineering Network (KEEN) to promote the idea of entrepreneurship learning. Multiple grantshave been awarded to curriculums across the country to teach the engineering students aboutEntrepreneurially Minded Learning and assess the learning outcomes. The contrast of Spring 2015 Mid-Atlantic ASEE Conference, April 10-11, 2015 Villanova Universityentrepreneurially versus tradition engineering has been

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Katherine Aho; Kavitha Chandra; Ed Roberts

how the computer revolutionized physics research andintroduced into the classroom. We will discuss the design investigated how to use computers as tools to emphasizeof the programming lesson modules and how they are physical concepts. They tested the using computers in physicsincorporated into the physics curriculum. The difficulties, courses at the University of Maryland and concluded that thesuccesses, and failures of this experience will be presented. students scored better on laboratory reports and felt more satisfied with the nature of the work. They also stated that Keywords—R programming; high school; physics

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Wangping Sun

a senior capstone project or service learning in the community abroad (such as finding water and sanitation solutions for a community that is having a high incidence of waterborne diseases; health surveys and health education for the local people). 8. Research abroad: the student travels to a laboratory abroad and conducts research under the guidance of a faculty member or research associate. 9. Faculty exchange: the faculty member from the home university teaches, or co-teaches a class of the students in the university abroad. 10. Distance learning: internet technology (web-conferencing, list-serv, emails, etc.) is used to create a virtual community for learning across cultural and national boundaries

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Mudasser Wyne; Alireza Farahani

). Improving laboratory effectiveness in online and onsite engineering courses at National University. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching, 26-38.6. Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology. (2013). http://www.abet.org/ Proceedings of the 2014 American Society for Engineering Education Zone IV Conference Copyright © 2014, American Society for Engineering Education

Conference Session

Engineering Design

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ann P. McMahon Ph.D., Ann P. McMahon, LLC

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

educators from Washington University, the Saint Louis Science Center, the Missouri Botanical Garden, and the Saint Louis Zoo in providing curriculum, professional development, kit materials, an interactive website, and a visiting science laboratory/classroom to schools throughout the St. Louis area. She serves on the national faculty of the National Science Resources Center’s Leadership Assistance for Science Education Reform (LASER) strategic planning institutes. She was a 2008 and 2009 fellow in the Psychodynamic Research Training Program at Yale University’s Anna Freud Child Study Center. McMahon has a distinctive ability to translate cutting edge concepts from various disciplines in science, engineering, and education in an

Conference Session

Improving ME Education: Trends in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Duffy, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Linda Barrington, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Cheryl West, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; John McKelliget, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Eugene Niemi, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Sammy Shina, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Hongwei Sun, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Chris Niezrecki, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Robert Parkin, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Majid Charmchi, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Peter Avitabile, University of Massachusetts Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

than 25 years.Eugene Niemi, University of Massachusetts-Lowell Professor, Mechanical Engineering. Dr. Niemi has taught at the University for 40 years. His industrial experience is in steam turbine and missile design. He currently teaches courses in fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and aerodynamics. He is a registered professional engineer.Sammy Shina, University of Massachusetts-Lowell Professor of Mechanical Engineering.Hongwei Sun, University of Massachusetts-Lowell Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineeering Department.Chris Niezrecki, University of Massachusetts-Lowell Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering.Robert Parkin, University of Massachusetts-Lowell Professor, Department of

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

James Nelson; Bernd Schroder

retention to be an attempt to erode standards. Alsonote that retention can mean “retain students within my engineering program”, “retain studentswithin the college of engineering”, “retain students at this university” or “assure studentscomplete an academic degree (not necessarily at this school)”. Given that funding decisions candepend on the number of students a certain program/college teaches or leads to graduation, thistopic is volatile to say the least.To make integration a reality it is necessary to understand the motivations and challenges ofother academic programs as well as those of the academic leadership. Open lines ofcommunication are a strong step towards this goal. We shall now describe critical steps in thedesign and pilot phase 1997