Conference Session

ET Interdisciplinary Education

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

P. James Moser; Biswajit Ray

3 3 0 0 3 17 21 8 6 9 Semester V, Fall 54.316 Digital Electronics 3 3 3 0 0 58.323 Quality Control & Experimental Design 3 3 3 3 0 53.322 Differential Equations 3 3 3 0 0 58.300 Career Orientation 1 1 1 1 0 Technical Writing or Public Speaking 3 3 0 0 3 Values, Ethics & Responsible

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Francis Di Bella

“Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2001, American Society of Engineering Educationcannot claim that they are “...only following orders”. They can’t claim that they were infear of being punished via loss in pay or job. Do they push the button? Would you pushthe button? The self-employed engineer plays the role of the potential button-pushers inthis example (or the non-button-pushers, as the case might be).What’s the answer to avoiding an ethical dilemma?The answer to eliminating or significantly reducing the ethical dilemma faced byengineers does not lie in choosing a career path that provides self employment oremployment in either a small or large

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

James Bean; Aparajita Mazumder

Education and combines aMasters in Engineering or Computer Science with a foundation in international management,cross-cultural communications and teamwork skills. The focus on the global electronicsindustry allows consideration of the specific needs of the discipline.• University of Connecticut’s EUROTECH: An International Program in Engineering5The EUROTECH program concentrates on Germany. Its five-year curriculum confers a B.S. inEngineering and a B.A. in German. It offers courses in German that include technical topics,one-credit modules conducted in German on engineering topics, summer internships withGerman firms in Connecticut, and a six-month internship in Germany.• Clemson University’s The Engineering Program for International Careers

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Barrie Jackson

students directly into design andanalysis exercises. APSC400, (Technology Engineering and Management, TEAM) is a fourthyear engineering program. The Integrated Learning Initiative will extend the concepts developedin these two programs at opposite ends of an engineering student’s undergraduate career, tocover much of the intervening period, and accommodate more students in the first and fourthyears.Queen’s has traditionally had a common first year for engineering students. Some of the firstyear laboratories seemed to do more to dissuade students from pursuing an engineering careerthan to encourage them. Recognizing that students come to Queen’s to be engineers; the firstyear program was redesigned over a period of three years, starting with a

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Bina Ramamurthy; Pratibha Gopalam; Alexander N. Cartwright

Educationengineering subjects. As such, we firmly believe that this framework will definitely evolve morerapidly as other groups contribute to this effort by attempting to use it.AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the National Science Foundation,Award #9950794 and Cartwright’s National Science Foundation CAREER Award #9733720.We would also like to acknowledge the contributions of Xin Hu, Derek Hoiem and PhilipManijak in the development of some educational Applets and resources used in this work.Finally, we would like to acknowledge Chu R. Wie for his advice on the development of JavaApplets.Bibliography1. Felder, R. M., Silverman, L. K., “Learning and Teaching Styles in Engineering Education,” EngineeringEducation

Conference Session

Innovative Methods to Teach Engineering to URMs

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Showkat Chowdhury, Alabama A&M University; Mohamed A. Seif, Alabama A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

and retrieval of the scientific data inspires the next batch of students to continuethis rocketry project as a sustainable research program.1. IntroductionThe NASA – MSFC’s (Marshall Space Flight Center) University Student Launch Initiative(USLI) program involves undergraduate students in the design, building, and testing of reusablerockets with associated scientific payloads. USLI is a competitive rocket and payload-buildingchallenge designed for university students. The initiative is intended to encouragestudents to pursue careers in engineering or science related fields. This unique hands-onexperience allows students to demonstrate proof-of-concept for their designs and givespreviously abstract concepts tangibility. It requires an eight

Conference Session

Assessment and Evaluation of K-12 Engineering Programs

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stacy S. Klein-Gardner, Vanderbilt University; Amber C. Spolarich, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy, K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

curriculum unit to real-life. A few RET programs have found successcomparable to that of Vanderbilt University in program implementation, though student levelresults have not been reported. The Georgia Institute of Technology’s Physics RET programsaw similar results: a majority of the teachers claimed the program gave them the ability toencourage students effectively to pursue a major in science or engineering.18 In addition, thePolytechnic Institute of New York University also found that their RET program allowed theirparticipants to conduct inquiry-based teaching successfully while engaging the students inSTEM-related curricula.19 The Texas A&M RET program aims to do the same while alsoimproving teachers’ knowledge about careers in engineering

Conference Session

Engineering Design in Pedagogy

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ibrahim F. Zeid, Northeastern University; Sagar V. Kamarthi, Northeastern University; Claire Duggan, Northeastern University; Jessica Chin, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education, K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

incorporating environmental impact and human factors design. She received her B.S. in Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and her M.S. in Technological En- trepreneurship from Northeastern University. Page 22.824.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Implementing the Capstone Experience Concept for Teacher Professional DevelopmentABSTRACTThe need for STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) workforce is well documentedin the literature. The lack of interest among school-age students in STEM careers and the

Conference Session

Teams and Teamwork in Design

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter J. Shull, Pennsylvania State University, Altoona; Carla Firetto, The Pennyslvania State University; L.J. Passmore, Pennsylvania State University, Altoona

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

AC 2011-2623: IMPROVED TEAM FUNCTION: STUDENT-DRIVEN TEAMRULES AND CONSEQUENCESPeter J. Shull, Pennsylvania State University, Altoona Campus PETER J. SHULL is Professor of Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University. After a successful career in the technical field of Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE), and having worked at the prestigious Nation Institute of Standards and Technology, Dr. Shull made the decision to return to academia and began his career in education. From the first day, Dr. Shull noted an apparent lack of sound educational practice at the higher educational level. This is reflected in a statement made by Dr. Shull’s Ph.D. advisor regarding teaching”If you know the material well, you’ll be a great

Conference Session

Curricular Innovations in College-Industry Partnerships

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles E. Baukal, John Zink Co. LLC; Geoffrey L. Price, University of Tulsa; John E. Matsson, Oral Roberts University; Wes Bussman, John Zink Co. LLC.; Sarah M. Olson, Northern Oklahoma College

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

shed light on whycertain issues may be of more interest to these adjuncts compared to full time faculty.Gappa and Leslie (1993) extensively studied adjunct instructors and developed atypology of four categories of adjuncts based largely on experience and motivation: 1)career enders, 2) aspiring academics, 3) freelancers, and 4) specialists, experts orprofessionals. 21 Sputo (2006) believes that most engineering adjuncts fall into two ofthose categories: aspiring academics and specialists, experts or professionals. 22 The lattercategory concerns highly skilled part-time instructors working full-time at a job in theirfield. They are looking for fulfillment by sharing their expertise.1 This describes thetype of adjunct considered here.Most

Conference Session

Recruitment & Retention of Women I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington; Priti N. Mody-Pan, University of Washington; Suzanne G. Brainard, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

can create cumulative disadvantages or advantagesfor women of certain race/ethnicity groups 13, 14, 15. This dual minority status has been referred toas the “double bind” although other research suggests that race is an asset for women of someracial minority groups. A recent study of African-American and white female science studentsfound that a “double jeopardy” hypothesis of dual minority status may not result in theaccumulation of greater disadvantages. For example, elements of African-American familyculture hold women up to near equal status as men and do not place work and child-rearing atodds, suggesting that elements of African-American family support structures give theseminority women more agency to be successful in science careers

Conference Session

Reports from ADVANCE Institutions

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen P. Constant, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Organizational structure and Strategy of the ISU ADVANCE ProgramTo broaden our impact and learn from other experts, ISU ADVANCE hosted a nationalconference on increasing flexibility in faculty careers (in October, 2008). To broaden the reachof ISU ADVANCE within ISU, Equity Advisors from each of the three colleges spoke to non-focal department faculty in their college (usually at a departmental faculty meeting) to discussISU ADVANCE activities and efforts in other departments and colleges – focusing specificallyon how they can make use of the results of research in their own departments. To improve accessto these results, a number of electronic resources have been developed (in Web and sometimesCD-ROM format). Topics include best practices for faculty

Conference Session

Ethical Perspectives on the Grand Challenges of Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna M Riley, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

government/public service,and a third from industry, with a nearly exclusive emphasis on inventor/entrepreneur/CEOs inthat sector. Some committee members had work and/or life experience outside the United States,including in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East, but all or nearly all had strong ties Page 22.1677.3to the United States. All were over 35 with impressive career records, including at least 12members of the National Academies. Data on race and ethnicity were not available.19Input was sought from the general public via the NAE website. The NAE boasts that over 1000people from over 40 countries submitted comments.20 However

Conference Session

Recruitment & Retention of Women II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna Milgram, National Institute for Women in Trades, Technology & Sciences (IWITTS)

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

AC 2011-693: TURNING LIMITED RESOURCES INTO INCREASED RE-CRUITMENT & RETENTION OF FEMALE STUDENTS IN TECHNOL-OGY PROGRAMSDonna Milgram, National Institute for Women in Trades, Technology & Sciences (IWITTS) Donna Milgram, the Executive Director of the National Institute for Women in Trades, Technology and Science (IWITTS), has dedicated her career to helping women succeed in fields that have been tradi- tionally dominated by men – from engineering and auto technology to law enforcement and computer networking. Initially, Ms. Milgram’s work focused on helping women ”survive” the workplace, but she quickly saw that institutional change was critical. She shifted to helping employers and the education and job

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fei Hu, University of Alabama

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

hard to design, especially instrumentation amplifier and LPF…” # 3 THE Network (RF) - “Can we have more lectures on wireless networking? I want to know more.” - “Multi-hop programming over TinyOS is very useful to my career, I believe.” … 6. Conclusions and Significance In this article we have systematically introduced our undergraduate lab development strategy ontele-healthcare engineering. The labs mainly include three parts: medical sensor design, medical signalprocessing, and medical networks. We have proposed a building block style to develop all class labs. Toencourage innovative learning, we have proposed a multi-dimensional pedagogy to link learning

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stella A Quinones, University of Texas, El Paso; Benjamin C. Flores, University of Texas, El Paso; B. Lush, University of Texas, El Paso; Gabriel Della-Piana, Evaluation Consultant ; Denise Carrejo, Ph.D., University of Texas, El Paso Center for Institutional Evaluation, Research, and Planning

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

AC 2011-1904: NSF CCLI: AN APPLIED QUANTUM MECHANICS COURSEALIGNED WITH THE ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERINGCURRICULUMStella A Quinones, University of Texas, El Paso Dr. Stella Quiones is an Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) where she has been a faculty member for the past 13 years. She is the Forest O. and Henrietta Lewis Professor in Electrical Engineering and is a 2010 UT Regents’ Outstanding Teaching Award recipient. Dr. Quinones was also selected as an innovative early-career engineering faculty to participate in the Frontiers of Engineering Education (FOEE) symposium in Dec. 2010. Her current research areas include planar and nano-scale

Conference Session

Innovative Course Developments in Construction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jiong Hu, Texas State University-San Marcos; Vedaraman Sriraman, Texas State University, San Marcos; Yaoling Wang, Texas State University, San Marcos

Tagged Divisions

Construction

problems. The course is alsochallenging from the instructor’s standpoint for the technical content covered may come acrossto the students as being dry, besides multiple topics need to be covered therefore the timepresents a significant constraint as well. However, the knowledge and skills acquired in thiscourse will be very valuable to the graduates as they embark on professional careers in theconcrete industry. The paper details the design of the course, issues involved in teaching, and thestrategies that were employed to resolve the issues.IntroductionA major segment in construction industry, the growing demands of the progressively changingconcrete industry of the 21st century prompted the development of a new construction orientedBachelor of

Conference Session

Out-of-School and Informal Activities

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul A. Klenk Ph.D., Duke University; Gary A. Ybarra, Duke University; Rodger D Dalton Jr, Techsplorers

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. His areas of interest are signal and information processing and K-12 engineering outreach. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees all in ECE from NC State University.Mr. Rodger D Dalton Jr, Techsplorers Rodger Dalton (B.S.E.E., NCSU, 1992, and M.S.E.E., Duke University, 2006) is an electrical engineer with 20 years of industry experience and holder of nine U.S. and foreign patents, with more than a decade of experience designing fiber optic telecommunication products. With a passion for teaching, Dalton has fostered the aspirations of young engineers and scientists from elementary school students to mentoring new-grad engineers as they begin their careers. During his undergraduate studies at NC State, he

Conference Session

BME Course and Curriculum Development

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve R Marek, University of Texas, Austin; William Liechty, University of Texas, Austin; James W. Tunnell, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

AC 2012-5008: CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY FROM ALGINATE SPHERESIN DESIGN-BASED LEARNING COURSEDr. Steve R Marek, University of Texas, Austin Steve R. Marek is a lecturer in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Texas, Austin. He received a B.S. in chemical and biomolecular engineering with a minor in biomedical engi- neering at the Georgia Institute of Technology in 2005. He earned a Ph.D. in chemical engineering at the University of Texas, Austin, in 2009 and transitioned to the College of Pharmacy, Division of Phar- maceutics, for his postdoctoral research in pulmonary drug delivery. He began his career as a teaching faculty member at the University of Texas, Austin, in 2011. Marek’s primary

Conference Session

Best of Computers in Education Division

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barry E. Mullins P.E., Air Force Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

champions in 2007 (team name of Cyber Warriors) and were the U.S. winner (DC3 Prize)in 2009 (team name of Little Bobby Tables) primarily as a result of our Forensics and CyberAttack courses.Thus far, student feedback has been phenomenal! Students made the following comments aboutthe Cyber Attack course: “The course was challenging yet fun.” “I learned so much it's ridiculous!” “By far, this is the highest quality educational course I've ever taken in my military or educational career.” “His course is not easy, but the challenges he presents make the students better.” “The final project [the capture the flag project] was awesome.” “Liked the mixture of lecture and labs…kept it interesting.” “The

Conference Session

Android TA: Course Automation and the Fate of the Professor

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

King To Hung, Brigham Young University; Fernando Fonseca, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

financially. The financial situation was projected to retirement:65 years of age. The analysis used a timeline from year zero to year 47. Year zero represents thebeginning of age 18 (presumably when a person graduates from high school). Year 47 representsthe end of a person’s 65th year of age, (or the end of a person’s career). Three sets of analyses Page 25.43.7were performed: 1) simple cash flow; 2) 5% of annual income was invested in some low-riskinvestment, such as a mutual fund, and yields 12% overall annual return; and 3) 10% of annualincome was invested in some low-risk investment, such as a mutual fund, and yields 12% overallannual return

Conference Session

Arduinos, Microcontrollers, Inexpensive Robotics, and Other Tech Bytes

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yan Xu, Del Mar College; Muhittin Yilmaz, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Allen Babb, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Mohamed Abdelrahman, Texas A&M University, Kingsville

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

3issues or new developments in math ortechnologylistened to guest speakers or went on field trips 5relevant to the material studied in classexplored possible career opportunities in 3 2science or technologydesigned or implemented your own scientific 1 3 1investigationTable 5. The student evaluations for the instructor implementing the learning module Number of Number

Conference Session

FPD VIII: Crossing Bridges and Easing Transitions into the First Year

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amber Kemppainen, Michigan Technological University; Gretchen L. Hein, Michigan Technological University; Ruth Archer, Michigan Technological University; Meral Jackson, Michigan Technological University; Mary A. Fraley, Michigan Technological University; Crystal Lynn Payment, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

. The Engineering Scholars Program (ESP) is a weeklong investigation ofengineering careers in areas such as mechanical, computer, environmental, electrical, chemical,biomedical, civil, geological, materials, and related disciplines. This program is a highlycompetitive scholarship program which provides a chance for traditionally underrepresented highschool freshmen, sophomores, and juniors the opportunity to investigate careers in engineeringand science. In 2011, 90% of the program’s 140 participants could not have attended without ascholarship. Of the participants, 27% were female, 17% African American, and 18% of othernon-Caucasian ethnic identities. The Women in Engineering (WIE) program is similar to theESP, but oriented toward female high

Conference Session

Energy, the Environment, and Nano Technology

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Clifford R. Mirman, Northern Illinois University; Lesley Rigg, Northern Illinois University; Melissa Lenczewski, Northern Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

programsdeveloped through the ESE Institute, at both graduate and undergraduate level, address societaland scientific needs for a greater understanding of environmental issues. Recognizing thecomplexity of environmental issues, a holistic approach was taken which connects energy(particularly alternative energy for Illinois), foundational and applied environmental science,with societal and policy issues. The strategies are twofold: 1. to train people in a broad-based environmental studies curriculum that complements our existing focused programs 2. to strengthen our research in environmental and alternative energy issuesThe program will produce graduates prepared to meet these challenges via careers in industry,small business, federal, state and

Conference Session

Pedagogical Approaches for Software Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin A. Gary, Arizona State University, Polytechnic; Yegeneswari Nagappan, Unicon, Inc.; Supreet Verma, Delasoft, Inc.; Russell J. Branaghan, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

computing studies from Arizona State University.Supreet Verma, Delasoft, Inc. Supreet Verma was born and raised in India, mostly lived in Lucknow, capital of Uttar Pradesh (one of the states in India). His father did his bachelor’s of science and master’s of science in mathematics that influenced me to choose my career in the field of engineering. He has completed senior secondary schooling from City Montessori School in Lucknow and choose science, mathematics, and computers as my main subjects. He cracked IIT-JEE entrance and joined Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India, to do his undergrad in electrical engineering (B.Tech.). In his second year of college, he got more interested in computer science (CS). He

Conference Session

Reflections on the “Raise the Bar” Initiative (Part II) - Using a Decade of Experience to Chart the Future

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stuart G. Walesh P.E., S. G. Walesh Consulting

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

an engineering specialty” as the “basic professional degree for engineers.”  1985 NAE report:24 Offer broad engineering education, stronger non-technical education, exposure to realities of the work world, personal career management, and greater management skills.  1974-1995 ASCE Education Conferences: The 1995 conference recommended professional degrees (more formal education), integrated curriculum, faculty development, and practitioner involvement.Other Lessons LearnedThis paper highlights nine LLL as a result of contemplating the process used to develop andbegin the implementation of the civil engineering BOK. The LLL reflect insights provided by adecade of various Raise the Bar activities and the

Conference Session

Innovative Course Developments in Construction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Tingerthal P.E., Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

AC 2012-3932: USING SELF-ASSESSMENT IN AN INTRODUCTORY STRUC-TURES COURSE FOR CONSTRUCTION MANAGERSJohn Tingerthal P.E., Northern Arizona University John Tingerthal joined the construction management faculty at Northern Arizona University in 2007. His engineering career spans a wide variety of design and forensic engineering experiences. He spent the first eight years of his career performing structural consulting engineering in Chicago. This work culminated with design work on the Minneapolis Public Library and the Overture Center for the Arts in Madison, Wis. He was also involved with forensic investigations in Iowa and Wisconsin and participated in structural coordination efforts at Ground Zero in September of

Conference Session

Recruitment, Retention, and First-year Programs in ECE

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Constance D. Hendrix, U.S. Air Force Academy; Marcus L. Roberts, U.S. Air Force Academy; William J. Eccles, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Jeffrey Butler, U.S. Air Force Academy; Randall Deppensmith, U.S. Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

any 12-step recovery program, we first recognize that we have a motivation problem.On the first day of class, students are generally polled, “If this class was optional, would you takeit?” The taciturn response is not surprising, and it is coupled with fear and hesitation. Initially,non-engineering students do not understand why they must learn engineering concepts,especially if it is unrelated to their major. Why should they care? For many students, the courseis just another box to be checked for graduation; yet for all students, the lessons learned in theclass will benefit them in their military careers and beyond. Convincing them of this necessity isa struggle. Many students will have military jobs that will be unrelated to their major

Conference Session

Faculty and Program Developments, Exchanges, and Best Practices

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University; Peter Wolfsteiner, Munich University of Applied Sciences

Tagged Divisions

International

, tests, and midterms (3) means I more presentations - it is just so important forwill retain it for the rest of my career. Projects the career, teachers/profs take care of you andprepare your for real work-environment are more interested in your grades (3), peoplescenarios experienced after university. The in California are much more friendlier - it islibrary holds plentiful academic resources and easier to meet people and hang out with them;study space to help facilitate learning the whole campus and it's facilities. - biggerthroughout the quarter; having a lab with staff and better organisation. - larger officeclasses. 24 hour computer labs; More hours; less

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development and Distance Learning Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig G. Downing, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

Page 25.1124.2order to remain relevant in their careers. Given that engineers are continually charged with usingever-changing technologies to deliver innovative processes/products and business solutions, it isimpossible to rely on the skills learned during their undergraduate education.In an effort to maintain competence and competitiveness in their domain, most engineers employsome means of continuous learning. In their Blueprint for Lifelong Learning the LeadershipGroup on 21st Century Skills stated, “as business changes accelerate and require ever-higherskill levels, continuous workforce learning is becoming a more critical priority”1. Morespecifically, licensed Professional Engineers (PEs) in the United States are required to maintainand