Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 9

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harry G. Cooke, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST); M.D. Abdullah Al Faruque, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Conference Session

Evaluation of Ethical Development

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edwin R. Schmeckpeper P.E., Ph.D, Norwich University; Ashley Ater-Kranov, Washington State University; Steven W. Beyerlein, University of Idaho, Moscow; Jay Patrick McCormack, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Patrick D. Pedrow P.E., Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

it was a practice session 30 minutes was allotted. 5. Several students wrote about the process and exercise in their course journals. Overall those who discussed it were very positive about the experience.The following instructor concerns surfaced in reflecting on the exercise. A recommendation foraddress each concern is also proposed.Q: Do we need two practice sessions and two recording sessions or is that overkill?A: Do only one practice session and two record sections. Allocate some general class time after the session to exchange general feedback on the process, the outcomes, and the lessons learned.Q: The instructor assigned teams and additional duties. Should the process be done randomly?A: Yes, students should be

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah E Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; D. Jake Follmer, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

past several decades, there has been an increasing emphasis on the importance of engineerspossessing important professional skills, including global readiness or awareness. In 2004, theNational Academy of Engineering (NAE) described the Engineer of 2020 as being proficient in“interdisciplinary teams [with] globally diverse team members” (p. 55).1 As the NAE stated,“While certain basics of engineering will not change, the global economy and the way engineerswill work will reflect an ongoing evolution that began to gain momentum a decade ago.” (p. 4).Engineering graduates will be called to solve increasingly global problems and to work in teamsthat contain members who are either from international locations or are globally distributed.Across the

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen Meehan, University of Glasgow

Tagged Divisions

International

assignments, quizzes, and/or classexams – and a majority of the courses do not include such assessments – towards the final gradein courses is minor. The final exam generally contributes 70-90% to the final grade in each coursewith the assessment of the students’ practical skills assessed during laboratory exercises and/orprojects contributing the bulk of the remaining portion of the final course grade.Grading of the laboratory exercises is, in large part, carried out by reviewing students’ laboratorynotebooks. Thus, the grades reflect not only the inclusion of correct results from analyses,simulations, and measurements, but also appropriate and timely record of observations andconclusions.Questions on the final exams are expected to have

Conference Session

Capstone Design

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cory A Cooper, United States Air Force Academy; Michael Lawrence Anderson P.E., United States Air Force Academy, Department of Engineering Mechanics; Chad Bruce; Sarah Galyon Dorman; Daniel D. Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy; Kevin Otto; Kristin L. Wood, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD)

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

understand the implications of early design steps until much later in the course whichdoes not allow for reflection and improved learning. One of the key early design process steps isthe analysis of customer needs. Through experience it has been observed that students struggleto grasp the importance and nuance of this stage of design. This unfortunately can lead to furtherchurn, rework, and major schedule impacts later in the time-constrained capstone. This struggleis not limited to only the educational domain, but is a challenge for many in the engineeringdesign industry.4Without a clear understanding of what lies ahead for a student, there is a tendency to take eachstep only at face value, without appreciating the integrated fashion in which

Conference Session

Research on Diversification & Inclusion

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Lachney, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Dean Nieusma, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, New Engineering Educators, Student, Women in Engineering

approach reflects a foundationalmisalignment in educational philosophies resulting in what might provocatively be characterizedas “bait-and-switch.” The bait-and-switch characterization reflects a mismatch between theengagement logics embedded in most K-12 engineering education and the exclusionary logicsunderlying most university engineering education. While we acknowledge from the start thatuniversity engineering programs are increasingly emphasizing student engagement, the rapidexpansion of K-12 engineering programs has outpaced reforms in higher education aroundengagement, thereby magnifying the problems associated with engineering bait-and-switchexplored in this paper.In popular vernacular, bait-and-switch is often associated with fraud or

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Muench P.E., University of Washington; Ashley Ann Thompson, University of Washington/PCS Structural Solutions; Sheryl Brandalik

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

exploring topics using the four elements inKolb’s5 theory (concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, andactive experimentation). For each topic all the elements exist, but entry into Kolb’s learningcircle can begin at any one of the four elements16 with some elements overlapping one another.A typical sequence would be: (1) study engineering concepts in a classroom setting, (2) travel tolocation see the application of these engineering principles, (3) complete a computationalassignment that incorporates classroom learning and field observations, and (4) complete a Page 26.640.5reflective assignment and/or develop

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan C. Campbell, University of Washington; Ken Yasuhara, Center for Engineering Learning & Teaching, University of Washington; Denise Wilson, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

framework nor any otherframework for care ethics has yet been used as a lens to explore empirical data collected to betterunderstand how care might be reflected in what engineers do and the ways they might think(especially in situations that one might reasonably expect caring qualities to be important, suchas in problems of a humanitarian or social justice nature).Tronto begins by framing care ethics as a practice and notes that there are essentially four phasesof any care process as commonly understood: “caring about (noticing the need to care in the firstplace), taking care of (assuming responsibility for care), care-giving (the actual work of care thatneeds to be done), and care-receiving (the response of that which is cared for to the care)” [2

Conference Session

International Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maria Claudia Alves , Texas A&M University; Meghan M. Alexander, Texas A&M University; Victor Manuel Camara-Poot, Yucatán Ministry of Education; Martha Elena Ortega, CANIETI

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

Conference Session

Models and Practices of Community Engagement for Engineering Faculty

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Chris Swan, Tufts University; Kurt Paterson P.E., James Madison University; David O. Kazmer, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

questions are critical to understand if theavailability of LTS opportunities to engineering students are to continue to grow and flourish. Page 26.1078.16AcknowledgmentsThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under DUEGrant Nos. 1022927, 1022883, 1022738, 1023022, and 1022831. Any opinions, findings, andconclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do notnecessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.References1. Pew Research Center. 2010. Millennials: A Portrait of Generation Next. http://www.pewresearch.org/millennials/ Accessed 1/23/2015.2

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Mary Smith, Colorado School of Mines; Juan C. Lucena, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

Environmentalengineering by Fall in spite of her FoK in mechanics. She was extremely frustrated with the step-by-step formulaic process that her teacher taught in statics as it removed all creativity and desirefor understanding of the physical phenomena. Realizing that most of her 18-yr old classmates areaccustomed to this process and “just listen and do it” [her tone of voice actually hints that theydo this uncritically], in contrast, she says: “I actually stop and wonder if this is the right thingthat I should be doing [amazing sense of ethical responsibility towards her knowledge] or if thisprocess is actually going to teach me what the professor wants to teach me [amazing sense ofmeta-cognition].” Realizing that her critical reflection takes more time and

Conference Session

Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Elby, University of Maryland, College Park; Eric Kuo, Stanford University; Ayush Gupta, University of Maryland, College Park; Michael M. Hull, Wayne State College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

both (i) incorrectanswers and (ii) correct answers supported only by explicitly worked out computations. Sinceour data come from a final exam, we expected that many students would do explicit calculationseven if they thought of a quick, heuristic answer, in order to get “full credit” or to be sure of theiranswers. Therefore, we coded answers as reflecting mathematical sense-making if any part of astudent’s solution included mathematical sense-making, whether or not the student also did acalculation. The details of the sense-making coding on each problem are described in the nextsub-section.Our preliminary coding scheme was generated by three of the authors by looking at a smallsubset of the student responses (N=25). Two authors then coded 45

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division: Curricular Programs

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Secules, University of Maryland, College Park; Ayush Gupta, University of Maryland, College Park; Andrew Elby, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

dominantnarrative that success in engineering is impossible without being good at math. .The other prominent way we see Rachel counter the “suck at math” narrative is through culturaland circumstantial explanation. Instead of seeing math performance as a reflection of her Page 26.1582.7inherent ability, Rachel tells a story of how her high school preparation and experiencecontributed to her being inadequately prepared in math. This includes early instructionaldeficiencies (“going back to middle school I had really weak algebra training”), structuraldisadvantages (at her private all-girls’ school in Connecticut, even good students rarely tookcalculus), and

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division: Retention of Undergraduate Students

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elaine Zundl, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Laura Stiltz, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Helen M. Buettner, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

and had breakfastwith a faculty member from the Industrial and Systems Engineering department at theUniversity. The culminating event was a group trip to an art/science exhibit in New York City.ProcedureThis paper combines data from different sources in order to understand the different programcomponents that have impacted the 2012 and 2013 cohorts. Internal program evaluations fromthe office reflect student feedback about the effectiveness of the peer and industry-mentoringprogram. Data presented in this paper utilizing the AWE LAESE survey were part of a grantprovided by the Engineering Information Foundation to implement and evaluate the impact of asecond-year program for undergraduate women in engineering. Additionally, as part of a

Conference Session

Reimagining Engineering Information Literacy: Novel Perspectives on Integration, Assessment, Competencies & Information Use

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret Phillips, Saginaw Valley State University; Sarah Lucchesi, Michigan Technological University; Jennifer Sams, Michigan Technological University; Paul J. Van Susante, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

 found that focusing library instruction heavily on improving search skills showed a much higher percentage of students using quality resources in their bibliographies. These gains highlight the importance of reflection and continuous improvement within the process of information literacy instruction, assessment, and revision.  Literature Review Information literacy skills are vital for undergraduate students and particularly critical in the  4,5,6​engineering design process​ . To be successful the design process requires students to identify the scope of a project’s information needs, find quality research and information that both

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shawn P. Gross, Villanova University; Eric Musselman P.E., Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

steel bbeamfor a buillding structu ure using a sy ystematic appproach that ensures life safety and sserviceabilityy,but also to t understand exactly wh hat they are doing, what behavior deesign equatioons reflect, aandhow chan nging certainn parameterss will affect the t design soolution. At this level, sttructural dessignis all abo out systematiic application n of principlles and equaations, but thhe applicationn must be doonein an eduucated manneer.The decision to shift from a moree classical co ourse structuure to an invverted classrooom format inthe Strucctural Design n course disccussed in thiss paper was motivated bby a number of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nancy K Lape, Harvey Mudd College; Rachel Levy, Harvey Mudd College; Darryl H Yong, Harvey Mudd College; Rebecca M Eddy, Cobblestone Applied Research & Evaluation, Inc.; Nancy Hankel, Cobblestone Applied Research & Evaluation, Inc.

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

experiences.MethodDesignThe quasi-experimental study design was developed to compare students from inverted sectionswith those in control sections (i.e., traditional course model). Treatment and control students Page 26.1253.2completed the same measures (e.g., content assessments and student attitude surveys) and facultymembers, who taught in both conditions, also completed reflection papers related to theirexperiences. The guiding research questions for the study and an overview of the assessmentmeasures are shown in Table 1 below (more details on assessment measures are included in asubsequent section of this paper).  Table  1.  Evaluation  Questions  and  Outcome

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Todd France, University of Colorado Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Conference Session

Research to Practice: STRAND 3 – Principles of K-12 Engineering Education and Practice

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Todd France, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

or who lack maturity commonly takeadvantage of group-based work and ‘hitchhike’ on the efforts of their teammates.22 At the other Page 26.1266.3end of the spectrum, students who do not trust the capabilities of their teammates and feel a needto control situations often dominate their groups, taking on more of a role than is appropriate anddisallowing other members an opportunity to fully participate.23Students typically view overall group grades as unfair, and these grades must be adjusted forindividual performance.22 If grades do not reflect individual efforts, students cannot be heldaccountable, hard-working students may resent others, and

Conference Session

Interest and Movitation: Formulating New Paradigms to Increase URM Participation in Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dina Verdin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Allison Godwin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jennifer Lynne Morazes, Brandeis University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

representation of engineering solutions to better reflect thedemographics of the U.S. population42. However, there are few actions targeting explicitly first-generation college students in engineering, this population is not specifically targeted in typicalrecruitment or outreach efforts, although this group has been growing in numbers and offersignificant opportunities to the nation’s engineering workforce23. First-generation collegestudents are more likely to be of Hispanic origin and historically, this group has not had as higheducational attainment as majority groups. In the years to come, this group is projected to growsignificantly and will soon outweigh other populations in college enrollment23. This increasewill likely result in not only more

Conference Session

Research to Practice: STRAND 4 – K-12 Engineering Resources: Best Practices in Curriculum Design (Part 1)

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Mike Ryan, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jeffrey H Rosen, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jayma Koval, Georgia Institute of Technology; Sabrina Grossman, CEISMC: Georgia Tech; Nancy Anna Newsome, CEISMC - Georgia Tech; Marcela Nicole Moreno, CEISMC

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

and challenges of using robotics, in this case LEGOMindstorms NXT kits, as a manipulative to teach science content within the core scienceclassroom, particularly within less-than-optimal, but very common, types of school settings. Itwill cover the issues of materials management and constraints, resource and time requirements indifferent settings, the effects of variability in student prior knowledge, and the necessaryscaffolding of robotic-based activities to ensure that students focus adequately on science content.Data sources include design reflections and documentation, classroom observations, projectcommunications, teacher surveys and interviews, and teacher reports of curriculum enactment.IntroductionScience Learning Integrating Design

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division: Student Issues as Related to Culture

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beth A. Powell, Tennessee Technological University; Joanna Wolfe, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

likely to experience more overt behaviors, while students andfaculty predominantly described comparatively subtle comments or behaviors that gave them asense that they did not belong as women in engineering. Below we provide examples of some ofthe different types of inappropriate behaviors that women encountered.All groups discussed receiving comments reflecting the belief that women are not engineers.For example, one female engineer stated, A lot of times, when women come to meetings, most of the time, the men think they're either the secretary, not an engineer, or they expect me to do the writing or something like that. Sometimes they don't talk to you or look at you. They talk at you, which is not good, or they assume

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ruth Rodríguez-Gallegos, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM); Rafael Ernesto Bourguet-Diaz, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Page 26.302.2disciplinary skills. In particular, we highlight part of a report [2] which aims to develop theglobal dimension in shaping the future engineer and highlights the need and importance of theseskills in several areas.Generic Skills from [2]: 1. holistic thinking, critical enquiry, analysis and reflection 2. active learning and practical application 3. self-awareness and empathy 4. strong communication and listening skillsHence, the need to develop holistic thinking as an important skill for students and future citizensof the 21st century appears explicitly. Based on this request –to train students from basiceducation in this area- we decided to explore this part. Holistic thinking is also related toSystems Thinking

Conference Session

Research to Practice: STRAND 1 – Addressing the NGSS: Supporting K-12 Teachers in Engineering Pedagogy and Engineering Science Connections (Part 2)

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marie Anne Aloia, Bayonne High School; Howard S. Kimmel, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. • Part 2 focuses on the students’ experience, reflecting on how engineering is included in the Next Generation Science Standards. • Part 3 discusses forms of assessment required when students do open ended creative work, and the new relationship the teacher must have with the students. • Part 4 describes the next step, the many possibilities in the Engineering course, for students who successfully finish Intro to Engineering. • Part 5 describes the next frontier for this program, a preparation for younger students prior to Intro to Engineering.The story this program tells, like engineering itself, is very dynamic, so elements from all fivesections are subject to continuous improvement.Part 1 The design of a

Conference Session

CEED Paper Session 2: Leveraging Internships and Experiential Learning in Higher Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Derrick Langley, Air Force Institute of Technology; Diana Lynn Cahill, SOCHE; Mary Yvonne Lanzerotti, Air Force Institute of Technology; Richard Martin, The Air Force Institute of Technology; Maggie Varga, Southwestern Ohio Council for Higher Education; Sean Joseph Creighton, SOCHE; Jeremy Paul Stringer, Air Force Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

rigorous accordingto Ohland and McNeil (2015) and Guest (2012).In this partnership, SOCHE collects free-form student responses obtained in in-depth studentpre-surveys and in-depth student post-surveys in 2012 (48 students, 18 responses to post-survey), 2013 (43 students, 8 responses to post-survey), 2014 (49 students, 33 responses topost-survey), and 2015 (34 students; 17 responses to post-survey). AFIT collects free-formThe views expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position ofthe United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This document has been approvedfor public release; distribution unlimited

Conference Session

Best of DEED

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Menold, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Kathryn W. Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University; Timothy W. Simpson, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Emily A. Waterman, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Conference Session

Diversity in Community Engagement Implementation II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ziyu Long, Colorado State University; Sean Eddington, Purdue University; Jessica Pauly; Linda Hughes-Kirchubel, Purdue University; Klod Kokini, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Patrice Marie Buzzanell, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

, year-longprocess of learning, reflection, and support by colleagues. Another important difference is that faculty learning community emphasized onrelationship development and community building among faculty. As noted by prior research onsocialization, successful relationships cultivated through organizational connections furtherembed and empower individuals to participate, identify, and engage more deeply with theirorganization (Kramer & Miller, 2014, see also Illiesa, Dimotakisc & Spitzmullera, 2013). FLCsdesigned specifically for new faculty, as in the case of this study, provide coaching andleadership opportunities for individuals who are already experiencing organizational change andtransition. It is therefore conceivable

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Tyler Thomas, Western Carolina University; Yanjun Yan, Western Carolina University; Hugh Jack, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

unit the ability to move in a differential manner 1 . Figure 1: Kilobot AgentsThe assembly jig is a 3D printed component that assist in the Kilobot construction, making themounting of the legs and motors quick and consistent. Figure 2: Kilobot JigThe arena can consist of any smooth reflective surface but, as recommended, a dry erase surfaceshould be used. The overhead infrared programmer/controller (OHC) is a circular printed circuitboard (PCB) about 3” in diameter with a USB connection on the top center and infrared LEDsmounted on the bottom perimeter of the PCB. The OHC is designed to program or controlmultiple Kilobots at one time

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session - Retaining and Developing Women Faculty

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Theresa M. Vitolo, Gannon University; Karinna M Vernaza, Gannon University; Lori D. Lindley, Gannon University; Elisa M. Konieczko, Gannon University; Weslene Tallmadge, Gannon University

Tagged Topics

ASEE Diversity Committee, Diversity, Engineering Deans Council

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy, Women in Engineering

members.Upon review several modifications to the website were communicated to the HR specialist, whoalso acted as liaison between any and all constituents. A major modification reflected howmedium-to-large institutions receive and process applications. Through various communicationand performance difficulties on the part of the webmaster required that, the HR specialistworked closely with the webmaster over the next18 months in order for a majority of therequested changes to be implemented. Unfortunately, these changes were not completed tospecification or functioning.To address these technical limitations and frustrations, a local technology group was hired toexamine and to correct the architecture and functioning of the website. After six months

Conference Session

Instructional and Learning Assessment in Chemical Engineering

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vanessa Svihla, University of New Mexico; Abhaya K. Datye, University of New Mexico; Jamie R Gomez, University of New Mexico; Victor Law, Program of Organization, Information, and Learning Sciences at University of New Mexico; Sophia Bowers, University of New Mexico

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

. Thelab members all have experience conducting qualitative analysis. Members reviewed 25 samplesof student work on the DST, placing sticky notes on the tests where they noted a particular codeor saw something of interest. These initial ideas were turned into a coding scheme and applied tothe dataset, omitting codes that were not relevant to the research focus (e.g., design aesthetics) orthat were found to be redundant. This coding scheme was refined further at another research labmeeting; per recommendations for qualitative researchers, disagreements in coding werediscussed.66 The chemical engineers involved in the project reviewed the scheme and confirmedthat it was ecologically valid,67 meaning it authentically reflected their understanding of