Conference Session

Design and Innovation

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Robin Adams; Pimpida Punnakanta; Craig D. Lewis; Cynthia Atman

engineers needs toemphasize competency in the solving of open-ended engineering design problems. This theme isevident in the growing level of collaboration among accrediting agencies, industry, and federalfunding agencies to support research on the assessment of student learning and to encourageexcellence in curriculum and pedagogy that provide an exposure to engineering practice 1-3.Also, the implementation of the new ABET EC 2000 criteria4 makes it necessary for engineeringprograms to identify, assess, and demonstrate evidence of design competency. These changes inaccreditation have expanded a goal of assessing student learning outcomes to making judgmentsabout curricula and instructional practices with an aim towards continual

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session I

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bridget L. Maher, University of Michigan Marsal School of Education

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

opportunities for all students requires an extremely high level of professionalskill and judgment from teachers [1], [2], [3]. Fragmentation in teacher education, fieldexperiences, and university learning is common for future teachers learning professional practice[4]. Broader systemic issues of educational inequity disproportionately exclude students fromminoritized backgrounds from high-quality STEM learning environments [2], [5]. This demandfor rigorous and rich STEM teaching is occurring while teachers, teaching, and teacher educationhave come under intense scrutiny, thus providing a moment of opportunity for dramatic re-envisioning of how we support practicing teachers and the education of the next generation ofSTEM teachers. In this paper, we

Conference Session

Innovative IE Course Content

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas H Timmer, University of Texas, Pan American; Miguel Gonzalez, University of Texas, Pan American

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

constructed with varying amounts of variability in the height,width and depth dimensions facilitating different outcomes. Assessment of student performanceand perceptions (behavior and attitudes) from a small-scale (initial) pilot study will be measured,evaluated and discussed.IntroductionMontgomery states that “determining the capability of the measurement system is an importantaspect of many quality and process improvement activities.”1 Quality is integral component ofmost organizations and is a primary method in which organizations compete.2 The Society ofManufacturing Engineering (SME) has repeatedly identified quality as an important competencygap in the field of manufacturing.3,4This paper presents a method to address the quality competency gap

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick A. Tebbe, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Bruce Allen Peterson, Minnesota State Energy Center of Excellence

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Nuclear Society (ANS), and a student branch advisor for the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE).Mr. Bruce Allen Peterson, Minnesota State Energy Center of Excellence Bruce Peterson Dean for Energy Technologies Executive Director, Minnesota State Energy Center of Excellence Minnesota West Community and Technical College Bruce has been engaged in higher education for 40 years as a teacher, curriculum specialist, and admin- istrator. Over the past 24 years he served as Academic Dean at three colleges and as program director over several major grants. In his current position, Bruce is responsible for Energy related programs across Minnesota West campuses. At the state

Conference Session

SPECIAL SESSION: Interdisciplinary Course Design Opportunities for Chemical Engineers

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph J. Biernacki, Tennessee Technological University; Christopher D. Wilson, Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

interdisciplinary student teams have some unique challenges. Since this might well be thefirst time that students have worked with an interdisciplinary team on a significantly challengingtask, they may find it surprising that disciplines tend to cultivate characteristics. For example,chemical engineers tend to focus on mass and energy balances and view the process in terms ofbalances; they will, in most cases, be confused about how what they view as a process will in anyway integrate with an electronic circuit. The mechanical engineers will want to see machineswhen they look at their device, if they don’t, they might not relate. Likewise, the electricalengineers will want to reduce the process and the machines to electrical circuit components.Such can

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Marc A. Mesmer; Elizabeth A. Eschenbach

usingweb based forms for peer evaluation, a copy of the code can be down loaded fromhttp://www.humboldt.edu/~cdc/peerrev/AboutPeerRev.html.Course Overview: ENGR 111, Introduction To DesignHumboldt State University has one of the oldest and largest accredited programs inenvironmental engineering in the country. The Environmental Resources Engineering Departmentwas accredited in the 1970Õs and currently has about 270 majors. Students work in teamsthroughout the curriculum of the ERE major. All ERE majors are required to take ENGR 111Introduction to Design, which has no prerequisites, and provides an introduction to the types of 3skills that students need to be successful in the major . Students

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Mumtaz Usmen; John Raad; Haluk Aktan

NDT technologies. The first stage of the plan was todetermine those NDT procedures which have the most potential use in civil engineering andcould readily be adapted to classroom applications. The second step was to locate suppliers anddetermine the financial cost vs. teaching benefits. The third step was simply the acquisition andde-bugging of the equipment. The final step was to develop lab procedures which could easilybe integrated into the current curriculum.NDT is still considered an emerging field in civil engineering, thus it is difficult to determine thefull impact of these procedures. However, on a smaller scale the success of these methods isindisputable. During the careers of the current generation of civil engineers NDT methods

Conference Session

Maker Communities and Authentic Problem Solving

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Weiner, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Micah Lande, Arizona State University; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Sciences, 2nd ed., R. K. Sawyer, Ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014.[28] D. S. Yeager and C. S. Dweck, “Mindsets That Promote Resilience: When Students Believe That Personal Characteristics Can Be Developed,” Educ. Psychol., vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 302– 314, Oct. 2012.[29] P. Blikstein, Z. Kabayadondo, A. Martin, and D. Fields, “An Assessment Instrument of Technological Literacies in Makerspaces and FabLabs: Assessment of Technological Literacies in Makerspaces and FabLabs,” J. Eng. Educ., vol. 106, no. 1, pp. 149–175, Jan. 2017.[30] J. Saldaña, The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Los Angeles: Sage, 2009.[31] L. J. Martinez, P. A. Sullivan, and E. Pines, “Integration of Engineering Capstone within a

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Betsy Palmer; Rose M. Marra; Thomas Litzinger

development? • How do first-year students’ Perry ratings at our institution compare to freshman engineering student ratings at other institutions? • How do first-year studentsí comments about knowledge and learning vary based on student Perry ratings? • How do men and women engineering students score relative to one another on the Perry scheme? • What are the implications of the subjects’ Perry ratings for teaching?Literature ReviewThis section provides the line of reasoning for the studyís research questions as well as for thetools chosen to address these questions. We begin with an overview of the trends in changes in

Conference Session

Innovative Graduate Programs & Methods

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Kevin Brewer; Johannes Boehme; Glenda Scales; Cheryl Peed

curriculum; complyingwith graduate school policy and procedures; and recruiting faculty and students. Glenda Scales,associate dean for distance learning and computing in the College of Engineering at VirginiaTech, and John Boehme, associate dean for Academic Computing and information sciences atWake Forest University School of Medicine, were co-project leaders for launching the distancelearning infrastructure in support of the SBES program.The vision for the technical team was to provide and maintain an advanced stable network and astate-of-the-art distance learning environment between Virginia Tech and the Wake ForestUniversity School of Medicine that promotes educational excellence. Specific goals for theinstructional technology team were

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jeremy Straub, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

well.Notably, innovation in HyFlex education is occurring in multiple areas. Leijon and Lundgren[22] have performed work on interconnecting between the physical course instruction locationand “virtual spaces” to focus in creating interaction opportunities between students and theinstructor. Keiper, et al. [23] have experimented with HyFlex integration of the pre-existingFlipGrid. Beatty [24] has proposed the use of HyFlex as a transitional approach to fully onlineinstruction. An urgent need for flexibility and transition capability was created by the COVID-19 pandemic [25], though many universities were moving towards offering partially or fullyonline programs prior to the pandemic.Several studies have assessed the HyFlex model, Kyei-Blankson [26

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 2 - Community Engagement without Frontiers

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan Lucena, Colorado School of Mines; Sofia Schlezak, Colorado School of Mines; Emma Chapman, Colorado School of Mines; Mateo Rojas; Jaime Elizabeth Styer, Colorado School of Mines

Education for Social Justice: Critical Explorations and Opportunities (Springer, 2013), and Engineering Justice: Transforming Engineering Education and Practice (IEEE-Wiley, 2017). Born in Colombia, he learned to value and learn from the poorest people in Colombian society. As an engineering student, he learned the strengths and limitations of engineering assumptions and methods for engaging communities, particularly those neglected by engineering. In his Ph.D., he learned that engineering has culture that can be studied and transformed for the wellbeing of communities, social justice, and sustainability.Sofia Lara SchlezakMateo Rojas © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022

Conference Session

Instructional Showcase

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aaron Richardson, University of Connecticut; Todd Campbell, University of Connecticut; Marina A. Creed, UConn Health and UConn School of Medicine; Kristina M. Wagstrom, University of Connecticut

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Interest Council (PIC)

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

with the Neag School of Education at UConn, seeking a Master’s of Curriculum and Instruction, and will be entering the public teaching workforce after graduation of Spring 2024.Todd Campbell, University of Connecticut Todd Campbell is a Professor and Head of the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at the University of Connecticut.Marina A. Creed, UConn Health and UConn School of Medicine Marina Creed is an Instructor in the Department of Neurology at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine and practicing Neuroimmunology Nurse Practitioner in the Multiple Sclerosis Center at UConn Health. She has been engaged in translational public health efforts throughout the COVID19 pandemic to improve outcomes

Conference Session

ERM: Let's Continue the Conversation about Tests! Part 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine Kenyon; Lisa Benson, Clemson University; William Bridges, Clemson University

, and assessments in Calculus classrooms.Lisa Benson (Professor) Lisa Benson is a Professor of Engineering and Science Education at Clemson University, and the Editor of the Journal of Engineering Education. Her research focuses on the interactions between student motivation and their learning experiences. Her projects include studies of student attitudes towards becoming engineers and scientists, and their development of problem solving skills, self-regulated learning practices, and beliefs about knowledge in their field. Dr. Benson is an American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Fellow, a member of the European Society for Engineering Education (SEFI), American Educational Research Association (AERA) and Tau

Collection

2023 IL-IN Section Conference

Authors

Benjamin D. McPheron; Devin J. Goodrich; Michael Q. Mullinix

results suggest that theselabs effectively introduced students to PLCs, ladder logic, and pneumatic systems.IntroductionLaboratory experiences are an essential part of engineering education, allowing students to gainconcrete understanding of engineering concepts through experimentation on physical systems,augmented by simulation, test, and measurement hardware and software [1,2]. However, it canbe challenging to fit many laboratory-specific courses into an engineering curriculum at aliberal-arts focused institution; leading faculty to adopt a mixture of in-class, virtual, take-home,or homework-style lab experiences [3]. One area where these experiences can be particularlyuseful is in control systems education, as students may struggle to bridge

Conference Session

International Division (INTL) Technical Session #6: World-class STEM Leader

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lauren Mottel; Lauren Shipp; Menansili Abraham Mejooli; Ghodeejah Higgins; Maleshigo Mabye; Hannah Christine Watkins; Kimberly L. Bothi; Kathryn Alexa Jackson; Julie Carol Karand, University of Delaware

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International Division (INTL)

). Throughout her engineering career, she has tried to integrate global engineering into her work. Most recently, she spent the final year of her PhD at the University of Cape Town, integrating her benchtop cardiovascular research into computational models. In 2018-2019, she spent a year living and working in Tanzania, in East Africa through the Fulbright US Scholar program, teaching and conducting clinical research. Now at UD, her scholarship work includes embedding global engineering opportunities into the engineering curriculum through study abroad programs, new courses, serving as an advisor for UD’s Engineers Without Borders, and hosting global design workshops. ©American Society for Engineering

Conference Session

Flipped, Blended, Online, Oh My

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kimberly Warren, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Meagan Padro, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Chuang Wang, University of Macau

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Paper ID #30640Highlights and Lessons Learned from a Partially Flipped CivilEngineering Classroom StudyDr. Kimberly Warren, UNC Charlotte Dr. Kimberly Warren is an Associate Professor at UNC Charlotte who specializes in the field of Geotech- nical Engineering, a discipline of Civil Engineering. She holds her Civil Engineering degrees from Vir- ginia Tech and North Carolina State University. Her disciplinary research primarily involves the use and monitoring of geosynthetic materials (polymeric materials) incorporated into Civil Engineering Structures including roadways and earth retaining structures. She is currently

Conference Session

Engineering Education Methods and Reflections

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yi Cao, Virginia Tech; Andrea L. Schuman, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Student Division (STDT)

qualitative methodstraining [6]. Additionally, more flexible and interdisciplinary PhD pathways in engineeringeducation have emerged, further expanding opportunities for doctoral study [7]. As engineeringincreasingly integrates knowledge from diverse disciplines, the demand for research andinnovation in engineering education continues to rise. This growing emphasis on engineeringeducation highlights its role as a critical and expanding field, making it an essential componentof the evolving academic landscape. 2. Background and Motivation Many students entering PhD programs in engineering education come from traditionalengineering backgrounds. While they often have strong quantitative skills, their experience withqualitative research methods

Conference Session

Digital Circuits, Architecture, Embedded Systems

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Bell, Tufts University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

curriculum: at Tufts, students take the course(ES 4) in the fall semester of sophomore year and it forms part of their core conception of whatelectrical and computer engineering is. In general, their courses up to this point have been genericacross engineering, and many students see the course as a way to confirm whether an electrical orcomputer engineering major is right for them. As a result, we have both an opportunity and anobligation to inspire and motivate students in addition to helping them develop prerequisite skillsfor other courses.Digital logic labsAs at most universities, our offering of the course has a substantial laboratory component, wherestudents put in the hard (and rewarding) work of translating pencil-and-paper logic designs

Conference Session

Project and Model-Based Mathematics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Schmeelk, Virginia Commonwealth University; Jean Hodges, Virginia Commonwealth University Qatar

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

curriculum for design students in both VCUR and VCUQ, one general educationrequirement for all students is a contemporary mathematics course (MATH 131). Tailoring thiscourse to fit the unique needs and interests of VCUQ majors became a unique and excitingchallenge that gave rise to the authors’ 2006 study entitled, “Making Connections AmongCulture, Personality, and Content in Analytical Courses,” which was presented at the March Page 12.1199.22006 Conference of Middle Eastern Teachers of Science, Mathematics, and Computing.In their previous study, the authors relied upon the work of Ricki Linksman, an expert inaccelerated learning who founded the

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cara Poor, University of Portland; Kyla Burrill; Mason Jarvis

Paper ID #36427Development of a Low-Cost Constructed WetlandsExperimentCara Poor Dr. Poor teaches many of the integral undergraduate civil engineering courses at University of Portland, including fluids, environmental engineering, and capstone design. Dr. Poor is a licensed professional engineer with ongoing research in green infrastructure design, water quality, watershed management, and engineering education. She is currently developing new curricula for hydraulics, fluids, and environmental engineering labs, and conducting research on methods to improve conceptual understanding and critical thinking

Conference Session

Student and Other Views on Engineering Leadership

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jed S. Lyons, University of South Carolina

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

from a Student Perspective?AbstractThis paper investigates student perceptions of the relationships between social media,engineering, and leadership. Participants in this study consisted of freshmen engineeringstudents enrolled in a first-semester introduction to engineering course at the University of SouthCarolina. A grounded theory approach was used, in which instructional activities and datacollection processes occurred concurrently, were guided by one another, and developed over thecourse of the study. The phrase “social media engineering leadership” is developed within thispaper to include social media mediated communication within an engineering leadership context.The results of this study suggest that social media engineering

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 11 Empathy and Human-Centered Design 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelley Dugan, University of Michigan; Shanna Daly, University of Michigan; Charlie Michaels, University of Michigan; Steve Skerlos, University of Michigan; Ann Verhey-Henke, University of Michigan

appliance industry for two years. Kelley is also a Graduate Facilitator with the Center for Socially Engaged Design and a Graduate Academic Liaison with the Ginsberg Center for Community Service and Learning.Shanna Daly Shanna Daly is an Associate Professor in Mechanical Engineering in the College of Engineering at the University of Michigan. She has a B.E. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Dayton and a Ph.D. degree in Engineering Education from Purdue University. In her work, she characterizes front-end design practices across the student to practitioner continuum, develops empirically-based tools to support design best practices, and studies the impact of front- end design tools on design success

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Course Efforts

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ravi T. Shankar, Florida Atlantic University; Teresa J. Sakraida, Florida Atlantic University, Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing; Francis Xavier McAfee, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

workingprofessionals who represent all the disciplines represented in our endeavor. This was our firsttime offering a course with this combination of disciplines (and hence has no feedback from agroup of external stakeholders). As an update, we have, since the submission of the abstract,offered this course twice. However, it was offered to only engineering students, and with aplatform-independent app development methodology. Feedback from all students convinced usto seek a simpler and better integrated app development process. We now feel comfortable inoffering full-fledged transdisciplinary courses in spring 2018, at which time formativeevaluation will be undertaken (see the discussion section). We document our efforts at formativeevaluation in another paper

Conference Session

Restructuring/Rethinking STEM

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joe Tranquillo, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Paper ID #7610The T-shaped Engineer: Connecting the STEM to the TOPProf. Joe Tranquillo, Bucknell University Joe Tranquillo was the second faculty member in the new Biomedical Engineering Program at Bucknell University and helped build an accredited department with seven faculty and 60 undergraduate students. His teaching interests are in biomedical signals and systems, neural and cardiac electrophysiology, and medical device design. Nationally Tranquillo has published or presented over 50 peer reviewed or invited works in the field of engineering education. In 2012 he was a founding faculty member of the KEEN Winter

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division Technical Session 4 - Innovating Engineering Education through Industry and Community Partnerships, Maker Spaces, Competitions, Research Initiatives, and Experiential Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jeremy Straub, North Dakota State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative and Experiential Education

Paper ID #28305Research Experience for Undergraduates Social Programs: A Key Ingredientfor SuccessDr. Jeremy Straub, North Dakota State University Jeremy Straub is the Associate Director of the NDSU Institute for Cyber Security Education and Research and an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the North Dakota State University. He holds a Ph.D. in Scientific Computing, an M.S. and an M.B.A. and has published over 40 journal articles and over 120 full conference papers, in addition to making numerous other conference presenta- tions. Straub’s research spans the gauntlet between technology

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Constituents Tech Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Walter, Indiana University Purdue University, Fort Wayne (Eng)

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering Constituent Committee

EngineeringMethodologies for designing to cost (DTC) and treating cost as an independent variable (CAIV)have become standard techniques for achieving ambitious cost targets20,21. Including thesesystem level approaches in the curriculum provide students with tools for designing anddeveloping cost-sensitive products.Earned ValueThe earned value measurement system (EVMS) integrates project scope, schedule and resourcesto provide an objective measure of completed work, work in progress and scheduled work22.(Some of you may know EVMS as the DoD Cost Schedule Control Systems Criteria(C/SCSC)22.) EVMS is introduced as a technique to monitor and control cost during projectexecution. In the homework, students use their WBS to develop their own EV baseline. Thisexercise

Conference Session

Modeling Student Data

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Dyrenfurth, Purdue University; Mike Murphy, Dublin Institute of Technology; Gary Bertoline, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

than those thatshould be measured. Further, the indicators are generally examined for the university as a wholerather than for university divisions, departments or programs. Implicit also is that placement inthe rankings is indicative of quality. This paper provides an overview of the methodologies usedfor the more popular rankings and summarizes their strengths and weaknesses. It examines thecritiques of rankings and league tables to provide appropriate context. The paper then examinesthe issue of how a university (or a college or program) could be assessed in terms of the qualityof its engineering and technology programs. It proposes a set of indicators that could be used toprovide relative measures of quality, not so much for individual

Conference Session

BME Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Marcus Pandy; Anthony Petrosino; Ronald Barr

is based on the widely publicized book “How PeopleLearn” (HPL). The HPL teaching framework presents the learning material as a series ofchallenges that are posed through a “Legacy Cycle.” Three VANTH modules, covering sevenchallenges, were tested in an undergraduate Mechanical Engineering course in Fall 2003. Theclass (N=32) was divided into two groups, control and trial, based on a random assignment.The control group performed the challenge in a traditional way (pencil and paper) while thetrial group solved the challenge using the VaNTH material located at a website. For eachgroup, a pre-test, post-test, and affect ranking were administered. The students were alsosurveyed on the learning effectiveness of the various components of each

Conference Session

Professional Formation and Career Experiences

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Cindy Rottmann, University of Toronto; Emily Moore P.Eng., University of Toronto; Doug Reeve P.Eng., University of Toronto; Andrea Chan, University of Toronto; Milan Maljkovic, University of Toronto; Dimpho Radebe, University of Toronto

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

supremacist, patriarchal norms in the profession? • Uneven consequences of fit: Who is crunched into these normative fantasies? Who is uplifted by them? For whom does advancement require a masquerade?all 6 of us completed our undergraduate education in Canada. We have different levels of familiarity andcomfort with critical theory. The process of writing and integrating feedback has itself been an importantlearning process for all of us, helping us bridge our own paradigmatic comfort zones. 2One reviewer invited us to justify our use of Lorde’s theory to analyze mobility patterns, suggesting thatshe was referring to social roles and identities, not career paths. While we cannot claim to know Lorde’sintended referent, the fantasies she names