Conference Session

Curriculum Development in BIO Engr.

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Michael Nowak; Adrezin Ronald; Donald Leone

, Circuits & Electronics, Material Science, Design, Ethics Calculus, Chemistry, Physics, Freshman Engineering, Computer Programming, Graphic Communication Figure 1. Programmatic Pyramid Page 7.196.3 Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2002, American Society for Engineering EducationThe second portion of the pyramid base is formed by the linchpins of traditional MechanicalEngineering and Civil Engineering: Statics, Dynamics, Mechanics of Materials (with a

Conference Session

General Topics in Graduate Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert M. Brooks, Temple University; Mehmet Cetin, Temple University; Jyothsna Kavuturu

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

lecture the appropriate component(s) of sustainability andrelated ethics. The students were given 4 assignments on these topics. The lectures and thestudent assignments explored various problems such as global society, business perspectives andpeople. At the beginning of the course the students were given a pre-intervention survey on theirsustainability perspective on transportation systems and management. At the end of the coursethe same survey was given.The average grade of the pre-intervention survey was 66% and that of the post-interventionsurvey was 78%, and 18% improvement over the pre-intervention. The results were significantlydifferent with a calculated t value of 2.9. The t-test confirmed statistical improvement atsignificant confidence

Conference Session

Engineering in K-12 Science and Mathematics Standards

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamara J Moore, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Kristina Maruyama Tank, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Aran W Glancy, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Jennifer Anna Kersten, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Forster D Ntow, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, and analysis. The engineering “habits of mind” refer tothe values, attitudes and thinking skills associated with engineering and these include: (1)systems thinking, (2) creativity, (3) optimism, (4) collaboration, (5) communication, and (6)attention to ethical considerations2. While reviewing various instructional models, Brophy et al.8 Page 23.1234.3suggested that in the younger grades, P-12 engineering education could use hands-on activities todevelop a qualitative sense for material properties, spatial reasoning, physics, mechanics, numbersense, and general problem-solving strategies. Then, as students advance, the lessons could buildupon

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 2

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Sarath Chandra Kumar Jagupilla P.E., Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science); Elizabeth O'Connell, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science); Muhammad R Hajj, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science)

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

can sometimes be overlooked by faculty andadministrators.Furthermore, students’ engagement in out-of-class activities has been connected with otherpositive outcomes, including improved analytical, group, and leadership skills [5], increasedstudent-faculty interaction [6], ethical development [7], and greater interest in pursuing andremaining in engineering careers [8] [9] [10]. Despite these positive outcomes, it can sometimesbe challenging to engage students outside of the classroom. Major et al [3] identified schedulingissues as a major factor deterring student involvement. Additional research has indicated thatengineering students devote more time preparing for class than students in other disciplines and,therefore, may be less likely to

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division (TELPhE) Technical Session 3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn A. Neeley, University of Virginia; William J Davis, University of Virginia; Bryn Elizabeth Seabrook, University of Virginia; Joshua Earle, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division (TELPhE)

and the University of Virginia. William has degrees in literature and Science and Technology Studies, and has taught courses in English, philosophy, and sociology in universities in the USA and Mexico. His current research investigates the ethical and social implications of technology, including those related to artificial intelligence, automation, bioethics, machine ethics, and post and trans-humanism.Dr. Bryn Elizabeth Seabrook, University of Virginia Bryn Seabrook is an Assistant Professor in Science, Technology, and Society at the University of Virginia. She received her Bachelor of Arts in Humanities, Science and Environment with a minor in Vocal Performance in 2012, a Master of Science and TechnoloJoshua

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division WIPS 2: Students and Peer Mentors

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Atheer Almasri, West Virginia University; Todd R. Hamrick, West Virginia University; Carter Hulcher, West Virginia University; Akua B. Oppong-Anane, West Virginia University; Xinyu Zhang, Purdue University ; Lizzie Santiago, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

individual function and performwithin a work environment at the highest level. Examples of professional skills includecommunication skills, teamwork, time management, creativity, work ethic, leadership, conflictmanagement, and stress management, among others.Professional skills can be taught and reinforced using expository, guided, and active strategies[1]. The integration of such skills in the curriculum can occur via lectures (expository),demonstrations (expository), project work (guided), simulations (guided), role playing (active),brainstorming (active), and coaching (guided) [1]. Engineering students are exposed to soft skillsusing one of the following three learning methodologies: expository (lectures, seminars,conferences, and demonstrations

Collection

15th Annual First-Year Engineering Experience Conference (FYEE)

Authors

Adetoun Yeaman, Northeastern University; Xiaojing Yuan, University of Houston, College of Technology (MERGED MEMBERSHIP WITH COE); Gisella Lamas-Samanamud, University of Kentucky - Paducah extended campus; Heather Beem, Ashesi University; Janie M Moore, Texas A&M University; Randi Sims, Clemson University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Paper ID #45055WIP: Survey Validation to Enable Investigating Community Cultural Wealthin Engineering Students’ First Year Experiences (FYE)Dr. Adetoun Yeaman, Northeastern University Adetoun Yeaman is an Assistant Teaching Professor in the First Year Engineering Program at Northeastern University. Her research interests include empathy, design education, ethics education and community engagement in engineering. She currently teaches Cornerstone of Engineering, a first-year two-semester course series that integrates computer programming, computer aided design, ethics and the engineering design process within a project

Collection

2011 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Robert I. Egbert

Another Look at the Freshman Engineering Course Robert I. Egbert Cooperative Engineering Program Missouri State University AbstractThe curriculum in most engineering programs includes some type of freshman level coursedesigned to introduce new engineering students to the various engineering career fields open tothem and to introduce these students to the different university resources available to help themmake a successful transition to university life. Some programs expand the freshman engineeringcourse to include topics such a teamwork, professionalism and ethics, and

Collection

2010 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

James D. McGuffin-Cawley

., students will: o Be able to gain accurate and timely information regarding the current and future availability of mineral-derived materials and use this information in the context of materials-constrained design, o Appreciate when opportunities for materials substitution and possible and appropriate, as well as when it is not (i.e., intrinsic materials properties are unique), o Understand the ethical implications of materials choices in designs and devices, particularly in the context of a globalized economy, o Synthesize information obtained from historical sources, technical literature, business writings, and current news.It was recognized from the beginning that the course would not have a “home,” in that itwas

Conference Session

Engineering Leadership Development Division (LEAD) Technical Session: Engineering Leadership Competencies and Skills

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stacie Edington, University of Michigan; Michael Dailey, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division (LEAD)

professionals as well as from national sources including the NationalAcademy of Engineering (NAE) [2], the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE)[14], and the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) [1] (See Appendix Afor competency definitions and dimensions). Each competency can be assessed on one of threeperformance levels designated as: Exploring, Engaging, and Explaining (Table 2) [15].Table 1: Key Professional Competencies [15] ● Communication ● Ethics ● Lifelong Learning ● Creativity ● Global/Cultural Awareness ● Risk Management ● Empathy ● Grit/Persistence/Resilience ● Systems

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division (CIP) Technical Session 3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan C Cooper, University of Connecticut

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships Division (CIP)

demonstrate effective work habits, and act in the interest of the larger community and workplace. • Teamwork: Build and maintain collaborative relationships to work effectively toward common goals, while appreciating diverse viewpoints and shared responsibilities. • Technology: Understand and leverage technologies ethically to enhance efficiencies, complete tasks, and accomplish goals.These career competencies can map directly to the Accreditation Board for Engineering andTechnology (ABET) student outcomes 10 : 1. an ability to identify, formulate, and solve complex engineering problems by applying principles of engineering, science, and mathematics. 2. an ability to apply engineering design to produce solutions that

Collection

2010 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

James D. McGuffin-Cawley

., students will: o Be able to gain accurate and timely information regarding the current and future availability of mineral-derived materials and use this information in the context of materials-constrained design, o Appreciate when opportunities for materials substitution and possible and appropriate, as well as when it is not (i.e., intrinsic materials properties are unique), o Understand the ethical implications of materials choices in designs and devices, particularly in the context of a globalized economy, o Synthesize information obtained from historical sources, technical literature, business writings, and current news.It was recognized from the beginning that the course would not have a “home,” in that itwas

Collection

2012 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Edwin Schmeckpeper; Ashley Ater Kranov; Steve Beyerlein; Jay McCormack; Pat Pedrow

A Direct Method for Simultaneously Teaching and Measuring Engineering Professional Skills Edwin Schmeckpeper1, Ashley Ater Kranov2, Steve Beyerlein3, Jay McCormack4, Pat Pedrow5Abstract – Proficiency in professional skills related to teamwork, ethical responsibility,communication skills, the impact of engineering solutions, life-long learning, and contemporaryissues is critical for success in the multi-disciplinary, intercultural team interactions thatcharacterize 21st century engineering careers. Yet, programs across the nation have struggled todefine, teach, and measure professional skills since their introduction as ABET criteria forengineering programs in 2000. The Engineering Professional Skills Assessment (EPSA) is

Collection

2012 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

John W. Duggan; Michael Davidson; Leonard Anderson

Promoting Intra-Disciplinary Design in Civil Engineering Technology: An Approach to Comprehensive Capstone Design Through Faculty and Practitioner Mentorship John W. Duggan, Ph.D., P.E.(1), Michael Davidson, P.E.(2), Leonard Anderson, Ph.D., C.P.C.(3)Abstract - Working in teams, civil engineering technology students develop an open-ended design on a project of theirchoosing. The design integrates several design and engineering concepts including design alternatives, designassumptions, value engineering, cost, safety, construction feasibility, construction scheduling, engineering ethics andengineering economy. All projects include elements of civil engineering sub-disciplines, including structural, hydraulic,site

Collection

2012 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Patrick H. Oosthuizen

disciplines to multi-facetedenvironmental problems is described. This course involves student discussions and studentreports and examples of the type of topics that are considered for these purposes are described.IntroductionIn the delivery of engineering programs environmental problems are often treated toosimplistically. In reality the solutions to such problems frequently involve choosing betweenoptions that all have their own unique advantages, drawbacks, and limitations and involvedealing with complex and often contradictory ethical considerations. It seems important,therefore, to expose engineering students to complex real-world environmental problems whichinvolve making difficult decisions about which solution to adopt. The environmental

Conference Session

Track 3: Technical Session 5: Work In Progress: Understanding Servingness for Minoritized Students in Introductory Computing Courses at a Hispanic Serving Community College

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Sarah L Rodriguez, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Antarjot Kaur, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Paul Charles Bigby Jr., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Taylor Johnson, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

Certificate to MS for students interested in AI ● Coordinating mentoring and support activities to build engagement ● Study around professional identity development ● Thinking about partnerships with different stakeholdersAs those two pathways that were discussed in the previous slide originated from a 9-credit College Credit Certificate Artificial Intelligence Awareness shown here. TheCCC includes AI Thinking, AI & Ethics, and one elective (Applied AI in Business orIntroduction to Robotics).For the purposes of this study, the data that was collected for this study includes theAI Thinking, AI Business, and AI Ethics course. We plan on doing data collection ofthose who have taken the Introduction to Robotics as well that will be included

Collection

2015 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

M. Zoghi; L. Crask; B. Hyatt; V. Luo; W. Wu

engineer will entail: “strong analytical skills, practicalingenuity, creativity, good communication skills, business and management knowledge,leadership, high ethical standards, professionalism, dynamism, agility, resilience, flexibility, andthe pursuit of lifelong learning.”Furthermore, in 2008, the NAE identified fourteen global challenges for the 21st century. GrandChallenges are key initiatives fostering innovations to solve the world’s problems in relation tosustainability, health, vulnerability, and human wellbeing. Subsequently, in 2009, the NAEGrand Challenges Scholars Program (GCSP) was announced at the GC Summit in Durham,North Carolina9, 10. The intent of the GCSP is to prepare students via a combination of curricularand extra

Conference Session

Experiential Learning and Professional Skills and Competencies: Attainment, Assessment, and Evaluation.

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John H. Callewaert, University of Michigan; Cassandra Sue Ellen Jamison, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

support studentdevelopment of professional competencies and engineering identity. Resources include a set ofrubrics for 12 professional competencies often associated with experiential learning (teamwork,ethics, global & cultural awareness, etc.). Structures include our new web-based learningresource platform, which we believe provides important professional and identity developmentsupport to students who engage with it. Furthermore, we believe that this approach can be doneat scale and provide meaningful support to the thousands of undergrads at our institution.Utilizing these supports and analyzing student outcomes will provide an exceptional opportunityto advance our understanding of the professional formation of engineering graduates

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE) Technical Session 8: Assessment, Framworks, Standards, Oh My!

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg J. Strimel, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Amy Evans Sabarre; Tanner J. Huffman, The College of New Jersey

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

1 2 Manufacturing Fabrication 1 2 3 4 5 Material Classification Joining 1 Casting/Molding/Forming Separating/Machining 1 2 Conditioning/Finishing Safety 1 2 3 Quantitative Analysis Computational Thinking Computational Tools 3 Data Collection, Analysis, & Communication 1 2 3 4 System Analytics 1 2 Modeling & Simulation Professionalism Professional Ethics Workplace Behavior/Operations Honoring Intellectual Property Technological Impacts

Conference Session

Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Technical Session 9

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle Choi Ausman, Virginia Tech; Qin Zhu, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

inclusion, Asian American Studies, Critical Mixed Race Studies, engineering ethics, and pop culture.Dr. Qin Zhu, Virginia Tech Dr. Zhu is Associate Professor in the Department of Engineering Education and Affiliate Faculty in the Department of Science, Technology & Society and the Center for Human-Computer Interaction at Vir- ginia Tech. Dr. Zhu is also serving as Associate Editor for Science and Engineering Ethics, Associate Editor for Studies in Engineering Education, Editor for International Perspectives at the Online Ethics Center for Engineering and Science, and Executive Committee Member of the International Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum. Dr. Zhu’s research interests include engineering ethics

Collection

2022 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Pritpal Singh, Villanova University

, give some examples of theproject approval form for a few projects, and how the use of this form has improved theachievement of student outcome 4 in the senior design projects course.IntroductionIn 2018, the ABET criteria for student outcomes changed from the a)-k) to a shorter 1)-7) list [1].The original a)-k) language related to student design, criterion c) read as “an ability to design asystem, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such aseconomic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, andsustainability.” [2] The language of the revised criterion related to senior design, criterion 2) nowreads, “an ability to apply engineering design to produce solutions that meet

Conference Session

NEE Technical Session - the Best of NEE

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shannon Parks, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown; Tumkor Serdar, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown; Laura Wieserman, University of Pittsburgh; Kurt Klavuhn, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown; Amy Miller, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown

toCOVID-19. As the fall semester continues, faculty continue to research, share ideas, and try newways to ensure academic integrity. Some have opted for take-home or open-book, open-notesexams, while others take advantage of the variety of software that monitors student activitiesduring exams. In the end, academic integrity comes down to trust and ethics. Students must bedriven to build this strong sense of ethics that will be with them throughout their engineeringcareers. Students (and everyone) should strive to do what is right and fair even when no one islooking.Time should be taken upfront in an online learning environment to teach students how to succeedin this environment. Learning tips such as active participation in synchronous classes

Conference Session

Computer Science

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Ashish Hingle, George Mason University; Aditya Johri, George Mason University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

Paper ID #36635A Research Study on Student Conceptions of Artificial IntelligenceAshish Hingle, George Mason University Ashish Hingle (he/his/him) is a Ph.D. student in the College of Engineering & Computing at George Mason University. His research interests include engineering ethics, information systems, and student efficacy challenges in higher education. Ashish graDr. Aditya Johri, George Mason University Aditya Johri is Professor in the department of Information Sciences & Technology. Dr. Johri studies the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) for learning and knowledge sharing, with a focus

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Castaneda, James Madison University; Joi Merritt, James Madison University; Joel Mejia, The University of Texas at San Antonio

skills,communication skills, and problem-solving efforts in domain-specific contexts [7] [13] [14] [15][16]; or influence learners’ self-regulation phases [17] [18] or ethics [19]. Yet, no studies haveexplored how ill-structured problems, specifically used in engineering classroom contexts,promote learners’ understanding of their own social realities. Our study seeks to redress this gapin the literature by exploring how the ill-structured characteristic of an engineering mechanics-based PBL unit fostered learner’s understanding of the world around them.We use Freire’s critical consciousness (CC) to understand how a learner comes to understand theworld, its injustices, and their individual responsibility to resolve those injustices [20]. There

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura R. Murphy, University of Michigan; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Thanina Makhlouf; Colleen M. Seifert, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

can occur across many areas of engineering problemsolving. Engineers might leverage divergent thinking when developing their understanding of theproblem and its context, identifying stakeholders, or exploring potential problem-solvingmethods and strategies [9]. As educational tools, stories have been employed to convey complex factors that impactengineering solutions in practice, such as ethics [20], conflicting technical requirements [21],sustainable development [22], and the human impacts of engineering decisions [23]. Accounts ofhow individual engineers have pursued divergent thinking in their workplace may be helpfulpedagogical tools for engineering students to better understand its importance and motivateefforts to learn more. One

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ibrahim H. Yeter, Nanyang Technological University; Jingyi Xie, Nanyang Technological University of Singapore

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

practice areas in the engineering discipline Week 7 Comprehension of the role of engineering in society and identified issues in engineering practice in the discipline: ethics and the professional responsibility of an engineer to public safety; the impacts of engineering activity: economic, social, cultural, environmental, and sustainability Week 8 Engagement with selected knowledge in the research literature of the disciplineCurrent Engineering Education-Related Studies in SingaporeTo date, there are efforts to explore the different influences, levels of awareness, and learningstandards relevant to engineering education in Singapore. In research investigating the funds ofknowledge for first

Collection

2022 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Amy Voss Farris, Pennsylvania State University; Anna Eunji Kim, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

of disciplinary specialization, and to create an initial lesson design thatcould be used with middle school students (U.S. Grades 4 – 8). The participating preserviceteachers’ disciplinary specializations were Social Studies (n = 3), English Language Arts (n = 8),and Mathematics (n = 12). We found that all students portrayed that learning goals aboutartificial intelligence (in general) and machine learning (in particular) were relevant to their focaldisciplinary areas and their understanding of literate participation in society. Additionally, someTCs focused on students’ understandings of the social and ethical dimensions of artificialintelligence technologies. This included perceptions of the ethical dimensions of AI and thediverse cultural

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Learning and Teaching Experiences

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ann-Perry Witmer P.E., University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; José G. Andino Martínez, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Olivia C. Coiado, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Jessica Marie Mingee, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Flavia Andrade, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Tim Pollack-Lagushenko, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

? citizens) to make science better understood by the public? Roundtable Two – The Conflict Between Science and Compassion  How do we define compassion? Is there  Is compassion a foundation in a conflict between science and personal ethics, or is ethics a compassion? rationale underlying how  How science can help people to become compassionate someone is? Can we more compassionate? Or does say that a scientist is morally correct compassion help science to become if they are more compassionate? more affordable/profitable?  In this era of pandemic and scientific

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Radana Dvorak, City University of Seattle ; John L. Whiteman, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative and Experiential Education

Bachelors of Science in computer science from Portland State University and a Bachelors of Arts in Asian studies from the University of Maryland University College. John holds multiple security certifications, including Certified Information Systems Security Profession (CISSP), Certified Cloud Security Profes- sional (CCSP), Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH), and CompTIA Security+. John is a U.S. Navy veteran who honorably served as a surface sonar technician and shipboard/classroom instructor. He is a member of the OWASP leadership team for the Portland, Oregon chapter and hosts a popular security podcast for them. John has over 20 years of experience in high tech with 10 years focused on security, working at startups

Collection

2007 North Midwest Section Meeting

Authors

Michele H. Miller; Kari L. Jordan

design projects. Senior capstonedesign courses share many common features [21,22]. They synthesize knowledge gained duringthe degree program and they instill professional values such as ethics and societal relevance.Many programs feature industry sponsored projects [23-27] while others feature competitions[24,28]. The ability to work on an interdisciplinary team is becoming a more common goal:Colorado School of Mines, Harvey Mudd, Missouri-Rolla, and Lake Superior State amongothers have established multi-disciplinary team project courses [29-32].Design courses in the sophomore and junior years are less common. A sophomore course maybe an introductory design course (used instead of a freshman course) [33], or it may expand on afreshman course to