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Displaying results 28201 - 28230 of 30695 in total
Conference Session
Classroom Management
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrew E. Jackson, East Carolina University; Sherion H. Jackson, Grand Canyon Univeristy
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
Paper ID #9847Subscribing to WII-FM: When will we Begin to Function as a Team?Dr. Andrew E. Jackson, East Carolina University Dr. Jackson serves as a Tenured, Full Professor in the Department of Technology Systems at ECU. He is a senior faculty member in the Industrial Engineering Technology (IET) program where he teaches a variety of IET courses, including: Production Systems Engineering and Production Planning, Engineering Economics, Human Factors Engineering, and Risk Assessment. His career spans 40 years in the fields of aviation, aerospace, defense contract engineering support, systems acquisition, academics, and
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Courses and Projects
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth R. Leitch P.E., West Texas A&M University; Roy Jean Issa P.E., West Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
Conference Session
Computer Hardware
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wayne W. Walter, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Timothy G. Southerton, RIT Mechanical Engineering
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
graduating in the spring of 2014 he plans on pursuing a career in mechanical engineering with a strong focus on consumer electronics and new product design to help make the world that much more entertaining. Page 24.1170.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Teaching Robotics by Building Autonomous Mobile Robots Using the ArduinoIn recent years I have been teaching a project-based Robotics course within our quarter-based Mechanical Engineering program using the Stamp microcontroller. Students workin teams to complete a number of weekly lab exercises
Conference Session
Evaluation of Ethical Development
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Qin Zhu, Purdue University; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University; Megan Kenny Feister, Purdue University; Patrice Marie Buzzanell, Purdue University; William C. Oakes, Purdue University; Alan D. Mead, Illinois Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
statements. Based onthe feedback of both review groups and the psychometric analysis of the pilot data, we madechanges to the instructions, the scenarios, and the items. For example, a rating statement mighthave been reworded to make it clearer. We included additional items for each scenario so wecould see how the items performed, with the plan to reduce the number of items using the pilotdata. As a result, the scenarios of Version 2 of the instrument had 16 – 24 items each whichincluded additional items for each schema that is required for scoring. It was administered to175 participants.Results from the Version 2 pilot identified several items that did not perform as well as orsimilarly to other items in the same schema. In Version 3, these items
Conference Session
Gender Perceptions and Girls in K-12 Engineering and Computer Science
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Suzanne L. Berliner -Heyman, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Rosa M. Cano, NJIT; John D. Carpinelli, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Howard S. Kimmel, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Linda S. Hirsch, New Jersey Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
benefits?Offering mixed gender programs and all-female programs meant that approximately 70% of thestudents accepted into our summer enrichment programs were female. This and a markedincrease in applications from 4th and 5th grade boys prompted the addition of two all-maleprograms during the summer of 2012. The programs were identical to the fourth and fifth gradeFEMME programs and the 4th and 5th grade mixed-gender programs. Each of the programsaccepted 23 to 25 students; across all six programs there were 141 students.EvaluationA semi-qualitative and objective evaluation was planned to examine differences in classroomclimate, changes in students’ attitudes toward STEM, increases in content knowledge andchanges in students’ perceptions of what
Conference Session
Cooperative & Experiential Education Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kathleen M. Short, University of the District of Columbia- CC, Workforce Development and Lifelong Learning ; Annie R. Pearce, Virginia Tech; Christine Marie Fiori P.E., Virginia Tech; Tanyel Bulbul, Virginia Tech; Andrew McCoy, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Cooperative & Experiential Education
Paper ID #10543The Influence of Internship Participation on Construction Industry HiringProfessionals When Selecting New Hires and Determining Starting Salariesfor Construction Engineering GraduatesDr. Kathleen M Short, University of the District of Columbia- CC, Workforce Development and LifelongLearning Kathleen Short earned a PhD in Environmental Design and Planning and a Master of Science in Build- ing/Construction Science and Management from Virginia Tech. She also earned a Bachelor of Social Work from Concord University. She is currently the Project Director for the Construction Academy and the Hospitality Academy in the
Conference Session
Capstone Design
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Renee D. Rogge, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Glen A. Livesay, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Jameel Ahmed, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; William A. Kline, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Robert M. Bunch, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Michael Wollowski, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
and development manager at Kennametal. Bill is a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Illinois College and a Bronze Tablet graduate of University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign where he received a Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering.Dr. Robert M. Bunch, Rose-Hulman Institute of TechnologyDr. Michael Wollowski, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Michael Wollowski obtained his undergraduate degree in Informatics from the University of Hamburg, Germany. He obtained M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Computer Science from Indiana University in Bloom- ington, IN, USA. He studied under Jon Barwise and as part of his dissertation developed a diagrammatic proof system for planning in the blocks world of Artificial Intelligence. Michael is
Conference Session
Improving Laboratory Education in Chemical Engineering
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Matthew Cooper, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
planned to be completed across the Fall 2013 and Spring 2014 semesters; at theMarch 2014 conference proceedings submission deadline, only limited data was available for theFall 2013 portion of the study. Additional data will be collected in Spring 2014 and presented atthe 2014 ASEE Annual Conference.2. MethodsA number of different course-streamlining options available to UO instructors were incorporatedinto two large (~140 students total) junior and senior-level chemical engineering UO courses atthe university level, namely:  CATME – web-based assignment and evaluation of student teams using CATME.org17-19  Paperless grading – digital submission, grading and feedback for laboratory reports using Turnitin.com  Experiment
Conference Session
The Nature of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Session 4
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Daniel Michael Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University and Central Queensland University; Kathryn Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2002.16. Ferguson DM, Cawthorne JC, Ahn B, Ohland M, editors. Engineering innovativeness. ASEE 2012International Conference on Engineering Education; 2012; San Antonio, Texas American Society of EngineeringEducation.17. Creswell JW. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and QualitativeResearch. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson; 2008.18. Gladwell M. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. ISBN 0-316-31696-2 ed:Little Brown; 2000.19. Charmaz K. Constructing Grounded Theory: A practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. LosAngelos, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.; 2006.20. Lincoln YS, Guba EG
Conference Session
Innovations in Pedagogy
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Catherine Langman, Illinois Institute of Technology; Eric M. Brey, Illinois Institute of Technology; Judith S. Zawojewski, Illinois Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical
gained from working with the undergraduates in the summer program,” as illustrated by thisresponse from one high school student: High School Student: I didn’t know much at all about what being an undergraduate student was like or what it involved. I thought it was very interesting how much freedom they were given in their studies. It was helpful to be able to see thing through their perspectives instead of just my own. Echoed another high school student: High School Student: I was able to see what being in a college lab is like and am able to use this experience to plan my future in school. Second, the REU students felt that having someone showing the high school students apractical, interesting
Conference Session
Curricular Issues in Computing and Information Technology Programs II
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Candido Cabo, New York City College of Technology/CUNY
Tagged Divisions
Computing & Information Technology
goal/plan analysis of buggy Pascal programs. In Soloway, E., & Spohrer, J. C. (Eds.), Studying the Novice Programmer (pp. 355–399). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. doi:10.1207/s15327051hci0102_4[17] Soloway, E., and Spohrer, J. C. (Eds.). 1989. Studying the novice programmer. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.[18] Winslow, L. E. 1996. Programming pedagogy–A psychological overview. SIGCSE Bulletin 28(3), 17–22. doi:10.1145/234867.234872 Page 24.1280.12
Conference Session
Preparing Future Educators
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elena Nicolescu Veety, North Carolina State University; Mehmet C. Ozturk, North Carolina State University; Renata S. Engel P.E., Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Carolyn A. Vallas, University of Virginia; Meghan McGlinn Manfra, North Carolina State University ; Tom Snyder, North Carolina State University; Chunlei Wang, Florida International University; Veena Misra, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
•  Perceived value of Skill •  Quality of Activity Reflection Skill Assessment • Open-ended reflection on •  Collection and evaluation of learning outcomes and added student products from every value of the activity activity Figure 3: TESP Evaluation Plan Page 24.1281.10reflection. Finally, for every activity, samples of student work, including mind maps, inventiondisclosures, and publications are collected and analyzed to
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Experiential Learning
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert L. Nagel, James Madison University; Eric C. Pappas, James Madison University; Gretchen Anne Hazard, James Madison University; Matthew Swain, James Madison University
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
always result inan intentional change.18 He further stresses the importance of providing an environment thatfosters individual change, and that programs should “plan education aimed at helping peopletranslate their intentions into action.” 18 Our goal is to understand the values of our students so asto foster an environment where students can work toward alignment of behaviors and goals. Page 24.1290.3Values SurveyTo identify a set of values related to the behaviors of individuals when working as a part of anengineering team, the research group utilized existing surveys and literature in the area of teamroles. Key sources used during this
Conference Session
Assessment of Learning in ECE
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wayne Lu, University of Portland
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
Amazon just announced their delivery service plan using drones (UAV). There were six teams chose this category. 4) Desktop virtualization is also a ubiquitous phrase and there is abundant marketing information on the Internet. Since most desktop virtualization is provided as a service, it is difficult to find a particular system with enough in-depth technical information. Three teams chose this category. Although network virtualization concept was introduced in 2009, there is very little implementation technical information on the Internet and no team chose this sub-category. 5) Supercomputers were chosen by 13 teams due to their abundant technical information and there were six No. 1 supercomputers to
Conference Session
Simulations and Project Based Learning I
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jason K. Durfee P.E., Eastern Washington University; Donald C. Richter, Eastern Washington University; Martin William Weiser, Eastern Washington University; N.M. A. Hossain, Eastern Washington University; Hani Serhal Saad, Eastern Washington University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
planning and most important implementation all though theuse of active learning styles will help reinforce the theory given in lecture and should lead thestudent to be a more engaged.1, 2, 3, 4, 5 The creation and use of undergraduate research as alaboratory experience can affect career decisions leading to graduate school and relieve themonotonous aspects of learning while instilling a sense of accomplishment.6, 7, 8, 10When a student is required to formulate the experiment himself/herself from a set of open-endedparameters innovation happens. In the context of the course “open-ended” was defined as usingthe existing tools, either hardware or software, assigned to create and demonstrate to the rest of
Conference Session
Bringing Industrial Applications into the Classroom
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Margot A Vigeant, Bucknell University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
industrial and student side.However, now that the course itself it better established, more instructor time should beavailable to coordinate such activities. A related stretch goal is to have the problemsthemselves proposed by local industry. This has not been attempted in part due to thelimited ‘laboratory’ available for the class, but will hopefully be an option for futureofferings as plans for addition of a kitchenette to one of the classrooms are underway. Page 23.929.9Bibliography   8  1. Armstrong RC, Brennecke J, Butts S et al. How is the Discipline of
Conference Session
K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brian Patrick O'Connell, Tufts University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
. Currently PaperBotsprovides lesson plans and the associated templates allowing for teachers to print them up and thestudents to make items like cams and articulated joints from paper. These initial lessons provideactivities about design and mechanisms with no more cost than that of some cardstock and brassfasteners for the cam activity and similarly for the others16.Those existing lessons only require already available classroom materials but are limited inscope. The PaperBots robotics kit is specifically designed for use with classroom materials toaugment those activities with inexpensive electronics and a microcontroller to allow for studentconstruction of robots. The combination of these inexpensive materials, mechanical components,and
Conference Session
Assessment of Student Learning 1
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kevin Rawson, University of California, Riverside; Tom Stahovich, University of California, Riverside
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
former case, the student willlikely solve the related quiz quickly, while in the latter case, the student may struggle on the Page 23.974.10quiz. That is the motivation behind our Solution Pace feature which compares the student’s workpace on the quiz to that on the homework.Including features that characterize the correctness of the work, especially Quiz Score, canimprove the predictive power of the models. However, our goal is to predict performancewithout requiring manual grading. We plan to explore methods for automatically evaluatingsome aspects of correctness. For example, it would be possible to perform character recognitionon final
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering (ME) Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert T. Bailey P.E., Loyola University Maryland; Christopher H. Morrell, Loyola University Maryland
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
than the T-cohort.Because the students responded favorably to the revised method in their written comments, andbecause student performance was found to be statistically equivalent to that for the traditionalmethod, the first author plans to continue the use of the revised method but will makeadjustments in the course materials intended to improve their effectiveness. These adjustmentswill include the omission of more material from the notes to further encourage studentengagement during class. The idea, in this regard, is to find the right balance between what isprovided directly and what should be added as it is discussed.References1. Hibbeler, R. C., Engineering Mechanics: Statics, 12th Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
Conference Session
Aerospace Division Technical Session 5
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dennis K. McLaughlin, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Sven Schmitz, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Irene B Mena, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
planning on further investigating this in future course offerings andassociated surveys. 2. InterviewsIn the fall 2011 offering, six graduate students participated in individual interviews, and fiveundergraduate students participated in one focus group. In addition, three faculty members whoadvised groups participated in individual interviews. In the spring 2012 semester, four graduatementors participated in individual interviews, and four undergraduate students participated in onefocus group. Interviews lasted between 20 and 30 minutes, and were audio recorded andtranscribed. The interview data analysis process began with a preliminary exploratory analysis,as described by Creswell6, to get a general sense of the data. Next, codes, or “labels”7
Conference Session
Capstone Design and Innovations in ECE
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hanqi Zhuang, Florida Atlantic University; Oren Masory, Florida Atlantic University; Zvi S Roth
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
andshow their project to them, we don’t give grades for these activities; therefore somestudents do not actually take these earnestly. We plan to design a more rigorousmechanism in the near future to encourage students having more interactions with end-users. At the end of the semester, each student design project is demonstrated in public,and is evaluated based on the following three categories: creativities, difficult levels, andcompleteness. Evaluations are done by classmates, observers and instructors. Theobservers may involve university staff members, end-users, and industrialrepresentatives. Results of the evaluations will be used for two distinguished purposes: 1.Assign a grade for the project, and 2. Rank the projects for Capstone
Conference Session
Real and Virtual - "New" Approaches to Teaching "Old" Courses
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Darinka del Carmen Ramirez, Tecnológico de Monterrey (ITESM), México; Manuel E Macías, ITESM, Campus Monterrey
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
typical formal education, involving the presentation of material in a logically orderedprogression. Sequential learners follow linear reasoning processes when solving problems.However, the remote lab allows both sequential and global students to learn thanks to theactivities the instructor is able to perform in the classroom.Research has shown that learning styles affect learner performance at university7. Therecommendation is that lecturers should be aware of the potential problems and needs of studentswith different learning styles, and plan accordingly the learning opportunities they provide 8.Teaching transient state by using a remote lab experiment simultaneously provides with theopportunity to enhance the learning process by giving students
Conference Session
K-12 Robotics
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Krystal S Corbett, Cyber Innovation Center; JoAnn M. Marshall, Cyber Innovation Center/National Integrated Cyber Education Research Center
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
the University of Georgia. Her professional career has been dedicated to non-profit organizations in the form of events planning, development, grant writing, and coordinating educational activities for K-12 students. Page 23.1083.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 STEM Applications: Integrating Informal Learning with the Formal Learning EnvironmentAbstractMany times only a select group of students are able to participate in after school activities due tovarious reasons. Because only a few students are able to participate from a given class
Conference Session
Best of Computer in Education Division
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mahnas Jean Mohammadi-Aragh, Virginia Tech; Christopher B. Williams, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
structured computer use. It is ultimately expected that our findingscan be used as empirical evidence to encourage instructors to incorporate structured computer-use into their pedagogical practice.5.1 LimitationsThere is a need to quantify the amount of error when using active window as a proxy forattention. During observations, students were often observed listening and looking at theinstructor or projected slide (i.e., “checking in”), but continued to have their browser open as thetop-most, active window. Our observation protocol allows for a comparison between observedattention and active window and we plan to use that data to calculate error rate. Based on theobservations in this study, we anticipate that error rate will be less than 10
Conference Session
Environmental engineering pedagogy and innovation
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado Boulder
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
on the final exam. The primary limitation to success ofthe inverted course model was inconsistent buy-in from the students to watch the videos beforeclass. About 40-60% of the class watched the appropriate online lecture prior to the relevantclass time, but by the midterm exam about 90% of the students had viewed the majority of theonline lectures. Student performance was better with the inverted classroom on two of fourrelated homework assignments. The average student performance on the midterm exam wassimilar, although the “bottom” of the curve was improved during the inverted class (increasedfrom ~44-53% traditional to 68% inverted). Improvements in student learning were primarilyevident on the more difficult quantitative concepts. Plans
Conference Session
Robotics, Mechatronics, and Control Systems - Multidisciplinary Perspectives
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jose Antonio Riofrio, Western New England University; Steven G Northrup, Western New England University
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
not seek to provide a thorough survey oranalysis on curriculum shaping, but such can be found in other relevant work.2,6,7,8 The work hereby presented specifically addresses the instruction of a single, non-elective,junior-level undergraduate introductory course to Mechatronics in the Mechanical Engineeringprogram at Western New England University (WNE). WNE does not currently have aMechatronics program for undergraduates (there are plans to start one in the near future), but itdoes offer a master’s-level concentration. That said, the course addressed in this paper is not apre-requisite for this concentration. Prior to this course, the students have had standard freshman- and sophomore-level coursesin the ME curriculum such as Statics
Conference Session
Rethinking Engineering Writing
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David M. Beams P.E., University of Texas, Tyler; Luke Niiler, University of Alabama; Beth Todd, University of Alabama; Marcus Brown, University of Alabama; Garry W. Warren, University of Alabama
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
College (BSCC), a state-supported community collegein Alabama. The Coach is developing a series of web-based writing instruction modules andwill help students learn to write for audiences of engineers through sequences of writingsamples, prompts, and heuristics. By emphasizing writing as a design process, The Coach isintended to provide engineering faculty with a valuable resource for developing students’rhetorical skills. The Coach’s development is founded upon the understanding engineeringcurricula are the most-appropriate venue for building stronger engineering writing skills.Technical issues prevented the planned launch of The Coach in 2011, but roll-out took placeon all three campuses in fall, 2012. This paper describes in detail the state
Conference Session
Improving course effectiveness
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gregory L. Wiles P.E., Southern Polytechnic State University; Thomas Reid Ball, Southern Polytechnic State University (ENG)
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering
students even preferred a hybrid Page 23.1176.2course over the old traditional classroom 4. Our quasi-study supports this.The description of the traditional classroom for this department is a twice-a-week classconsisting of 75 minutes of f2f per class period. The instructor conducts the class in a traditionalmanner with transparency projectors or perhaps with the help of technology such as acomputer/projector and PowerPoint slides combination. Homework and tests are typically givenand received through paper handouts and take ups. Our plans were to migrate toward a hybridlearning environment, also called blended learning and the terms can be
Conference Session
Retention and Persistence in Engineering
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eric L Huerta-Manzanilla, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Russell Andrew Long, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
of mutuality. A discussionof the results disaggregated by institution is presented to evaluate if a trend emerges whencompared with their persistence information.The two research questions posed can be integrated in a single inquiry goal as follow: Is itpossible to assess the relationship of social integration and persistence by estimating indexes likemutuality, using only academic records?The justification for such area of inquiry is that schools normally keep complete academicrecords. Thus, if such information can be used for evaluating an important aspect of academicdevelopment, like student’s integration, it may allow an interesting use of those hard-builtdatasets, for institutional strategic analysis, and for policy making and planning
Conference Session
Design Methodology and Evaluation 2
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
April M. Bryan, University of the West Indies
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Page 23.1212.2development, design is the activity most associated with the engineering profession1. This isespecially true for mechanical engineering. In mechanical engineering, as with otherengineering disciplines, design is defined as the process by which a product, process or bothare developed in order to satisfy a specific need2-4. While technical knowledge andcompetency is necessary for success, it is not sufficient as engineering designers often needto possess numerous other skills such as creativity, problem solving, visualization,communication, team-work and planning skills in order to obtain successful engineeringsolutions2,5-7. Many educators and practitioners acknowledge that while one only becomes anexpert engineering designer