Conference Session

Thinking, Reasoning, and Engineering in Elementary School

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Strutz, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. Page 14.99.6Three well-known engineering-affiliated organizations, representing an independent agency, anational manufacturer, and an accreditation bureau, offer a listing of preferred attributes ofengineers:The National Academy of Engineering developed a list of specific attributes of engineers that arekey to the success of the engineering profession: strong analytical skills, practical ingenuity (skillin planning, combining and adapting), creativity, good communication, master of business andmanagement, leadership, possess high ethical standards, strong sense of professionalism,dynamism, agility, resilience, flexibility, and lifelong learners19.The Boeing Company, manufacturer of commercial jetliners and military aircraft combined, is along

Conference Session

New Trends in CHE Education I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Keith, Michigan Technological University; David Silverstein, University of Kentucky; Donald Visco, Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

their request. A process simulation with statistical fluctuations is used Page 14.680.6to generate results and mimic a real experimental study. They must decide when theyhave enough data (or when they run out of money), and possibly adjust theirexperimental plan in order to perform the analysis.The Safety and Chemical Engineering Education (SACHE) program is a joint effortbetween the American Institute of Chemical Engineers Center for Chemical ProcessSafety and academic institutions. Founded in 1992, the committee typically organizes ayearly workshop to educate chemical engineering faculty on the importance of safetyeducation. Their website48 features

Conference Session

Classroom Engagement

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Zappe, Pennsylvania State University; Robert Leicht, Pennsylvania State University; John Messner, Pennsylvania State University; Thomas Litzinger, Pennsylvania State University; Hyeon Woo Lee, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the videos in order tolearn the material necessary to be successful in the quizzes. This helps to assure that studentswill be prepared for the in-class activities. Second, the instructor can use the results of thequizzes as a launching point for discussion and adjust the class plan as necessary to address anystudent misconceptions or lack of understanding, in a form of just-in-time teaching. 8The classroom flip method may be perceived to be particularly beneficial to students who prefercertain types of learning environments. According to the Felder-Solomon Learning Styles Index,students may classify themselves along four dimensions as being a certain type of learner:active/reflective, sensing/intuitive, visual/verbal, and sequential/global

Conference Session

High-School Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jan DeWaters, Clarkson University; Susan Powers, Clarkson University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

(integrating science, math, technology, writing andcommunication) and approaches the investigation and application of new automobiletechnologies and transportation fuels within a societal and global context. Table 2 summarizesthe general outline of the course, which follows a standard engineering problem solvingapproach. In any given year, the specific details have varied within this framework. The entiremodule is designed to extend over a total of 16 to 20, 40-minute class periods. Detailed unit andlesson plans for this module are available.14ParticipantsStudents enrolled in an advanced placement environmental science (APES) class at a high schoolin rural St. Lawrence County, NY have been study participants for all three years. This nonregents-based

Conference Session

Sustainable-energy Education: Lessons Learned

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharon deMonsabert, George Mason University; Jeremy Jessup, George Mason University; Lenna Storm, George Mason University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

elements, and provide some safety aspects. Even if the ultimatestructure is chosen and it cost around $40,000, the pay-back period of the biodiesel system will Page 14.532.15only be a little over three years. The University must decide what level of a structure they wantand continue with the completion of the implementation of biodiesel.Once a structure is chosen, the location of the structure must be determined. GMU isexperiencing tremendous growth and future plans are in flux. One suggestion is to locate thesystem near the facilities management staff that will be charged with operating the system.Unfortunately, space near Facilities Management

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Laboratories

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Edwards, Pennsylvania State University, Erie; Gerald Recktenwald, Portland State University; Brian Benini, Case Western Reserve University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

exercises aimed at teaching coreprinciples in the fluid and thermal science through the use of guided inquiry. The exerciseprocedure is being tested at PSB and Portland State. Since the exercises are currently beingdeveloped and tested they are undergoing constant revision and improvement. Final versions ofthe worksheets will ultimately be available for others to use. Future work planned for thisproject includes: 1) Continuing to test and improve the worksheets at the authors’ schools. 2) Making the exercises, including the worksheets, LabView VI’s, and hardware requirements available to other schools for beta testing. 3) Possibly providing workshops to describe not only the test goals and procedures, but also

Conference Session

Student Attitudes and Perceptions

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farrokh Attarzadeh, University of Houston; Deniz Gurkan, University of Houston; Miguel Ramos, University of Houston; Mequanint Moges, University of Houston; Victor Gallardo, University of Houston; Mehrube Mehrubeoglu, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi; Reddy Talusani, Houston Community College System; Shruti Karulkar, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

project was based on earlier work known as CLABS [3,4, and 5]. In this model, CLABScomponents impart knowledge, skills, and guidance to the student that in turn lead to positiveoutcomes as delineated by the program objectives. In addition, the project monitors the role ofexternal factors and unanticipated outcomes through observation and inquiry. While the CLABSproject team has continually assessed and evaluated the program in the past, the addition ofconcept mapping and mentoring calls for additional assessment tools to better gauge the impactof these new components. Page 14.951.5The assessment plan utilizes a variety of measurement tools to

Conference Session

Engineering for Social Justice

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven VanderLeest, Calvin College

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

matter of choosing the least expensive product. It meanschoosing the product with the minimum total cost of ownership. It also requires carefullybalancing the cost of resources against the benefit. For example, for a conference presentation,one might plan on giving a PowerPoint presentation, requiring a laptop. However, as a backup,one might make transparencies for use on an overhead projector, in case there is a problem withthe laptop. Such presentation insurance requires extra time and resources. The presenter must Page 11.851.5carefully judge whether the significance of the presentation warrants the extra resource use.Norms guide us to

Conference Session

Engineering Practice for a Moral World

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Catalano, State University of New York-Binghamton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

and towards other professional engineers.In their totality, the codes of ethics point to a very different conception or understandingof the natural world then our science provides us with now. We are at once removed frommembership in the natural world as there is a listing of responsibilities of the engineeringprofession to humankind and if it exists at all a sense of responsibility to the naturalworld only in so far as it can provide something for us. We are not products of the earthbut somehow placed on it with a focused plan of action set in place to tame it, control it,and to transform it into what suits are interests.Philosophical Origins of Present Day CodesModern engineering in many respects begin with the Renaissance period in

Conference Session

Electrical ET Curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Hsiung, Old Dominion University; Jeff Willis, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

degree from Iowa State University in 1992.Jeff Willis, Utah State University Jeff Willis Jeff Willis is a Software Engineer developing Mission Planning Software at Hill Air Force Base in Utah. He earned a BS degree in Computer Electronic Technology and a Masters degree in Computer Science from Utah State University. As part of his Master’s Thesis he co-authored two papers on self-configuring, deterministically latent intercommunication architectures for satellite payloads. Page 11.78.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 A New Approach in Microprocessor

Conference Session

ABET Accreditation of Multidisciplinary Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Farison, Baylor University; Carmen Li Shen, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

10 years as dean of engineering in between, before moving to Baylor in 1998. He is a senior member of IEEE and holds PE registration in Ohio and Texas.Carmen Li Shen, Baylor University Ms. Carmen C. Li Shen is currently a senior engineering student in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Baylor University, Waco, TX. She is a member of the Eta Kappa Nu Electrical and Computer Engineering national honor society and of Golden Key honor society, and serves as the SWE chapter webmaster and the IEEE Student Branch historian at Baylor. Carmen was born in Ecuador and came to the United States in 2002. She is planning on graduate school after her May 2006 graduation

Conference Session

Curricula of the Past, Present, and Future

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Banzaert, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; John Duffy, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; David Wallace, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

into core engineering classes to determine whether doing so is feasible, beneficial to students,and appealing to faculty. By collaborating on the assessment efforts of this initiative, we areinvestigating whether and how service learning can benefit students at two very differentuniversities, as well as differences in benefits between the schools.Educational MethodologyBoth UML and MIT received planning grants from NSF to expand significantly the use of S-L intheir engineering programs. UML, which has a relatively long history of using S-L inengineering classes, worked to develop S-L within the entire College of Engineering; MIT, witha much newer S-L initiative, focused on using S-L in the Department of MechanicalEngineering. Tables 2 and 3

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Course Innovation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Baca, University of Missouri-Rolla; Steve Watkins, University of Missouri-Rolla; Ray Luechtefeld, University of Missouri-Rolla

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

., “Decision Making, Planning and Teams,” Computer Mediated Complex Supervisory and Decision Making in Teams, IEE Colloquium, April 3, 1997, pp. 5/1- 5/22.6. Argyris, C., “Single-Loop and Double-Loop Models in Research on Decision Making,” Administrative Science Quarterly, September, 1976, pp. 363-375.7. Argyris, C., Putnam, R., McLain-Smith, D., Action Science, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1990.8. Argyris, C., Schön, D., Theory in Practice: Increasing Professional Effectiveness, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1974.9. Argyris, C., Reasons and Rationalizations, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004.10. Putnam, R., “Recipes and Reflective Learning: ‘What would prevent you from saying it that way?’” The

Conference Session

Innovative and Computer-Assisted Lab Studies

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Veton Kepuska, Florida Tech; Mihir Patal, Florida Tech; Nicholas Rogers, Florida Tech

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

scoring module of thesystem is described in section 2. Section 3 covers the details of the SAR-LAB; MATLAB toolkit. In section 4 development details of the implementation of the tool are presented. Conclusionsderived from the experience of developing and using the tool is presented in section 5. Somepossible enhancements that are planned in the near future are outlined in section 6.1. Audio Front-EndWUW recognition system follows the generic functions depicted in the Figure 1-1. Speech signalcaptured by the microphone is converted into an electrical signal that is digitized prior to beingprocessed by the WUW recognition system. The system also can read digitized raw waveformstored in a file. In either case raw waveform samples are converted

Conference Session

Innovative Classroom Techniques

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Todd Johnson, Washington State University; Reid Miller, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. However, it is stillessential that we continue to build, develop, and share our models of how to support a blendedapproach to learning from both the engineering education perspective, as well as from thetechnological perspective.AcknowledgementsThe National Science Foundation provided the funding for this work through a NSF Planning Page 11.918.11Grant EEC #0530708. We would also like to acknowledge the contributions of the otherresearchers collaborating in the CLEAR project, specifically Denny Davis, Chris Hundhausen,Jerry Maring, Robert Olsen, Dave Pollock, and Richard Zollars for their guidance andcontributions to this research.References1

Conference Session

Recent Developments in Engineering Ethics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marilyn Dyrud, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

token to theteam on your left.”The team that collects the most tokens wins. Actually, though, everyone wins: for at least anhour, employees have been engaged in focused problem-solving and consensus-based discussionabout corporate scenarios based on real ethics cases at the company.Each game set includes all playing accessories; a video of opening/concluding remarks by CEONorm Augustine, Dilbert, and Dogbert; six team guides; and one very detailed leader’s guide.This booklet includes instructions for play, a guide for determining numbers and sizes of groups,a floor plan for optimal table arrangement, and comments on the potential answers for eachscenario, including scores for each response

Conference Session

Network Administration and Security

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ron McKean, Ferris State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

eliminated.By involving industry partners in this decision, we were able to meet costs associated with thenew courses were offset through donations. Donations included upfront costs, ongoing labsponsorship, and a good quantity of networking tools. The university also proved funds tosupplement curriculum change costs. Four faculty have since been trained with primary fundingfrom Exceptional Merit Grant awards – sponsored through the Ferris Foundation.Opportunities through change...By 2003 the department was undergoing significant changes. Several faculty retired, providingopportunity to bring fresh talent into the program. In addition, the entire department facilitieswere being remodeled. Change equals opportunity.Through a little crafty floor planning

Conference Session

New Horizons in Academic Integrity

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Trevor Harding, Kettering University; Cynthia Finelli, University of Michigan; Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

academic institutions: A decade of research.” Ethics and Behavior. 11(3): 219-232. 2001.12 Beck, L., and I. Ajzen. “Predicting dishonest actions using the Theory of Planned Behavior.” Journal of Research in Personality. 25(3):285-301. 1991. Page 11.322.13

Conference Session

Moral Development, Engineering Pedagogy and Ethics Instruction

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kirsty Mills, University of New Mexico

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

-3.12 Senator Patrick Leahy “Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Video Surveillance; Legal and Technological Challenges” Speech at Georgetown University Law Center and The Constitution Project 23 March 2004. Available at http://www.mindfully.org/Technology/2004/RFID-Patrick-Leahy23mar04.htm13 C. Perrow, Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies, New York : Basic Books, 198414 Rittel, H., M. Webber, “Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning” pp 155-169, Policy Sciences, Vol. 4, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Inc., Amsterdam, 1973.15 M. Minsky, foreword to K.E. Drexler, Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, Anchor, 198716 J. Dann, G. Dozois (eds), Nanotech, Ace Books, December 1, 199817

Conference Session

Design Projects

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cesar Luongo, Florida A&M/Florida State University; Chiang Shih, Florida A&M/Florida State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

/or teleconferences with the industrial sponsor. This high frequency of contact among allstakeholders ensures projects can stay on track despite the distractions of other courses, teamdynamics, busy schedules, etc.. In addition, there are six major design reviews in which teamspresent progress to date and plans. The third element are written reports (deliverables), a total of10 over the span of two semesters, including two major reports, a design package at the end ofthe first semester, and a full account of all project activities and results at the end of the year.It should be noted that there are less milestones during the 2nd semester, there are two reasons forthis “easing” on reporting requirements. During the first semester all projects

Conference Session

Undergraduate Students' Development of Computational and Programming Skills

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Geoffrey L. Herman, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Sofia Meyers, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Sarah-Elizabeth Deshaies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

its functionality is surprisingly difficult and revealsthat novices struggle both to accurately read code and to extract meaning from that code [2].Xie and colleagues argue that programming should first teach students how to read/trace codeand then teach them how to comprehend common programming templates or plans [8]. Thesetemplates could be seen as being connected to the idea of beacons, where certain commoncoding patterns can help an expert more quickly identify the purpose or meaning of a line ofcode. Based on studies that have suggested that tracing skills may play an important role inhelping students read code [9], some have proposed that early code reading should focus onteaching students how to formally trace programs with promising

Conference Session

Meeting ABET Requirements

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Bannerot, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

concerned with assessment at the course level and will describehow one might organize a plan for such assessment. Page 11.356.6 Table 2: Example Survey for Heat Transfer Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: use 5 for strongly agree; 4 for agree; 3 for neutral; 2 for disagree; and 1 for strongly disagree.disagree agree 1 2 3 4 5 I feel that I understand the physics of the modes of heat transfer understand heat conduction in one dimension and electrical analogies am able to analyze heat exchangers using the

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Dahm, Rowan University; Roberta Harvey, Rowan University; Brian Lefebvre, Rowan University; Heidi Newell, Rowan University; James Newell, Rowan University

anumber of patterns on an as-needed basis, and still others exhibit strong preferences for a numberof patterns. Each pattern is distinguished by a number of features. A few hallmarks are listedbelow: Sequential learners prefer order and consistency. They want step-by-step instructions, and time to plan, organize, and complete tasks. Page 11.442.3 Proceedings of the 2006 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright  2006, American Society for Engineering Education Precise learners thrive on detailed and accurate information. They take copious notes and

Conference Session

Curricular Innovations 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicole Johnson-Glauch, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Geoffrey L. Herman, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #17998Students’ Conception and Application of Mechanical Equilibrium ThroughTheir SketchesMs. Nicole Johnson, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Nicole received her B.S. in Engineering Physics at the Colorado School of Mines (CSM) in May 2013. She is currently working towards a PhD in Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) under Professor Angus Rockett and Geoffrey Herman. Her research is a mixture between understanding defect behavior in solar cells and student learning in Materials Science. Outside of research she helps plan the Girls Learning About

Conference Session

Pre-College: Perceptions and Attitudes on the Pathway to Engineering (3)

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meltem Alemdar, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jessica D. Gale, Georgia Institute of Technology, Center for Education Integrating Science, Mathematics, and Computing ; Jeremy Lingle, Georgia Institute of Technology; Sunni Haag Newton, Georgia Institute of Technology; Roxanne Moore, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jeffrey H. Rosen, Georgia Institute of Technology; Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

settings. Students identify whatthey know and what they need to learn, plan how they will learn more, conduct research, anddeliberate over the findings together in an attempt to structure and solve a challenge or problem.This study explores students’ perspectives on the STEM-ID curriculum regarding what they havefound challenging, engaging, and academically useful, specifically related to their coremathematics and science courses. This study is guided by the following evaluation questions:1) What are students’ perceptions of the STEM-ID curriculum?2) What are students’ perceptions of key components of the curriculum such as collaboration?3) To what extent do STEM-ID students make connections between the STEM-ID curriculum and core science and

Conference Session

Software Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Venkata Rama Chaitra Thota, University of Cincinnati; Nan Niu, University of Cincinnati; Wentao Wang, University of Cincinnati; Carla C. Purdy, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Division

-semester, project-based software engineering course in which studentsworked in teams of 5-6 members, risk management content was introduced about 5 weeks intothe semester at a point where the teams had completed their requirements documentation andwere ready to plan the remainder of the project. Even though the undergraduates were exposed tothe 194 questions14, the students perceived only 36 questions to be relevant and further groupedthe identified risk items into 6 categories. The usefulness of the condensed list was shown in awaterfall development model in that the course reported by Collofello and Pinkerton17 spannedthe entire semester starting with the teams defining their software projects’ requirements andending with acceptance testing for

Conference Session

The Best in DEED

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kris Jaeger-Helton, Northeastern University; Bridget M. Smyser, Northeastern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Paper ID #18699Switching Midstream, Floundering Early, and Tolerance for Ambiguity: HowCapstone Students Cope with Changing and Delayed ProjectsDr. Kris Jaeger-Helton, Northeastern University Professor Beverly Kris Jaeger-Helton, Ph.D. is on the full-time faculty in the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Northeastern University (NU) teaching Simulation Modeling and Analysis, Facilities Planning, and Human-Machine Systems. She is Director of the Galante Engineering Business Program as well as the Coordinator of Senior Capstone Design in Industrial Engineering at NU. She has also been an active member of

Conference Session

CoED: Potpourri

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Osman Yasar, State University of New York, Brockport; Jose Maliekal, The College at Brockport, State University of New York; Peter Veronesi, The College at Brockport - SUNY; Leigh J Little, SUNY Brockport

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

classrooms after one year of training, 78% reported regular use after three-year training. Besides teacher confidence and comfort level with the tools, studentengagement, grade levels and subject areas also affected the intensity of CMST utilization inthe classroom. A typical annual survey, shown in Table 2, indicated that the higher the gradelevel the more regularly the tool usage. Modeling is a common practice in math but it maynot need as many resources as science classes to simulate time-dependent dynamics ofscientific phenomena. By the end of the initiative, we developed a large database ofmodeling-based curricular modules and lesson plans to increase utilization by participatingmath and science teachers. Currently they are well utilized

Conference Session

Action on Diversity - Disability Experiences & Empathy

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fernando Garcia Gonzalez, Florida Golf Coast University

Tagged Topics

ASEE Diversity Committee, Diversity

speaking, written language including reading, writing, and spelling,arithmetic including both calculations and mathematical concepts, and reasoning includingorganization and integration of ideas and thoughts. This source also presents functionallimitations that may present themselves in learning disabled students. They include auditoryperception and processing, visual perception and processing, information processing speeds,abstract reasoning, short and long term memory, spoken and written language, mathematicalcalculations, and executive functioning such as planning and time management. A typicalleaning disabled student may have more than one such limitations. They may actually have manyof them such as myself, which have about half of them to

Conference Session

Engineering Identity

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Blanca Miller, University of Nevada, Reno; Marissa A Tsugawa, University of Nevada, Reno; Jessica Nicole Chestnut, North Carolina State University; Heather Perkins, North Carolina State University; Cheryl Cass, North Carolina State University; Adam Kirn, University of Nevada, Reno

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

emaildatabase from the engineering college. This strategy did not produce a large pool of participants.Our second strategy involved face-to-face meetings with engineering lab groups. We providedthe same information detailed in the email and asked participants to sign-up during theiravailable time. Four EDS volunteered for our IBM interviews; three were international studentsand one domestic. The four participant’s degree completion and engineering specialities werecomprised as follows: a civil engineer in his third of his planned four years (Edward); amechanical engineer in her last year (Trisha); a material science engineer in his first year(Vince); and a mining engineer in his last year (Oliver). Each participant was assigned apseudonym to provide