Conference Session

Global Engineering in an Interconnected World

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University; Steven Eisenbarth, Baylor University; Cynthia Fry, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

International

Baylor InternationalTechnology Entrepreneurship (BITE) program.The BITE program is a six-hour multi-disciplinary, multi-national project-based course. Itcovers a broad range of topics that critically affect technology-based companies and technology Page 11.1271.4based start-up businesses. Primary emphasis is placed on the marketing concerns, intellectualproperty issues, economic analysis, and business plan preparation for these technology based e-businesses. Other issues to be investigated include identifying venture opportunities, conceptdevelopment, market analysis, pricing, budgeting, legal forms of organization, teammanagement, and business

Conference Session

Trend in Construction Engineering Education I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ifte Choudhury

Tagged Divisions

Construction

2006-1412: DEVELOPMENT OF AN UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM FORCONSTRUCTION EDUCATION IN BANGLADESH USING GENERAL LINEARMODELI. Choudhury, Texas A&M University Ifte Choudhury is an Associate Professor in the Department of Construction Science at Texas A&M University. He received a B. Arch from Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology, an M. Phil. in Architecture from the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in England, and a Ph.D. in Architecture from Texas A&M University. Dr. Choudhury has extensive experience as a consulting architect working on projects funded by the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and some other Multilateral Development Banks. His areas of emphasis

Conference Session

Sustainable Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Ciocci, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

430 Number of sections 6 2 3 Maximum number of students 21 47 22 Minimum number of students 10 22 6 Exam percentage 40% 40% 30% Homework percentage 15% Written assignment percentage 20% 20% Team project percentage 35% 30% 50% Class participation percentage 5% 10% 5% Table 1 - Number of Sections and Students with Course

Conference Session

Building Communities for Engineering Education Research

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sally Fincher, University of Kent at Canterbury; Josh Tenenberg, University of Washington-Tacoma

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

tosupport education practitioners in Computer Science in undertaking high quality educationalresearch. The Bootstrapping model comprises a set of integrated activities focused on specificacts of collaborative research called experiment kits. An experiment kit is embedded in a one-week workshop, in which particpants learn and practice appropriate research methods.Participants gather data over the course of a year and twelve months later, join a second one-week workshop where they share results, analyze data, plan for reporting and dissemination, anddesign additional studies. We have run two of these projects in the United State, funded by theNational Science Foundation. We also discuss measures by which we might gauge the success ofthese capacity

Conference Session

Preparing Engr Students for International Practice

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rosalyn Hobson, Virginia Commonwealth University

Tagged Divisions

International

Engineering Education, 2006 THE ROLE OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTAbstractThe role of science, technology, and innovation in international development hasbeen the focus of several recent studies, including ones produced by the NationalAcademy of Science, the World Bank, The RAND Corporation, the InteracademyPanel and the United Nations Millennium Project. These studies all cite theimportance of science and technology in addressing development challenges. Anumber of the issues are engineering related and thus require engineeringsolutions.This is especially relevant to engineering education in the U.S. As our students inthe U.S. will now be faced with finding viable relevant solutions to problemsfaced not

Conference Session

Integrating H&SS in Engineering I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University; Andrew Gerhart, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

weeks of paddling Lake Erie, students portaged sixteen miles from Erieto Waterford, Pennsylvania (on French Creek), thereby passing from the Great Lakes to the OhioRiver basin. They were the first people in modern times to make this historic portage, which wasa key transportation link for the French colonial government and Native Americans in the region.The students then traveled down the Allegheny River to Pittsburgh, participating incommemorative events along the way.The purpose of this project was to provide students with a multi-faceted out-of-class educationalexperience to better prepare them to be lifelong learners, problem solvers, and more wellrounded citizens. From beginning to end, the students gained valuable life lessons and

Conference Session

Promoting Scientific and Technological Literacy

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suzanne Soled, University of Cincinnati; Patricia McNerney, University of Cincinnati; Laura Koehl, University of Cincinnati; Kelly Obarski, University of Cincinnati; Anant Kukreti, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

2006-1578: CONNECTING GRADUATE STUDENTS WITH SECONDARYTEACHERS TO INCREASE THE MATH AND SCIENCE LITERACY OFSECONDARY STUDENTS: IMPACT ON TEACHERS, FELLOWS AND STUDENTSSuzanne Soled, University of Cincinnati SUZANNE W. SOLED, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Educational Foundations, College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services (CECH), UC. Dr. Soled has taught courses in assessment and evaluation, and cognitive psychology for the past 22 years. Her research is focused in two areas: teaching and learning, and assessment and evaluation. She has won the Outstanding Teaching Award in the CECH. She serves as Co-PI and is responsible for the evaluation of Project STEP.Patricia McNerney

Conference Session

Faculty Reward System Reform Duplicate Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Keating, University of South Carolina; Thomas Stanford, University of South Carolina; John Bardo, Western Carolina University; Duane Dunlap, Western Carolina University; Dennis Depew, Purdue University; Niaz Latif, Purdue University; Gary Bertoline, Purdue University; Stephen Tricamo, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Harvey Palmer, Rochester Institute of Technology; Albert McHenry, Arizona State University; Eugene DeLoatch, Morgan State University; Mohammad Noori, California State Polytechnic; Ronald Bennett, University of St. Thomas; Jay Snellenberger, Rolls-Royce; Samuel Truesdale, Rolls-Royce

is substantially different from that portrayed by U.S. science policy of 1945.In today’s innovation-driven economy, the vast majority of engineering innovations are needs-driven and market-focused, requiring deliberate engineering problem-solving and responsibleengineering leadership. Today the practice of engineering for creative technology developmentand innovation is a purposeful and systematic practice. It is not a linear or sequential processfollowing basic research as portrayed in the aforementioned science policy of 1945 (SeeAppendix A). Rather, engineering projects frequently drive the need for directed strategicresearch efforts at universities when necessary or anticipated to better understand the phenomenainvolved.The reform of

Conference Session

FPD1 -- Implementing a First-Year Engineering Course

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenny Lo, Virginia Tech; Vinod Lohani, Virginia Tech; Odis Griffin, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

2006-982: FULL IMPLEMENTATION OF A NEW FORMAT FOR FRESHMANENGINEERING COURSE AT VIRGINIA TECHJenny Lo, Virginia Tech Jenny Lo is an assistant professor in the Department of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech. She is the co-coordinator of the first semester engineering course and has been involved with educational projects related to freshmen programs, engineering ethics, and undergraduate research.Vinod Lohani, Virginia Tech Vinod Lohani is an associate professor in the Department of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech. He is the co-coordinator of the first semester engineering course and has been involved in many educational research projects including a departmental level reform

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Course Innovation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Baca, University of Missouri-Rolla; Steve Watkins, University of Missouri-Rolla; Ray Luechtefeld, University of Missouri-Rolla

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

thecomplicated technical principles of engineering, it is less common for these institutions toinclude team communication or team training as part of the undergraduate curriculum.Instructors often give team projects in an effort to help students learn effective teamwork skills,but this practice alone does not teach team dynamics3. The fundamentals of how people workand interact is a skill; like calculus or circuits, it must be taught, practiced and evaluated3,4. Quality decision-making can be enhanced when members of a team develop high degreesof openness and interdependence. When members of a team regulate or ignore certaininformation, the quality of the decision is diminished5. From the Argyris and Schön “Theory ofAction” perspective, “the

Conference Session

Ensuring Access to K - 12 Engineering Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taryn Bayles, University of Maryland-Baltimore County; Ted Foster, University of Maryland-Baltimore County; Dean Sheridan, Glen Elg High School, Howard County Public Schools, Maryland; Carolyn Parker, George Washington University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

from brainstorming to designing, building, and testing.For the 2005 YESS program the over-arching project, performed in teams, was to design amousetrap vehicle which had to meet various design criteria, which include maximizing distancetraveled, pulling capability, speed over a specified distance, and stopping ability at a specifieddistance. The YESS program is a miniature version of the Introduction to Engineering course atthe University of Maryland, Baltimore County. At each seminar the high school students learnengineering fundamentals that relate to their design project, followed by hands-on mini designchallenges. The presentations given by technical experts include: Who Wants to be anEngineer?, Introduction to Engineering Design: Project

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leo McAfee, University of Michigan; Khalil Najafi, University of Michigan; Yogesh Gianchandani, University of Michigan; Kensall D. Wise, University of Michigan; Michel M. Maharbiz, University of Michigan; Dean Aslam, Michigan State University; Paul Bergstrom, Michigan Technological University; Craig Friedrich, Michigan Technological University

acrossscience and engineering by developing a first course that had minimal prerequisites in science(physics and chemistry), math, and engineering, (3) use the first course as the only prerequisitefor the remaining core courses, (4) develop course materials with the expectation that distance Page 11.923.3education with web-based dissemination would be a primary format, (5) serve undergraduate andgraduate students, as well as serve practicing professionals, (6) be available for students at allthree partnering universities (UM, MSU, MTU), (7) develop skills in critical assessment ofdiverse technologies and devices, (8) develop engineering project

Conference Session

International Engineering Education I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aloysius Emig Jr., Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg; Sedig Agili, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg

Tagged Divisions

International

modules located within the PLC chassis. Operator adjustment, mode selection,and patient monitoring are accomplished using a personal computer running a visual basicapplication designed specifically for this project. The operator interface mimics the look of atraditional ventilator control chassis. A serial data connection provides the communication pathbetween the PLC and the personal computer. Using a PLC and a computer interface (HMI) as therespirator control system has distinct advantages over traditional microprocessor control systems.These include: the operation and adjustment of the respirator can be accomplished at a locationother than the location of the respirator, alarm conditions can also be determined and evaluatedfrom a remote

Conference Session

K-12 Programs for Recruiting Women

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen White, Purdue University; Mara Wasburn, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

programs include a substantial website component. TheBEST initiative15 argues that while websites may have some beneficial effects, they wouldbenefit more from increased curricular integration of science, technology, and math. To beeffective, web-based materials must direct the target audience to the resources, or alternatively,exhibit a strong interest in the subject in order to seek them out.16The Gender & Science Digital Library (GSDL) project has addressed the needs of teachersseeking to provide an “interactive collection of high-quality, gender-equitable science,technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) resources for K-12, higher education(community college and university), women's studies, teacher preparation programs, andinformal

Conference Session

Innovative Partnerships

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Shaw, Museum of Science, Boston; Michael Pelletier, Northern Essex Community College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

2006-844: POWER UP!: CREATING LEADERS FOR COMMUNITY COLLEGE &HIGH SCHOOL TECHNOLOGY/ENGINEERINGChristine Shaw, Museum of Science, BostonMichael Pelletier, Northern Essex Community College Page 11.1002.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006Power Up!: Creating Leaders for Community College & HighSchoolTechnology/EngineeringChristine Shaw, Museum of Science, BostonThe Power Up!: Creating Leaders for Community College & High SchoolTechnology/Engineering project is a professional development program for highschool and community college educators.The project is addressing five critical needs: Engaging community college students with creative and

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce Berdanier, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

2006-2646: WATER RESOURCES EVALUATION FOLLOWING NATURALDISASTER IN HAITIBruce Berdanier, Ohio Northern University Dr. Bruce Berdanier is currently an Associate Professor of Civil Engineering in the TJ Smull College of Engineering at Ohio Northern University. In this position, Dr. Berdanier is responsible for teaching all of the courses in Environmental Science, Water and Wastewater Treatment, Solid and Hazardous Waste, Surface Water Quality and Project Management that are included in the Civil Engineering curriculum. Additionally, Dr. Berdanier directs all teaching and research activities in the Environmental Engineering laboratory. Dr. Berdanier also conducts research in surface

Conference Session

FPD8 -- Systems, Nanotechnology & Programming

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Scott Moor, Indiana University Purdue University-Fort Wayne (ET)

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

cooperative learning. Page 11.945.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Music in MATLAB: A series of programming challenges for an introductory course.AbstractStudents often find their first course that includes programming a difficult new world. First-yearstudents may not be inspired by programs that input numbers, perform a calculation and thenoutput a number. To help motivate students there are many examples of courses using roboticsor graphics projects and problems to provide a more concrete result for programming exercises.MATLAB’s ability to output a time series to the sound card of a

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching Methods in IE Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Kundrat, Grand Valley State University; Shabbir Choudhuri, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

. “Manufacturing WorkEnvironments”, a graduate course at Grand Valley State University (GVSU) addresses the issuesrelated to work measurement, method improvement, safety, and ergonomic aspects in workdesign. As a practice oriented teaching school, GVSU highly emphasizes the culmination of thelearning process by the realistic execution of the principles and techniques taught in a course. Inthat tradition, this course employed a semester ending project as an important tool to develop theproper understanding of the course materials.This particular project idea involved improving the efficiency, performance and workenvironment at the Science, Technology, and Engineering Preview Summer (STEPS) camp heldat Grand Valley State University. The STEPS camp at the

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James E. Kilduff, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Jong-In Han, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Biocontrol (biological pesticides) 1 Generation of valuable products from waste 1 Tests and Project Presentations 3Microbial DiversityIt is essential for students to know how diverse microbial species and their activities inenvironments are, and understand how they function. Thus in the second part of theproposed course, a variety of microbial species, in particular environmentally relevantspecies (e.g., pollutant-degraders and waterborne pathogens) and their importantcharacteristics will be introduced. Traditional and modern microbial methods tocharacterize microbes will also be taught. At this point, we anticipate that a significantportion of students

Conference Session

Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Qingli Dai, Michigan Technological University; Zhanping You, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

numericalproblems and generate charts and graphs using MATLAB. This course is designed to givestudents opportunities for hands-on practice through the lab work and project studies. The authoralso instructed senior students to use MATLAB for experimental data analysis in course MEEN4131 (Mechanical Engineering Laboratory). In this paper, these successful teaching experiencesare summarized and some additional suggestion is also addressed.IntroductionMATLAB has been largely used in many engineering schools, because it provides a friendlyinteractive system that incorporates numeric computation, symbolic computation, and scientificvisualization [1-2, 4-10]. Authors taught a sophomore course to help the students apply theMALAB tool for engineering problem

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Bean, Paul Smith's College; James Carroll, Clarkson University; John P. Dempsey, Clarkson University; Andrew H. Strong, Clarkson University; William R. Wilcox, Clarkson University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

incorporate these into the class arepresented.BackgroundIn 2003, Clarkson University received a grant from the National Science Foundationentitled "Hands-On Learning in Engineering". The major goal of this project was toincrease the number and quality of hands-on experiences in engineering classes. The firstclass for attempted reform was the freshman engineering class ES100, Introduction toEngineering Use of Computers. ES100 is a second-semester freshman year course takenby approximately 350 students; nearly all are engineering majors.Prior to the Spring of the 2004-2005 academic year, ES100 was handled independentlyby each of four engineering departments, each with their own instructor, teaching solelyto their own majors, using their own

Conference Session

Installing & Assessing Technology Literacy Courses

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Ohland, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

graduate students to K-12 curriculum development, hosting K-12 science andengineering competitions.19Each year at the University of Missouri Rolla, 300-400 first-year engineering students engage ina team design-build activity as a part of Engineering Design with Computer Applications, arequired Basic Engineering course. Five-person teams receive some funding support incompleting projects like a human-powered water pump, a portable bridge, a disc launcher, abubble machine, and a hands-free pencil sharpener. In spring 2003, the course objectives wereextended to develop educational materials for the K-4 classroom including designing andbuilding a device and an accompanying educational game or activity. The extension of the BasicEngineering course was

Conference Session

ECE Pedagogy and Assessment

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Yost, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Collection Assessment Alumni Surveys (2002-2003) College/ Department Senior Design Exam Project JuryFigure 1: Electrical Engineering Program Educational Objectives Evaluation and Outcome AssessmentProcessThe Electrical Engineering Program Outcomes (provided in Appendix A) are assessedusing a number of assessment strategies: College/Department Exam, Senior ExitSurvey/Interview, Coop Employer Survey, Alumni Survey, Senior Design Project Jury,and a number of In-Course Assessment Instruments implemented in the curriculum. Inthis paper

Conference Session

Engineering in High School

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Venkat Chandrasekhar, Northwestern University; Marcel Grdinic, Glenbrook North High School; Nathan Unterman, Glenbrook North High School; R.P.H. Chang, Northwestern University; Emma Tevaarwerk, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

prototype design project showthat the design project was successful in engaging student interest, and that themacroscopic models and activities were helpful in facilitating student understanding ofhow a scanning probe microscope works. All of the students were able to successfullybuild a working atomic force microscope and acquire an image.IntroductionThe introduction of the “iPod Nano” this past year is proof enough that the word “nano”has entered into the mainstream of public awareness. The buzz about nanoscience andnanotechnology is that it may generate up to $1 trillion/year in new business ineverything from pharmaceuticals to computers. To support this new business, it isestimated that we will need 3 million workers trained in nanotechnology

Conference Session

Programming for Engineering Students

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Filsinger, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

lessonslearned from this first attempt, and presents a more technology-based project-oriented approachto such a course, outlining a ten week AI course tailored to the needs of our ECET students aswell as providing samples of possible projects.IntroductionOnce considered a topic for purely theoretical computer science, the field of artificial intelligence(AI) has found its way into a large number of real-world technology applications, particularly inthe area of control systems. As such, a course in AI is becoming increasingly important forelectrical and computer engineering technology students. The key features of a technology-based AI course are that it must deal with students who lack the extensive mathematicalbackground of a typical computer science

Conference Session

Internet and Distributed Computing

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fani Zlatarova, Elizabethtown College

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

course offered at theauthor’s academic institution. They do not cover the complete set of views of abstraction. Thenewly emerging DB applications dealing with Web-oriented queries and multimedia queries(audiovisual queries, special queries, XML queries, queries performed in mobile environment,and others considered in1, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13) have been considered in the next DB-oriented course,Database Systems Development and Applications. Similar issues have been researched in theReadings and Projects in Computer Science and Information Systems course, and in the out-of-class student seminar on Information Systems, organized by the author.In the introductory DB course, students should be able to easily switch from one to another typeof the expression

Conference Session

Programs for High School Students

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bill Elmore, Mississippi State University; Adrienne Minerick, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, in Columbus, MS (approximately 25 miles from theMississippi State campus) has joined in a program for providing research experiences for juniorand senior high school students. Three students participated in the program in the fall 2005semester. The goals of the program include recruiting high school students to consider programsof study in chemical engineering or related fields at Mississippi State and to increase students’technological literacy by participating in active research projects. Of the three participants forfall 2005, one has declared his intention of studying chemical engineering at Mississippi State.The authors felt that the program objectives were met for helping students to become morefamiliar with our program and curriculum

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Orlich, Washington State University; William Thomson, Washington State University; Richard Zollars, Washington State University

form a community (item #3mentioned above), firm up housing arrangements for the summer, distribute information on theresearch projects that would be available for the summer, and tour the campus and laboratories.All of the teachers, whether they were able to visit the campus or not, then were asked to return alisting of the top three projects on which they would like to work. By the end of May all teachershad been assigned projects, with two teachers assigned to each project and each pre-serviceteacher paired with an in-service teacher. This allowed about two weeks for the teachers tocommunicate with each other, and with their mentor, prior to the start of the on-campus portion ofthe program. We found this two week period to be extremely

Conference Session

Teaching Design

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rashmi Jain, Stevens Institute of Technology; Anithashree Chandrasekaran, Stevens Institute of Technology; Bernard Gallois, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

2006-1543: INTRODUCING ‘TOTAL DESIGN’ IN AN ENGINEERING DESIGNCURRICULUM: A PILOT EXPERIENCERashmi Jain, Stevens Institute of Technology RASHMI JAIN is Associate Professor of Systems Engineering at Stevens Institute of Technology. Dr. Jain has over 15 years of experience of working on socio-economic and information technology (IT) systems. Over the course of her career she has been involved in leading the implementation of large and complex systems engineering and integration projects. Dr. Jain is currently the Head of Education and Research for International Council of Systems Engineering (INCOSE). She teaches systems integration, systems design and architecture, and rapid systems

Conference Session

Teaching Strategies in Graphics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jana Whittington, Purdue University-Calumet; Kim Nankivell, Purdue University-Calumet; Joy Colwell, Purdue University-Calumet; James Higley, Purdue University-Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

University Calumet, we useassessment measures which include faculty evaluation, class critiques and written peerevaluations that individually addresses each level of technical, aesthetic and creative aspects ofeach project or assignment. Discussions or critiques first address the success of technical aspects,then move to the aesthetic aspects, and then the overall creative attributes of the students’ work.This type of evaluation is not only valuable for the students to comprehend each level and puttheir soft skills to work, but also provides valuable assessment feedback to the faculty.The CGT program is relatively new, having been started in the year 2000 with 18 students, andhaving grown to its present size of about 200 majors. The program has