Conference Session

Mechanical/Manufacturing ET Design Projects

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dugan Um, Southwest Texas State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

anentire spectrum of research experiences from design, data collection, analysis, to charting,illustration, presentation of experimental results. Course surveys at the end of the 2005 springsemester revealed that majority of students desire to take a subsequent class focused more onadvanced semiconductor fabrication and MEMS technology.Bibliography[1] S. A. Vittorio, “MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS), Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, October 2001, pp 1-11.[2] M. Mehregany and S. Roy, “Introduction to MEMS,” 2000, Microengineering Aerospace Systems, El Segundo, CA, Aerospace Press, AIAA, Inc., 1999.[3] J. Dorsch, “MEMS: Tiny Parts Face Tough Technical Challenges,” Semiconductor Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 8., August 2001.[4] S. Borini, M

Conference Session

NEW Lab Experiments in Materials Science

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Glenn Kohne, Loyola College in Maryland; Steven O'Donnell, Loyola College in Maryland

Tagged Divisions

Materials

2006-410: DEMONSTRATION OF CIRCUIT DESIGN USING RANDOMNESS,EVOLUTION AND NATURAL SELECTIONGlenn Kohne, Loyola College in Maryland Glenn S. Kohne is currently associate professor of engineering science at Loyola College, Baltimore, MD. He received an M.E.S. from Loyola College in 1981 and a B.S.E.E. from the University of Maryland in 1970. His research interests include computer science, digital signal processing, and education.Steven O'Donnell, Loyola College in Maryland Mr. O’Donnell is a senior electrical engineering student at Loyola College in Maryland. He has studied abroad at Monash University in Melbourne Autralia. He has experience as a Hauber research grantee and as an intern at

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Fisher, MVCS Science Advisor

overall impact of such activities the MVCS club participated in is hard toquantify, but student feedback and graduation statistics show there has been some effect.On student surveys, a majority indicated that these activities had increased their interestin pursuing science or engineering fields after they graduated from high school. Manysaid just participating in such endeavors had at least made them aware of what thesefields were all about. As far as actually influencing students to go into college majors inthe science, math and engineering (S, M & E) areas, the following table shows on howmany of the student participants entered university programs after their graduation fromhigh school.Graduation data from MVCS over 10 years showing number

Conference Session

What's New in Dynamics?

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Avitabile, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Jeffrey Hodgkins, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

and Controls Laboratory while concurrently working on the NSF Engineering Education Grant. Page 11.479.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 DEVELOPMENT OF VISUALIZATION TOOLS FOR RESPONSE OF 1ST AND 2ND ORDER DYNAMIC SYSTEMSAbstractStudents often enter a Dynamic Systems course with no real background or exposure to many ofthe concepts used to define “non-static” systems. The material is often a significant departurefrom the previous material covered, and the vernacular/terminology is very new and unfamiliarto the students. Nomenclature and concepts such as poles, zeros, s-plane, and others cause

Conference Session

Software Engineering Curriculum Components

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Bagert, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

Arlington, use senior projects to satisfytheir application domain requirement, with no additional courses specifically required. Auburnlists “wireless, artificial intelligence, database systems, compiler front-ends, and softwareengineering tools” among their project domain areas.3.1.2 Impact on Graduates All of the survey respondents agree that their application domain area(s) helps prepare thestudents for the workplace (one reports that it helps their graduates meet program outcomes).Another school reported higher salaries in its application domain area, and another reports anumber of graduates having gained employment in their domain area. Still, to date there is

Conference Session

Innovative Techniques in Graphics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Connolly, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

based interactive assessment and training program. The Engineering Design Graphics Journal, 64(1), 4-9. 5. Study, N. E. (2004). Assessing Visualization Abilities in Minority Engineering Students. Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition. 6. Miller, C. L. (1996). A historical review of applied and theoretical spatial visualization publications in engineering graphics. The Engineering Design Graphics Journal, 60(4), 12-33. Page 11.944.6 7. Sorby, S. A. (1999). Developing 3-D spatial visualization skills. The Engineering Design

Conference Session

FPD2 -- Highlighting First-Year Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Connor, Virginia Tech; Vinod Lohani, Virginia Tech; Kumar Mallikarjunan, Virginia Tech; G. Loganathan, Virginia Tech; Jenny Lo, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Further modify the object oriented programs and add behaviors as defined in an object oriented approach to the Cone classFor example, in the second week of the semester the following problem was assigned ashomework and was to be completed by hand. A pump is pumping water into a conical tank at a constant rate of 1.15 gal/min. The tank dimensions are: top inner circumference = 2.87 ft, bottom inner circumference = 2.60 ft, and inner tank length along the slanting surface = 1.47 ft. If the tank was initially empty, how long (in s) will it take to fill 80% (by volume) of the tank? Page 11.943.3The

Conference Session

Digital System Design

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ben Shaw, Youngstown State University; Faramarz Mossayebi, Youngstown State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Test Bed Figure 1: FlexARM1 Design Flow Different test vector sequences simulate certain CPU operations. For instance, the fileForward.hex runs a series of FlexARM1’s single clock cycle data-processing instructions to testthe forwarding of the 5-stage pipeline and verify there are no data hazards found in theinstruction stream. The software development also includes the writing of test (application)programs for the synthesizable FlexARM1 core. These application programs ensure overallfunctionality and provide a demonstration of the FlexARM1 operating in hardware. We arepresently developing several application programs (which we hope to finalize and demonstrate at

Conference Session

Electrical ET Curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Hsiung, Old Dominion University; Jeff Willis, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. The total design and development ofboth software and hardware was a two year evolutionary process.I. Introduction The 68HC11 EVB (evaluation board) was made by Motorola, Inc. in the 1980’s.9 Dueto the effort of Motorola University Support program, this EVB was very popular in most ofthe universities and community colleges microprocessor/microcontroller related courses andprojects designs. When Motorola spin off their microprocessor division to Freescale Inc., 5 the68HC11 EVB became very hard to obtain. The alternative EVB made by Axiom is moreexpensive. 1 Another draw back is that the alternative board has limited functions as comparedto the original Motorola 68HC11 EVB.1,9 In order to extend the use of the 68HC11 EVB and keep

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Instructional Defibrillator; Evidence-BasedTechniques in Teaching and Assessment. Herndon, Virginia : Stylus Publishing.Bloom, Benjamin S. (Ed.) (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives : Theclassification of educational goals : Handbook I, Cognitive Domain. New York ; Toronto: Page 11.811.11Longmans, Green. 10Brookhart, Susan M. (1999) The Art and Science of Classroom Assessment: TheMissing Part of Pedagogy. Washington, DC : ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Vol.27, 87-96.Cambridge, Barbara L. & Williams, Anne C. (1998) Portfolio Learning. NewJersey : Prentice Hall

Conference Session

Curriculum Development and Applications

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alice Scales, North Carolina State University; Aaron Clark, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

. Page 11.852.2Engineers and technologists are important and vita to the profitability of the US economy. The U.S. Department ofLabor statistics reveal that 20% more engineers are needed over the next decade2 and that Engineering education hadits “peak” of student majors in the early 1980’s with over 450,000 students entering into some form of engineeringor technology program. But since that time, the nation has experienced a 25% drop in students majoring in a fieldrelated to engineering. Included in this downward trend, diversity continues to be a struggle as well. As of to date,consider the statistic that of the four million students graduating from high school each year, only two percent willearn an engineering degree, and only one percent of

Conference Session

Novel Measurement Experiments

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Henrik Åkesson, Blekinge Institute of Technology; Lars Hakansson, Blekinge Institute of Technology; Ingvar Gustavsson, Blekinge Institute of Technology; Ingvar Claesson, Blekinge Institute of Technology; Johan Zackrisson, Blekinge Institute of Technology; Thomas Lago, Acticut Inernational AB

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

mounted in its holder as under normalconditions and the holder is rigidly attached onto a heavy steel construction in order toresemble the true case. P o w e r A m p lifie r H P 3 5 6 7 0 A d y n a m ic s ig n a l a n a ly z e r O u tp u t In p u t O u tp u t v e v e + - S o u rc e O u t C h 1 C h 2 C h 3 C h 4 S h a k e r C la m p in g

Conference Session

Learning from Entrepreneurship Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nancy Clement, Purdue University; Edward Coyle, Purdue University; Joy Krueger, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

elect to participate in the EEI, and specifically in the EPICS I2P® Competition,are required to have the permission of both their faculty advisor(s) and their project partner in thecommunity. This is necessary to ensure that the participation in the program is appropriate andadvances the goals of the project partner, not just those of the EPICS students that wish to pursuea commercialization opportunity.No additional academic credit is awarded to the members of EPICS teams that participate inentrepreneurship activities. This activity is considered to be within the scope of the EPICSprogram and to have engineering content because the focus is on product development for amarket. Furthermore, the product being evaluated for commercialization must

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heidar Malki, University of Houston; Michael Gibson, University of Houston; Enrique Barbieri, University of Houston; William Fitzgibbon, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

basis.SummaryThis paper presented a multidisciplinary, technology-based Master of Technology degreeprogram. The program includes a multidisciplinary core, a technology-based concentration, andthesis/project practicum. The intent of introducing the program is to integrate different disciplineswithin the College of Technology and provide a degree program to integrate the knowledgecontent, skills, and experiences of today’s professionals.Bibliography1. Keating, D. A., Stanford, T. G. Dunlap, D. D., McHenry, A. L., DeLoatch, E. M., Lee, P. Y., Depew, D. R., Bertoline, G. R., Dyrenfurth, M. J., Tricamo. S. J., Palmer, H. J., Davis, I. T., Morrison, E. R., Tidwell, J. P., Gonzalez-Landis, S. J., O’Brien, J. O., Snellenberger, J. M., Quick

Conference Session

Integrating Research Into Undergraduate ECE Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Georgios Anagnostopoulos, Florida Tech; Michael Georgiopoulos, University of Central Florida; Ken Ports, Florida Tech; Richie Samuel, University of Central Florida; Melinda White, Seminole Community College; Veton Kepuska, Florida Tech; Philip Chan, Florida Tech; Annie Wu, University of Central Florida; Marcella Kysilka, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Learning (ML) is a discipline that started evolving as early as the 60’s in the form ofArtificial Intelligence and that nowadays has permeated several aspects of high-tech applicationsas well as everyday life. Its charter is to study, develop and build models able to perform“intelligent” tasks that may be second nature for humans, but are well beyond the capabilities oftraditional computing paradigms. ML applications such as vending machines that recognize validpaper bills, document processing software that corrects our grammar and syntax in real time,voice-driven over-the-phone account management of credit, smart photographic cameras thatautomatically adjust their exposure and speed settings depending on the scene environment, aswell as

Conference Session

On Pedagogy of Lab Courses and Their Design

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Euan Lindsay, Curtin University of Technology; Malcolm Good, University of Melbourne

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

for the means of each mode are shown in Figure 3. 5.8 5.6 4.5 5.4 95% CI Crit_1 95% CI Crit_2 5.2 4 5 4.8 3.5 4.6 4.4 P R S P R S Mode

Conference Session

Energy Laboratory Development

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Tebbe, Minnesota State University-Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

(4) * h exit ? h inlet / j s h inlet / h exit , s + (5) Ã 1 ÔÃ 60 Ô Torque ? m% r *h inlet / h exit +Ä ÕÄ Õ (6) Å N ÖÅ 2r ÖThe pressure loss through the condenser was specified at a constant value and the exit pressurewas found by subtracting the loss from the inlet pressure. In the actual condenser there is apossibility for the refrigerant exiting to still be superheated, saturated, or liquid. At this stage itwas assumed that the exit enthalpy of the

Conference Session

Digital Communications Systems

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Border, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

68HC11 processors. TheMC9S12DT256 features the core cpu along with a variety of ancillary components on the chip,such as: ADC(s), asynchronous serial port(s) (SCI), Motorola sponsored synchronous serialperipheral interface(s) (SPI), Pulse Wide Modulation interface (PWM) plus others.One of the Bluetooth3 devices used to define the communications channel of the project was theConnectBlue OEMSPA 13i serial module. It is mounted on a development kit board that allowsfor convenient prototype wiring. The module supports RS232 signal interfacing (TxD, RxD,plus handshaking) and direct UART signal interfacing (TxD, RxD, plus handshaking). Themodule has 64KB of SRAM and 512KB of flash. Resident on the device is a Bluetoothembedded host stack. The other

Conference Session

Attracting Young MINDs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hamid Shahnasser, San Francisco State University; Wenshen Pong

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

found that only 61% of the students who took ourfirst semester engineering course (ENGR 101) continued as an engineering major in thesubsequent year. We believe that many of those who left engineering after the first year wouldhave continued in engineering if they had a more encouraging, helpful, personal, and stimulatingfirst year experience. Many other universities have recognized the importance of the first yearexperience as well and have revamped their first year introductory engineering course(s) [1-5].The goals of this introductory course are to provide students with basic skills for success, toenhance their interest in engineering and to cultivate their sense of belonging. Because of therecent decline in engineering enrollments [6], this

Conference Session

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Instruction

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Foley, U.S. Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

concepts explained the following application of Reynolds transport equation is effectively the formulation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics :- Page 11.227.7 S%in / S%out - (m% s ) in / (m% s ) out - S% gen ? S%CV Second Law of ThermodynamicsNet Direct Entropy Transferred in(i.e. Via heat conduction) Net Energy accumulated in the control volume

Conference Session

Trends in Energy Conversion and Conservation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Giri Venkataramanan, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Annette Muetze, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

involves a nominal amount of research to be completed and the use ofcomputational modeling tools – this segment addresses the RO segment of the learning cycle.Soon after the assignments are completed, the teams conduct laboratory experiments to verifytheir solutions and to examine the validity and limitations of the analytical model – this segmentaddresses the AE segment of the learning cycle. A discussion of the consequences andapplications of the findings brings a tentative closure to the inquiry process. This step leads intothe lesson theme for the next real world inspired inquiry process.Thus, each inquiry-based lesson module is designed to proceed through the ‘problemidentification s theoretical analysis s computer modeling s design solution

Conference Session

Introducing Active Learning into ME Courses

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Linsey, University of Texas-Austin; Brent Cobb, U.S. Air Force Academy; Daniel Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy; Kristin Wood, University of Texas-Austin; Saad Eways, Austin Community College

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

). This sensor vs. intuitor category is seen by mostresearchers to be the most important of the four categories in terms of implications foreducation8,15,28. Table 1: Overview of MBTI Manner in Which a Person Interacts With Others E Focuses outwardly. Gains energy from others. Focuses inwardly. Gains energy from cognition I EXTROVERSION INTROVERSION Manner in Which a Person Processes Information S Focus is on the five senses and experience. Focus is on possibilities, use, big picture. N SENSING

Conference Session

ChE: Innovation in the Laboratory

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edgar Clausen, University of Arkansas; William Penney, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

+ + + + + 330 325 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Time (s) Figure 6. Temperature vs. Time Experimental Data (+) and Predicted by Equation 4 Multiplied by a Factor of 1.4 (hEXP = 8 W/m2K at TSURFACE = 352 K)Forced Convection Heat Transfer from an Upward Facing Horizontal PlateForced convection heat transfer occurs when the fluid surrounding a surface is set in motion byan external means such as a fan, pump or atmospheric disturbances. This study was concernedwith forced convection heat transfer from a

Conference Session

Computing Tools for Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saroj Biswas, Temple University; Musoke Sendaula, Temple University; Sesha Yeruva, Temple University; Krishana Priya Sannidhi, Temple University; Ravi Shankar Dwivedula, Temple University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

develops the course.Acknowledgement:This research is supported by National Science Foundation’s Science, Technology, Engineering,and Mathematics Talent Expansion Program under grant #0230425.The authors would like to extend their sincere thanks to the reviewers for their constructivecomments that have helped improve the presentation of the paper.Bibliography[1] Blackborad Inc, http://www.Blackboard.com[2] WebCT Inc, http://www.webct.com[3] S. Kuyath, “An Interactive Lecture for Web Based ET Classes”, ASEE Annual Conference, Boulder, CO, 2004.[4] R.G. Daniels, M. Crawford, and M. Mangum, “Web Based Interactive EE Lesson Development: A Modular Approach”, ASEE Annual Conference, Boulder, CO, 2004.[5] B. Butz, “IMITS

Conference Session

Faculty Reward System Reform Duplicate Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Keating, University of South Carolina; Thomas Stanford, University of South Carolina; John Bardo, Western Carolina University; Duane Dunlap, Western Carolina University; Dennis Depew, Purdue University; Niaz Latif, Purdue University; Gary Bertoline, Purdue University; Stephen Tricamo, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Harvey Palmer, Rochester Institute of Technology; Albert McHenry, Arizona State University; Eugene DeLoatch, Morgan State University; Mohammad Noori, California State Polytechnic; Ronald Bennett, University of St. Thomas; Jay Snellenberger, Rolls-Royce; Samuel Truesdale, Rolls-Royce

enhance U.S. competitiveness.Using the findings of the 2005 Task Force panel, 1,2,3 which investigated the commonality offaculty reward systems in other professions such as law, this paper suggests parallel criteria forprofessionally oriented faculty reward systems in engineering and technology education thatcomplement scientific research and that better support the professional scholarship, teaching,and engagement functions of engineering practice for technology development & innovation.2. Professional Education for Engineers –The New Challenge for Industrial InnovationWhile the U.S. system of graduate education in Science and Engineering (S&E) continues to setthe world standard and sustains the preeminence of the U.S. scientific

Conference Session

Electromechanical & Manufacturing ET Curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dale Litwhiler, Pennsylvania State University-Berks

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

model rocket manufactured by QuestAerospacet5. A diagram of the rocket is shown in Appendix A at the end of this paper. Thisrocket was chosen because of its unique payload section which is separate from the parachutestowing area. In model rocketry the parachute is deployed by the, “Ejection charge” that isproduced by the rocket engine after the thrust charge is depleted. The ejection charge effectivelyforces the rocket stages to separate and propels the parachute(s) out of the storage chamber. Byhaving a separate payload section, the sensors can be shielded from the violent pressure effectsof the ejection charge.The diameter and length of the combined payload and hollow nose cone sections placeconstraints on the physical design. A two-sided

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barbara Lovitts, National Academy of Engineering; Norman Fortenberry, National Academy of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

characteristics (basic information about each study), evaluation(method by which the intervention was assessed), outcomes (the main result(s) of the study).Below we describe how articles were screened and selected for inclusion in the database andhow articles were coded. We then present summary data on the 307 articles that were in thedatabase on December 15, 2005, organized, in part, by the major categories mentioned above..We conclude with some observations about the state and quality of engineering educationresearch articles in the database.Article Screening and SelectionArticles were screened and selected for inclusion in the database in two phases. In the first phase(Phase One), articles were culled from chapters 14, 15, 16, and 17 of a draft of

Conference Session

Visualization

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Hartman, Purdue University; Patrick Connolly, Purdue University; Jeffrey Gilger, Purdue University; Gary Bertoline, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

. In D. R. Olson & E. Bialystok (Eds.), Spatial Cognition: The Structure and Development of Mental Representations of Spatial Relations. (pp. 233-259). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.9. Linn, M. C., & Petersen, A. C. (1986). A meta-analysis of gender differences in spatial ability: Implications for mathematics and science achievement. In J. S, Hyde & M. C. Linns (Eds.), The psychology of gender: Advances through meta-analysis (pp. 67-101). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.10. Verderhus, L., & Krekling, S. (1996). Sex Differences in Visual Spatial Ability in 9-Year- Old Children. Intelligence, 23, 33-43.11.12. Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple intelligences: The theory in practice. New York: Basic

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Krause, Arizona State University; Veronica Burrows, Arizona State University; Vincent Pizziconi, Arizona State University; Robert Culbertson, Arizona State University; Marilyn Carlson, Arizona State University

helpinstitutionalize the program, a learning network has been created to support the partnership ofuniversity faculty, community college faculty, K-12 schools, and industry participants.The project approach is based on the strategy of promoting teachers’ deep understanding offoundational STEM concepts and processes and the connections between them. Research showsthat STEM teachers in U. S. schools lack content knowledge and mastery of subject-related Page 11.1044.5pedagogy that enables them to teach content most effectively5. They also lack a sense of theconnections among concepts that reveal mathematics as an internally logical and coherent systemof

Conference Session

Visualization

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chunxia Pan, Iowa State University; Shana Smith, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

stereo method and studentswho used the polarized stereo method.Although Volbracht et al.’s study provided quantified effectiveness measures for different displaymethods, they only collected data related to their subjects’ objective performance, when using thedifferent display methods. However, Mills and deAraujo (1999) determined that students’subjective perceptions of technologies used in teaching should not be ignored when comparingthe effectiveness of different technologies used in education.The research problem of this study was to determine whether there is a significant difference inthe effectiveness of anaglyphic and HMD-based stereo display methods in design and graphicseducation. Specifically, the study intended to measure the impact of