Conference Session

Effective Learning Innovations in Civil Engineering Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Blake Tullis, Utah State University; Steven Barfuss, Utah Stat University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

AC 2007-2259: SOME KEY ELEMENTS TO A SUCCESSFUL DESIGN-BASEDCOURSEBlake Tullis, Utah State UniversitySteven Barfuss, Utah Stat University Page 12.1289.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Some Key Elements to a Successful Design-Based CourseAbstractDesign-based courses often afford instructors more latitude in teaching styles andcurriculum (inductive teaching/learning), relative to the more traditional courses(deductive teaching/learning). With some effort and planning, design-based classes canbe developed into a successful alternative learning environment. Three key principles,which have been found to enhance learning, are discussed. These principles

Conference Session

New Trends in Engineering Graduate Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Farrar, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Michael Todd, University of California-San Diego; Phillip Cornwell, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

willing to pay to learn abouttechnology developed through the EI demonstrates the relevance of the EI’s research work.Finally, the EI will continue to seek traditional academic metrics of peer review such as refereedjournal publications, presentations at national and international technical conferences, andparticipation in various professional society activities.Future Plans.Future plans for the EI fall into four areas of 1) personnel, 2) education, 3) research, and 4)facilities.Personnel. Personnel plans for the next four years include adding 1) one additional full-timeTSM, 2) three half-time staff members, 3) five, rotating, two-year staff positions, 4) two post-docpositions, 5) five additional fellowships for full-time UCSD graduate students

Conference Session

Who Should Teach the BOK

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Maccariella, Urban Engineers, Inc. / Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

need to develop leadership and management skills toeffectively communicate with clients and colleagues, and technical skills to produce constructioncost estimates, design plans, and project specifications. Often, graduate engineers do not possessthese skills.The author believes that adjunct instructors can supplement faculty members by providingpractical experience and an industry perspective to address these apparent shortcomings.Need for AdjunctsThere are many reasons for employing adjunct faculty. As pointed out by Gosink and Streveler4variability of student enrollment, start-up of new programs, the need for specific expertise, andthe replacement of sabbatical or on-leave faculty are factors which necessitate temporaryarrangements to ensure

Conference Session

CE Poster Session in Exhibit Hall

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Clara Fang; David Pines, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Albanycommercial area, there are challenges in developing effective traffic control plans for relievingcongestions on Albany Avenue. Therefore, the primary goal of the project is to study the existingtraffic conditions and generate new signal timings to improve traffic flow and safety in the areaas well as evaluate the impacts of the proposed improvements. An additional goal of this study isto select an appropriate analysis framework, including comparing the simulation programs thatcan potentially be used in such a study. As shown in Figure 3, a significant portion of AlbanyAvenue including nine signalized and unsignalized intersections is selected as study area for theanalysis.4. Learning Experience through Simulation and Project The project is

Conference Session

Student Learning and Teamwork

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charlie Edmonson, University of Dayton; Donna Summers, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

team projects. Thisteam project experience is culminated in the interdisciplinary capstone course, SeniorProject, XXX-490, where teams of students complete a project with industry. How eachof these courses teach and apply teamwork, leadership training, and team projects aredescribed below.First Year CoursesTwo courses taken by students in their first year involve working in teams. SET-100,First Year Seminar, is required by all students in the first semester of their first year.Besides team dynamics, topics such as academic policies, academic planning, registrationprocedures, and counseling and career placement services are discussed. Professionalethics, critical thinking and communications, and are also discussed.Following an introduction to

Conference Session

Undergraduate Spacecraft Design II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Miller, University of Oklahoma; Yunjun Xu, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

space-craft. We have been using the SLS mission scenario as a framework for a number ofclasses in several departments including the aerospace and mechanical engineeringdepartments.In this paper we will discuss, within the framework of the SLS project, the arrange-ment of projects within courses; give examples of the types of experiments andprojects we are doing in these classes; and present current assessment results andfuture plans for assessment; plans for making SLS a coordinated multi-year themethrough the curriculum; and the current state of the SLS mission.The Sooner Lunar Schooner MissionThe Sooner Lunar Schooner is a multi-disciplinary ongoing project at the Universityof Oklahoma to plan, design, prototype, cost and (when funds become

Conference Session

Design of Lab Experiments II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

R. William Graff, LeTourneau University; Jessica Niemi, LeTourneau University; Paul Leiffer, LeTourneau University; Meagan Vaughan, LeTourneau University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

. Simple inductors7. The 555-band (a team project to present a tune to the rest of the class)8. An R-C transient and op-amp9. Investigation of a NAND gate10. Use of a transistor11. Building a thermometer using a transistorWithin this context, the Hydro-circuits lab was introduced this year.A typical laboratory session is illustrated in Figure 1. Page 12.51.3 Figure 1: Typical “fun lab” in sessionThis year the plan was to introduce the hydro-circuits lab at the third session. Delays in theacquisition of parts delayed it to the sixth session. Two sections of Circuits I were taught thissemester, so that there were

Conference Session

Professional Development and Scholarship

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Fox, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis; Stephen Hundley, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis; James Johnson, Indiana University; H. Oner Yurtseven, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, strategic planning, industry relations, research, and fundraising activities. With Pat Fox, he conducts annual ASEE-sponsored salary surveys on engineering and technology faculty compensation. Dean Yurtseven has been active in ASEE for many years, regularly attending and participating in conferences and events. Page 12.299.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Attracting, Retaining, and Engaging Faculty: Trends in Engineering and TechnologyAbstract Finding, keeping, and motivating engineering and technology faculty is of paramountconcern as U.S

Conference Session

Teaching Ethics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia Finelli, University of Michigan; Trevor Harding, California Polytechnic State University; Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University; Matthew Mayhew, New York University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Engineering from U-M. Dr. Finelli is responsible for advising the U-M College of Engineering on educational endeavors, conducting research in engineering education, planning and facilitating workshops for faculty and graduate student instructors, and generating a community of researchers in engineering education. She is also a member of the U-M Steering Committee for the President’s Ethics in Public Life Initiative and the College of Engineering’s Diversity and Outreach Council. Dr. Finelli is a member of the Executive Board of the ERM Division of ASEE and was program co-chair for the 33rd Frontiers in Education Conference and for the 2006 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition. She participated

Conference Session

Technical Capacity Building for Developing Countries

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank Duda, Grove City College; Nevin Greninger, Retired; Peter Idowu, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg; Douglas Lauffer, Community College of Beaver County-Beaver, PA

Tagged Divisions

International

health program by promoting better health practices among the public.To help achieve the third one Uganda needs to provide more applied science personnel in thebiology area to interact with the general population.The solution to the problem of building the infrastructure in rural areas in the non-health sectorhas two components: • The first is to develop a sound plan (an engineering solution). • The second is to obtain government approval and find financial funding (grants, community input, and government input).To obtain the needed technical and labor personnel – engineers, technicians and skilled labor –one would select from the available pool (an educational matter). So the governmental sectormust provide support for educating

Conference Session

How to Effectively Teach Using Teams

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shashi Nambisan, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

local, statewide, regional and national issues in transportation and information systems management related to policy analysis, management, planning, infrastructure development, safety and operations. Page 12.673.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Enhancing the Capstone Design Experience in Civil EngineeringAbstractThis paper documents efforts in and outcomes from a two-semester sequence senior designexperience to address some of the programmatic needs and accreditation criteria established byABET. The capstone design course sequence described herein was enhanced based on anevaluation by the

Conference Session

Our Future in Manufacturing

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Wosczyna-Birch, CT College of Technology; Lauren Kaufman, CT Business and Industry Association; Mary deManbey, CT Business and Industry Association; Kerry Simoneau, CT College of Technology's Regional Center for Next Generation Manufacturng

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

transportthe manufacturing equipment from the participating manufacturing companies to the CTConvention Center.The symposium had an extensive pre and post evaluation plan that was completed by over 1800students and their teachers. The results of these surveys will be presented and discussed as wellas a suggested operational plan for adapting and implementing a similar event in another regionor state.Introduction: The Connecticut College of Technology (COT) is a virtual college thatencompasses the entire state and includes the 12 community colleges that make up the publiccommunity college system, six private and public universities and secondary schools throughoutConnecticut. (see Diagram 1) The COT was created by the State legislature, Public Law 95

Conference Session

Unique Developments in Engineering Technology

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Ackerman, University of Alberta; Curt Stout, University of Alberta

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

to invest in new technology.IntroductionThe Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of _______ has embarked on anambitious plan to remove all paper from its design stream and has attempted to use state of theart technology to achieve this goal. To illustrate how the paperless environment wasimplemented the Mechanical Engineering Senior Design Course was chosen as an illustrativeexample.Engineering at the University of _______ consists of a common first year with enrolmentnumbering about 1000 students after which the students choose a specialization subject to quotaswithin each department. As a result Mechanical Engineering receives 160 -180 students intosecond year. The program has been mirrored (each course each term to keep

Conference Session

FPD5 -- Placement & Early Success

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Papadopoulos; Karen Brucks, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Eric Key, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Ethan Munson, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; K Vairavan, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

value allowed by NSF at the time was$3125 per student per year). The relative value of this scholarship was roughly 75% of tuition atthe inception of the program, and has declined to approximately 50% of tuition today. TheProgram delivers the scholarship in increments of $1500 per semester; continuation of thescholarship from semester to semester is contingent upon satisfactory academic performance.Students are also provided with dedicated faculty and staff mentoring, monthly seminars,tutoring opportunities, and other student support services. The UWM program provides study inEngineering (Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, Manufacturing & Industrial, Materials), ComputerScience, and Mathematical Sciences.The budget allowed us to plan for three

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching and Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Collura, University of New Haven; Samuel Daniels, University of New Haven; Jean Nocito-Gobel, University of New Haven; W. David Harding, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

essential to provide the topical developmentrequired to prepare students for upper-level courses in the specific engineering disciplines. Page 12.1401.5 Figure 2The overall objectives of the MEFSC are the following: • to enhance recruiting • to improve student retention in the first year • to foster a multidisciplinary (systems) perspective early in students’ development • to improve professional skills needed for engineering practice, including communication, project planning, problem-solving, team-work • to better integrate math and

Conference Session

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Instruction

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Gerhart, University of Evansville; Andrew Gerhart, Lawrence Technological University; Bruce Cain, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

appropriate PTC as a guide. At a medium-sized technical university, studentsread and reported on PTCs as part of a senior thermal science laboratory course. At a largeresearch university PTCs were used as reference material in a laboratory capstone design course.In addition to instructor’s experiences, assessment data from student surveys are presented.1. Introduction to Performance Test CodesA. What Are Performance Test Codes The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)Performance Test Codes (PTCs) provide uniform rules and procedures for planning, preparation,and execution of performance tests and for reporting the results 1,2. A performance test is anengineering evaluation, based on measurements and calculations, whose results indicate

Conference Session

Influence of Race and Culture

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leslie Wilkins, Maui Economic Development Board; Sheryl Hom, isisHawaii and Women in Technology; Jenilynne Gaskin, Maui Economic Development Board; Kawailehua Kuluhiwa, Maui Economic Development Board, Inc.; Christine Andrews, Maui Eco Dev Board

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

, present courses andfuture plans. The chart below confirms that the girls are self-selecting STEM related courses aselectives and the majority plan on continuing on to higher education. Based on 26 high schooler responses Yes Response Currently enrolled in *STEM related elective courses 74% Favorite school subject is *STEM related 73% Excels in *STEM related subjects 67% Plans on attending college after high school 91%* includes hard and soft sciences, technology, engineering, math, computers, electrical, andelectronics courses. Page 12.193.11As a

Conference Session

Improving ME Education: Trends in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nidal Al-Masoud, Central Connecticut State University; Peter Baumann, Central Connecticut State University; Alfred Gates, Central Connecticut State University; Zdzislaw Kremens, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

it relates to curricular requirements. In addition, someaspects of the recruitment implementation plan are also discussed in the paper. Lessons learnedfrom the entire process conclude the paper.1. IntroductionCentral Connecticut State University’s School of Technology has recently faced anunprecedented challenge — but also a unique opportunity — in curriculum development. Theschool was charged with establishing a brand new (and the first) full engineering program in itsacademic offer. The faculty and administration started building an engineering program virtuallyfrom scratch. One must note, however, that implementing major components toward a futureengineering program had been underway for many years. The university already has in

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fanyu Zeng, Indiana Wesleyan University

instructors. • Self-directed learning – Students are self motivated to make their plans, follow guidance and laboratory manuals, meet requirements, and achieve specified goals. • Mentorship – Instructors use all communication channels for their teaching via Discussion Forums and Communication tools in Blackboard and email. • Project collaboration and collaborative learning – Collaborations are emphasized on group assignments. More discussions and help happen via group forums in Blackboard.Special accomplishments in the new online computer network laboratory modulesinclude five computer network laboratory modules designed for distributed environmentwith compliance of all the goals and standards set up in typical

Conference Session

Aspirational Visions of Civil Engineering in 2025 & Policy 465

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Ressler, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

constraints • Lead by formulating and articulating environmental, infrastructure, and other visions and build consensus by practicing inclusiveness, empathy, compassion, persuasiveness, patience, and critical thinkingAttitudes • Creativity and entrepreneurship • Commitment to ethics, personal and organizational goals, and worthy teams and organizations • Curiosity • Honesty and integrity • Optimism in the face of challenges and setbacks, recognizing the power inherent in vision, commitment, planning, persistence, flexibility, and teamwork • Respect for and tolerance of the rights, values, views, property, possessions, and sensitivities of others • Thoroughness and self-discipline in keeping with

Conference Session

Software Engineering Topics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marcelo Jenkins, University of Costa Rica

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

graduate level.1. IntroductionSoftware quality management (SQM) is defined as the set of activities to direct and control asoftware organization with regard to the quality of its processes, products, and services. SQMencompasses the planning, control, assurance, and improvement of the organizational qualitysystem, defined as the collection of policies, objectives, procedures, measurements, methods, andtools that are established and maintained by the organization to fulfill the requirements of thecustomer14.A good SQM system is an essential ingredient for software organizations to be competitive intoday’s global information technology market, but at the same time SQM is certainly one of themost complicated subjects to teach at any level for the

Conference Session

Industrial Collaborations and Applications

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Durfee, Eastern Washington University; William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University; Donald Richter, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

and facilities unavailable at these industries and byproviding research and analysis that these companies may not have had time to complete. Afaculty member supervised each student to ensure the quality and completion of the research.Students dealt directly with an individual at the company in order to understand the work to bedone and how the results were to be presented.By utilizing real problems from industry the continuation of this program provides a mutualbenefit to students, the Department, the University, and local industry. The University issupporting this initiative by providing resources through a Strategic Planning Grant to implementadditional projects across the different major programs of the Department (MET, CET, EE

Conference Session

Capstone Design & Project Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Waldron, Grand Valley State University; Pramod Chaphalkar, Grand Valley State University; Shabbir Choudhuri, Grand Valley State University; John Farris, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

provided by National Science Grant No. 0234478, Principle Investigators: Lucy King and Tony Lin, Kettering UniversityThis paper describes the preparations and early experiences of the students. Preparations includedeveloping the projects for the teams, the integration structure, methods for monitoring theintegrated and non-integrated teams, and plans to provide outsourcing and assessment. Thesuccesses as well as what could be improved will be reviewed at the end of the project to helpmachine design, product design, and manufacturing students make the transition fromcomponent design and fabrication to concurrent design and manufacture of mechanical systems.Previous WorkIn Phase I during the 2006 winter semester, two sections of EGR 409 (Machine

Conference Session

Sustainable Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Beckman, University of Pittsburgh; Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Gena Kovalcik, University of Pittsburgh; Matthew Mehalik, University of Pittsburgh; Robert Ries, University of Pittsburgh; Kim Needy, University of Pittsburgh; Laura Schaefer, University of Pittsburgh; Larry Shuman, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

educational and research program in sustainability. This program hasnumerous sources of funding, including the National Science Foundation’s Integrative GraduateEducation and Research Traineeship Program (IGERT) and International Research Experiencesfor Students Program (IRES), the US Department of Education’s Graduate Assistance in Areasof National Need (GAANN), and the National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliances(NCIIA) as well as private foundations. We present our plan to create an innovative sustainableengineering program, with primary research foci in green construction and sustainable water use.This interdisciplinary initiative involves faculty and students from across the University ofPittsburgh. To best address global concerns, we

Conference Session

Writing and Communication I: Innovative Models for Curriculum and Assessment

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

April Kedrowicz, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

, and the owners have received asource of funding (approx. $ 0.7 million) and they would like to investigate a businessinvestment that will bring in new profits to the company. The firm is trying to evaluate designand manufacturing of new, exciting products. Students are required to complete an oral andwritten proposal. The oral proposal includes justification of proposed process or product,manufacturing process plan, design changes, economic analysis, equipment, etc. The writtenproposal clearly and comprehensively presents the proposed solution/initiative. This proposaloutlines all necessary technical information on the proposed changes.To prepare students for this task, four lecture sessions are devoted to instruction in oral andwritten

Conference Session

Innovation in Construction Engineering Education II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tulio Sulbaran, University of Southern Mississippi; David Marchman, University of Southern Mississippi; Shelton Houston, University of Southern Mississippi

Tagged Divisions

Construction

) Estimating life cycles for roadway departure countermeasures such as rumble stripes. 4) Estimating, scheduling, and safely managing a hazardous materials event. 5) Developing, estimating, scheduling and managing wildlife deterrence plans in high traffic and urban areas. 6) Environmental impact of rumble stripes and/or other run off road (ROR) countermeasures toward noise pollution, pedestrians and bicyclists. 7) Developing “Work Zone” highway safety plans.Characteristics of Rumble Strips and StripesTwo of the countermeasures used to increase roadway safety by deterring roadway departures areRumble Strips and Rumble Stripes. Although in many cases Rumble Strips and Rumble Stripeshave been used interchangeable, they do not have the

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Duffy, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; David Kazmer, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Linda Barrington, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; John Ting, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Carol Barry, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Xiaoqi Zhang, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Donn Clark, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Alan Rux, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

racial understanding), self-efficacy,leadership (leadership activities, self-rated leadership ability, interpersonal skills), choice of aservice career, and plans to participate in service after college. “These findings directly replicatea number of recent studies using different samples and methodologies.”(p.i) 7 They found that S-L to be significantly better in 8 out of 11 measures than just service without the courseintegration and discovered “strong support for the notion that service learning should be includedin the student’s major field.”(p.ii) 8Eyler and Giles9 in a classic study included 1500 students from 20 colleges/universities in astudy of the effect of S-L. Service-learning was found to impact positively: tolerance fordiversity

Conference Session

Building Knowledge Based Economies: the Role of Industry-University-Government Partnerships

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ivan Esparragoza, Pennsylvania State University; Ramiro Jordan, ISTEC-ECE-UNM; Maria M. Larrondo Petrie, Florida Atlantic University; Javier Paez Saavedra

Tagged Divisions

International

Vice President of Research of the Latin American and Caribbean Consortium of Engineering Institutions; Member-at-Large on the Board of the Minorities in Engineering Division and Secretary/Treasurer of the International Division of the American Society for Engineering Education; and is on the Executive Committee and Strategic Planning Committee of the newly formed International Federation of Engineering Education Societies. Her email is petrie@fau.eduRamiro Jordan, ISTEC-ECE-UNM Dr. Ramiro Jordan is a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of New Mexico, and is Vice President of Strategy and Planning of the Ibero American Science & Technology Education

Conference Session

Professional Development and Scholarship

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Khan, DeVry University; Amin Karim, DeVry University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. The program must have an effective professional development plan for its faculty. The number of faculty members must be sufficient to provide program continuity, proper frequency of course offerings, appropriate levels of student-faculty interaction, and effective student advising and counseling. Each program must have effective leadership through a full-time faculty member with defined leadership responsibilities for the program. The program faculty must have sufficient responsibility and authority to define, revise, implement, and achieve program objectives (ABET, 2007, p.7).1 The nature, demands, and vocabulary of scholarship are also evolving. ErnestBoyer, in his 1990 Scholarship

Conference Session

FPD8 -- Introductory Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Lehr, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Christopher Grant, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University-Prescott

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

, Reprinted Here with Students PermissionWriting a program takes a lot of time and planning, and then even more time. Along the wayyou’ll run into problems and you won’t know how to solve them. Planning is the key. Figure outwhat you’re going to do before you do it. You need to do some research and learn new things sothat you can solve your problems. It is impossible to know how to write an entire program at thestart. You just need to start working on the problem and revise your logic again and again andthen again some more. It is also hard to get exactly what you want from your program. There is apoint where you know that you can optimize your code even more, but it is already good enough.Writing a program is a fluid process. You and your code are