Conference Session

Innovative Techniques in Graphics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Priti Bhatnagar, Daniel Webster College; Christopher McInnis, Daniel Webster College; Chad Hebert, Daniel Webster College; Sonja Crowder, Daniel Webster College; David Guo, Daniel Webster College; Nicholas Bertozzi, Daniel Webster College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

AC 2007-1386: INTEGRATION OF ACONCEIVE-DESIGN-IMPLEMENT-OPERATE (CDIO) EXPERIENCE IN ASOPHOMORE-LEVEL AERODYNAMICS COURSEPriti Bhatnagar, Daniel Webster College Priti Bhatnagar is a senior at Daniel Webster College enrolled in Aeronautical Engineering and Aviation Flight Operations pursing Bachelor’s Degrees. She is currently interning as a flight instructor at Daniel Webster. Her goal is to someday pursue a career as a test pilot. Email: bhatnagar_priti@dwc.eduSonja Crowder, Daniel Webster College Sonja M. Crowder is a junior at Daniel Webster College enrolled in Aeronautical Engineering, pursuing a Bachelors Degree. Currently she is a machine operator at UltraSource Inc. After

Conference Session

Two Year Colleges

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Russell Richardson, College of the Canyons; Kathleen Alfano, College of the Canyons; Joseph Gerda, College of the Canyons; Floyd Moos, College of the Canyons

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

AC 2007-1840: IMPROVING ADJUNCT TEACHING THROUGH FACILITATORDEVELOPMENTRussell Richardson, College of the Canyons Russell Richardson has been a community college teacher for 31 years. He began teaching at College of the Canyons in 1987 and is currently a professor in the department of political science. Throughout his career he has been involved in a variety of teaching improvement and professional development programs. Along with Joseph Gerda, he developed the Associate Program for Adjunct Instructors in 1989 and is currently the director of the College of the Canyons Institute of Teaching and Learning. He joined the CREATE program in 2002. Richardson received his B.S. and M.A

Conference Session

Outreach Projects and General Energy Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth DeBartolo, Rochester Institute of Technology; Margaret Bailey, Rochester Institute of Technology; Melissa Zaczek, Cummins; Timothy Schriefer, Rochester Institute of Technology; Patrick Kelley, Carnegie Mellon University; Mallika Ramaswamy, Rochester Institute of Technology; Nicholas Ryczko, Pratt & Whitney

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

school students to consider engineering as a career choice2. Teach students basic engineering concepts related to energy and the environment3. Introduce middle school students to the scientific method as well as the engineering design process4. Create a mechanism to bring engineering activities into local K-12 classroomsThe kits were tested on approximately 100 students during 2005-06, and during the 2006-07academic year the kits are being regularly used by 5th-8th grade teachers in their classrooms. The2006-07 testing includes teachers who are doing the instruction themselves and teachers who arebringing RIT students in to do the instruction. Within the following sections of this paper, wewill first describe how and why undergraduate

Conference Session

New Engineering Educators: Off the Beaten Path

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bobby Crawford, USMA; Tony Jones, USMA

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

about new technologies without the aid of formal instruction.BackgroundThe first course in the mechanical and civil engineering sequences is a course in staticanalysis and materials taught by the civil engineering faculty. It is not until the secondcourse in the sequence that the student meets the mechanical engineering faculty. Thefaculty members are predominantly mid-career U.S. Army officers with a Master ofScience degree in a mechanical engineering discipline, comfortable with more advancedmechanical engineering concepts, and accustomed to teaching engineering majors. Asmaller segment of the faculty consists of senior U.S. Army officers and civilians whohave earned a Ph.D. in their discipline.The typical student arrives in

Conference Session

Teaching Ethics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waleed Abulfaraj, King Abdulaziz University; Mohamed Hassan, Alexandria University, Egypt

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

and professionalresponsibilities” means consistent with ABET’s intent3.Even when the different engineering programs include ethics elements in their curricula, it isusually argued that the true test of engineering ethics education is how graduates behave in theworkplace during their careers, which is a difficult outcome to measure a priori3. Besides, evenif the student provides a creative solution to a posed ethical dilemma, there is no assurance thathe or she could carry that solution to completion or behave in an ethical manner when confrontedwith a dilemma in practice.Finally, it needs to be stressed that because engineering ethics is highly situationally dependent,the exact characterization for assessment purposes may be imprecise. In

Conference Session

Assessment and Evaluation in Engineering Education II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alice Squires, Stevens Institute of Technology; Mike Pennotti, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

research at Stevens in systems engineering and intelligent / adaptive online learning systems. As the primary author of this paper, please address all related communications to her at: asquires@stevens.edu. Early in her career Alice focused on engineering hardware design and related software development, followed by technical management and operations management, with a more recent focus on systems engineering and online education and training. She has over twenty years of experience in engineering project management and technical management primarily in the defense sector. She has worked directly for several large defense companies including General Dynamics

Conference Session

New Tools in Teaching and Learning Biomedical Engineering Concepts

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Cavanagh, Bucknell University; Joe Tranquillo; Donna Ebenstein

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

section of the seminar where thestudents are given the following objective: To design a new experimental setup based upon the first two experiments to permit the examination of the combined effects of the recirculating flow and lozenge dissolution on the overall transport of the drug.For most of the students, this exercise is the first of their educational career where they arecompletely responsible for planning and executing an experiment. While some of the studentsrecognize and excitedly accept the challenge, others can be quite intimidated by the process.Prior to coming into the lab, they are given a class period to meet with their partners and plantheir final experiment. They are provided with a few restrictions in order to

Conference Session

Engineering Without Borders: Programs Involving Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ivan Esparragoza, Pennsylvania State University; Richard Devon, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

International

international markets. The freshman engineering students have the opportunity to be exposed to and international experience by solving a design project which is enriched by multicultural ideas. They learn by doing the importance of diversity in creativity and innovation and its role in reaching new and different markets.• International Collaboration: The globalization of the economy requires engineers to be prepared to design and work for a more diverse community. This initiative provides an excellent international experience for the engineering students at a very early stage on their careers. Page 12.753.11• Cultural Awareness: This collaboration is

Conference Session

New Tools in Teaching and Learning Biomedical Engineering Concepts

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Crockett, California Polytechnic State University; Jon Whited, St. Jude Medical; Daniel Walsh, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

engineering tools and phenomena are usedlong before they are completely understood. By immersing themselves in tackling biomedicalindustry challenges with no clear solutions using state-of-the-art equipment, it is our experiencethat students become more willing as they continue their educational career to approachcomprehensive problems seeking holistic solutions. The ideal outcome of the MEDITECinfrastructure, then, is to provide an industry-focused laboratory environment that supportsincreasingly sophisticated levels of engineering exploration as the student matures.Integration of MEDITEC Projects into the CurriculumIn addition to individual and team Senior Projects, Masters Theses, and independent studyprojects, a key component of the Consortium is

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Industrial Technology

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Durfee, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

betterprepare them to function in their future careers. Finally, even though this is not research it willrequire critical thinking and problem solving skills by the students. It has also been shown thatstudent projects carried out with faculty mentoring results in increased student retention andachievement. This is important not only to Eastern Washington University but to the localcommunity as Washington is currently a net importer of employees to fill positions in the high-technology career fields (Regalado8, Dec/Jan 2006, p.37).It is also a concern that in the rush to satisfy this need for open-ended design work by studentscombined with the changing demographics of entering freshmen, that engineering andtechnology students often end up skipping over

Conference Session

Innovations for the Senior Year of the ME Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Showkat Chowdhury, Alabama A&M University; Abdul Jalloh, Alabama A&M University; Ruben Rojas-Oviedo, Alabama A&M University; Mohamed Seif, Alabama A&M University; Amir Mobasher, Alabama A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

faculty, and the survey completed by the graduating students in thisrespect. This serves as a tool for measuring the accomplishment of ABET requirements. Theresults also give some feedback for possible improvement in future.The Capstone Design course also serves to prepare the students to succeed as entry-levelengineers in industry, by acquiring technical design experience for appropriate careers. Thestudents are required to make several oral presentations with audio-visual aids (usingPowerPoint) about their project in front of the faculty and peers, during the semester. AProject Oral Presentation Evaluation Form has been developed which is completed by thefaculty and peers during each presentation. The results are compiled and analyzed. The

Conference Session

Teaching Methods for the 21st Century: Part 1

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine Chen, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

. Page 12.704.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Exciting Students about Materials Science & Engineering: a project-based, service-learning museum design courseAbstractA new course was developed for Materials Engineering students to design, create, andinstall interactive, educational displays on Materials Science & Engineering for a sciencemuseum at a local K-6 charter school. The course grew out of an ASM Foundation grant“to excite young people in materials, science, and engineering careers,” and the challengewas put forth to Cal Poly students. A formal design sequence was applied to give thestudents the opportunity to learn about the design process, project management, andteamwork. User profiles were created for

Conference Session

Design Projects

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Conrad, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Daniel Hoch, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Frank Skinner, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

beneficial for our future careers. • I love the multidisciplinary idea; it is so much better than the normal senior design. • I learned a lot about the business end of industry about a Work Breakdown Structure, a Bill of Materials, Requirements Documents, etc. A very interesting class that gave me a little bit of industry experience. • Great class. Look forward for next year. • This class really gives students an unforgettable experience. They gain experience in industry, documents (business) required, & w/developing posters. This class should continue. For the first semester ever taught, it was fabulous. • Our company did not seem fully prepared at the beginning of the semester. Overall, the

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Lin, North Dakota State University; G. Padmanabhan, North Dakota State University; Scott Pryor, North Dakota State University; Dennis Wiesenborn, North Dakota State University

building a pathway for Native American studentsentering STEM careers (Padmanabhan et al., 2004). The major components of this programinclude: summer camps for tribal college students, tribal college instructors and high schoolteachers held at the university, summer camps for middle and high school students held at thetribal colleges, a weekend academy for tribal high school students during the academic year (Linet al., 2006), and research collaboration between the university and tribal colleges. The first twoauthors have been involved in this program since its inception. A group of engineering facultyhas been working with tribal high school teachers and tribal college instructors on this programand has been teaching Native American high school and

Conference Session

Approaches to Learning Outcomes Assessment in Liberal Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Lappenbusch, University of Washington; Jennifer Turns, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

AC 2007-2010: WHAT PORTFOLIO CONSTRUCTION EFFORTS REVEALABOUT STUDENTS’ SEARCH FOR ENGINEERING IDENTITYSteve Lappenbusch, University of Washington Steve Lappenbusch is a Ph.D. student in the University of Washington Technical Communication department. His research assistant work investigates how to improve engineering learning. His dissertation topic is risk management in humanitarian relief communication systems.Jennifer Turns, University of Washington Jennifer Turns is an associate professor in the University of Washington Technical Communication department. Her research interests include user-centered design and engineering learning. Her National Science Foundation CAREER grant funds

Conference Session

Training Faculty to Teach CE

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Decker Hains, U.S. Military Academy; Mark Evans, U.S. Military Academy; Stephen Ressler, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

and leadership skills. As role models, civilengineering faculty members must demonstrate professional and ethical responsibility, positiveattitudes and be life-long learners.USMA Faculty ModelThe United States Military Academy has a unique mission and consequently a unique facultymodel. The mission of the United States Military Academy is: To educate, train, and inspire the Corps of Cadets so that each graduate is a commissioned leader of character committed to the values of Duty, Honor, Country; and prepared for a career of professional excellence and service to the Nation as an officer in the United States Army.8This mission clearly indicates that the Academy provides more than an education; it also offersa demanding

Conference Session

Learning Needs and Educational Success

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Northern, Prairie View A&M University; John Fuller, Prairie View A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

method. As defined by Dr. HowardBarrows and Ann Kelson of Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, PBL is acurriculum and a process that consists of carefully selected and designed problems that demandsfrom the student acquisition of critical knowledge, problem solving proficiency, self-directedlearning strategies, and team participation skills [7]. All of which are needed skills in industry.The process copies the systemic approach to resolving problems or meeting challenges that areencountered in life and career. PBL began at McMaster University Medical School over 25 yearsago, and has been implemented in schools around the world, K-12, undergraduate and graduate.PBL is a model for classroom activity that shifts away from the classroom

Conference Session

ChE: Assessment

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daina Briedis, Michigan State University; Mark Urban-Lurain, Michigan State University; Robert Ofoli, Michigan State University; Dennis Miller, Michigan State University; Jon Sticklen, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

reformation process. In 1997, as a result of this process,ABET adopted Engineering Criteria 2000 (EC2000), which focused on programevaluation based on what is learned rather than what is taught. At the core was acontinuous improvement process driven by the specific and unique missions and goals ofindividual institutions and programs. Questions remain in the minds of most engineeringfaculty and administrators as to whether the requirements of the “new” criteria areaccomplishing their ultimate purpose. Early evidence2 suggests that they are; students arenow better prepared for engineering careers than they were ten years ago.The ABET outcomes-based criteria were also instituted to give engineering programs thefreedom to exercise innovation in

Conference Session

Technology Literacy for Engineering Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Byron Newberry, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

, Page 12.660.2and interested in, careers in engineering is a crucial objective for the profession and one thatdepends on sufficient numbers of young people—and their parents—understanding theprofession and what it does.I personally support wholeheartedly the movement to increase the technological literacy of ourcitizenry and I applaud those who have made efforts to advance that cause. In fact, I havedeveloped and directed engineering and computer science summer camp programs for middleschool students, I frequently make presentations at schools and career fairs, and I have taughtcourses in the history of science and technology to college students from non-technical majors. Inote these things about myself only because in what follows I may cast

Conference Session

Curricular Innovations

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hillary Hart, University of Texas-Austin; Christy Moore, University of Texas-Austin

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

by accreditation requirements5 and other factors, faculty have better definedthe need, developed materials, and introduced these topics to undergraduate engineering studentsacross the United States. Much less material, however, is available to assist in developing anengineering graduate student’s understanding of “academic” ethics involved in teaching andresearch.Researchers, such as Steneck,6 stress the importance of including topics of engineering ethics incourses across the curriculum, but few researchers have outlined specific suggestions forincluding ethics at the graduate level (there are exceptions – see Vollmer and Hall’s work7). Yet,graduate students, who stand at the doorway to future careers as high-level engineers andresearchers

Conference Session

Software and E-learning in the ME Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rajesh Bhaskaran, Cornell University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. Page 12.1303.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Strategies for the Integration of Computer-Based Simulation Technology into the Engineering CurriculumAbstractWhile Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) technology has revolutionized engineeringanalysis, design and research, its penetration into the undergraduate mechanicalengineering curriculum has been limited. As a result, undergraduate students do notacquire a solid foundation in CAE technology that they can build upon during the courseof their careers. Our pedagogical approach for integrating CAE software into courses hasthree key elements. First, the CAE experience revolves around a series of case studies inwhich students use CAE software to simulate

Conference Session

Innovative Mechanics Education Programs and Projects

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Phillip Cornwell, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Charles Farrar, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Peter Avitabile, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

. This trend is of particular importance to Los Alamos National Laboratorybecause of its reliance on employees with advanced degrees. The problem is further exasperatedby the need for most employees of LANL to be US citizens so they are able to obtain therequisite security clearances. The Los Alamos Dynamics Summer School (LADSS) is aninnovative, proactive approach that is designed to not only benefit the students through theireducational experience, but also to motivate them to attend graduate school and to make thestudents aware of career possibilities in defense-related industries after they have completed theirgraduate studies. Students in the program are paid the same as regular LANL summer students,but there are significant educational

Conference Session

Curricular Innovations

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maura Borrego, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2007-220: EXPERIENCES AND EXPECTATIONS OF DOCTORALINSTITUTION FACULTY COLLABORATING ACROSS DISCIPLINESMaura Borrego, Virginia Tech MAURA BORREGO is an assistant professor of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech and 2005 Rigorous Research in Engineering Education evaluator. Dr. Borrego holds an M.S. and Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering from Stanford University. Her current research interests center around interdisciplinary collaboration in engineering and engineering education, including studies of the collaborative relationships between engineers and education researchers. She was recently awarded a CAREER grant from NSF to study interdisciplinarity in engineering graduate

Conference Session

New Engineering Educators: Tricks of the Trade II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Marshall, University of Southern Maine; June Marshall, St. Joseph's College

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

Education Commission of States, and The Johnson Foundation.These Seven Principles are also presented in Arthur W. Chickering and Zelda F.Gamson’s book entitled Applying the Seven Principles for Good Practice inUndergraduate Education.11Encourage Student / Faculty ContactFrequent student-faculty contact in and out of classes is the most important factor instudent motivation and involvement. Faculty concern helps students get through roughtimes and keep on working. Knowing a few faculty members well enhances students’intellectual commitment and encourages them to think about their own values and futureplans. • I make a point to talk with my students on a personal level and learn about their educational and career goals. • I seek out my

Conference Session

Improving ME Education: Trends in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Duffy, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Linda Barrington, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Cheryl West, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; John McKelliget, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Eugene Niemi, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Sammy Shina, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Hongwei Sun, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Chris Niezrecki, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Robert Parkin, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Majid Charmchi, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Peter Avitabile, University of Massachusetts Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2007-2621: SERVICE-LEARNING IN CORE COURSES THROUGHOUT AMECHANICAL ENGINEERING CURRICULUMJohn Duffy, University of Massachusetts-Lowell Professor of Mechanical and Solar Engineering. Faculty Coordinator of SLICE Program (Service-Learning Integrated throughout a College of Engineering), Coordinator of the Graduate Program in Solar Engineering, and Director of the Center for Sustainable Energy.Linda Barrington, University of Massachusetts-Lowell Service-Learning Coordinator for the Francis College of Engineering. She is a second career Mechanical Engineer, with over twenty years of human services management. She assists faculty in all five engineering departments to develop course-based service

Conference Session

Best Practices in Interdisciplinary Entrepreneurship and Innovation Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Thornton, University of Maryland; Jacqueline Rogers, University of Maryland (Retired); Kristen Waters; Nathan Myers, University of Maryland; Lisa Rawlings, Prince George's Prince Community College

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

residence at the St. Petersburg Conservatory.Jacqueline Rogers, University of Maryland (Retired) Jacqueline Rogers was a Senior Fellow for the Maryland School of Public Policy from 1994 until her retirement in 2006. In her role, she taught in the Management, Finance and Leadership concentration and was lead instructor in a variety of Executive Education Programs for mid-career professionals including Housing and Community Development, Managing Social Services, Military Housing Privatization and Asset Management for Privatized Military Housing. Previous to joining the University of Maryland, Jacqueline was Secretary, Maryland Department of Housing and Community Development from 1987-94 for

Conference Session

Service Learning Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cher Cornett, East Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Page 12.109.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 A Service-Learning Project in Digital Media Designed to Develop Professional SkillsAbstractIn well-developed instructional programs, professional skills such as business writing, teamorganization, project management, and oral presentation skills are built into courseworkthroughout the curriculum. Because of limitations of the classroom environment, theseexperiences only simulate those encountered in the field, making it difficult for students toappreciate the importance of these skills in their career preparation. In the Digital Media (DIGM)program at East Tennessee State University (ETSU), students often see professional skillsaspects of

Conference Session

Software Engineering Topics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Valentin Razmov, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

studentsreceived from instructors and peers, as well as questions aimed at capturing student perceptionsof what had worked well and what had not.Among the encouraging results are that students almost unanimously report feeling betterprepared for industry careers after taking the course. They also increasingly come out with aheightened appreciation for the value of incremental project development and of many of the“softer” (non-technical, human) issues in engineering. In contrast, the main aspects that ouranalysis identifies as needing further improvement are the choice of course readings, as well as astronger emphasis on quality assurance practices and techniques for dealing with ambiguity –both aspects that students tend to find unfamiliar and unnatural

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching and Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Godfrey, University of Auckland; Gerard Rowe, University of Auckland

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2007-1468: TEACHING 101: INITIAL CONVERSATIONSElizabeth Godfrey, University of Auckland Elizabeth Godfrey is currently the Associate Dean Undergraduate at the School of Engineering at the University of Auckland after a career that has included university lecturing, teaching and 10 years as an advocate for Women in Science and Engineering. She has been a contributor to Engineering Education conferences, and an advocate for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning since the early 1990s, and is currently a member of the Australasian Association of Engineering Education executive.Gerard Rowe, University of Auckland Gerard Rowe completed the degrees of BE, ME and PhD at the University of

Conference Session

Global Engineering in an Interconnected World

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Mariasingam, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Sandra Courter, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Thomas Smith, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Gregory Moses, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

International

important trends, phenomena and business areas duringthe next10 –15 years. On the top of the list is deepening globalization. Globalization hastransformed the workforce trends globally and particularly in the emerging economies. Some ofthese trends in the emerging economies follow. • The availability of a trained workforce is growing in emerging economies like China and India. 6 • The number of engineers graduating in most countries as a share of the degrees in higher education is far greater than the same in the USA. 2,7 • The great interest among the students in India to choose careers in science and engineering is mainly because of better prospects for employment both in the developing local companies and the