Conference Session

TC2K Methods and Models

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Cottrell, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

support an integrated, comprehensive infrastructurefor assessment, evaluation, and improvement. Specific items of discussion within thepaper will approach TC2K from two levels: • Program Level: Evaluating Outcomes at the program level where multiple inputs integrate to develop a collective view of the state of the program in order to plan and affect future improvement. • Course Level: o Integrating course outcomes into Program Outcomes. o Assessment and evaluation within the classroom.These best practices will address policies, procedures, and associated infrastructure toaccurately describe the operational parameters that are an integral part of success

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ian Papautsky, University of Cincinnati; Ali Asgar Bhagat, University of Cincinnati

Page 12.1112.2Cincinnati we are integrating state-of-the-art research in microfluidics within our undergraduateand graduate electrical engineering curricula via a laboratory course “ECES678: Micro/NanoFluidic Biochip Laboratory.”A unique aspect of the course is that we focus on an extended problem-based learning exampleof a microfluidic mixer that underlines all course activities. Mixing is of considerableimportance in microfluidics and LOC systems because bio/chemical reactions carried out in suchdevices require on-chip mixing of samples and reagents. A good example is an immunoassaywhere miniaturization can lead to reduced reagent consumption, faster reactions, fewerbyproducts and higher throughput.3-5 Fully-integrated microfluidic chips

Conference Session

ECE Pedagogy and Assessment

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Owe Petersen, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Stephen Williams, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Eric Durant, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

2000” (EC2000, now called the Engineering Criteria) was implemented inthe later 1990s. Many aspects of the new criteria required a new mind-set and were quitedifferent from the Traditional Criteria, which had significant elements of “bean counting.”EC2000 at its heart was to allow greater freedom in how an engineering program defined itselfvia its intent, its constituencies’ needs, and its curriculum [1][2][3]. But, along with freedom tochoose comes the need to properly understand the new criteria and its implications.One item of lingering confusion relates to the program educational objectives and programoutcomes. Even now significant difficulties appear to exist in understanding the meaning of

Conference Session

Mechanical Design and Projects

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Rajadas, Arizona State University Polytechnic; Alvin Post, Arizona State University; Bradley Rogers, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

all aspects of design such as conceptual, preliminary and detaileddesigns, configuration layouts, loads, stability, performance and cost analyses. Projectplanning is an integral aspect of this process which the student is expected to address.Effective communication of ideas and dissemination of technical information viacomprehensive technical reports are also addressed.The present paper describes one such capstone project undertaken by the students in theMechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Technology (MMET) department of ArizonaState University (ASU) Polytechnic in which the major disciplines such as mechanical,aeronautical and manufacturing engineering technology are addressed. The MMETdepartment offers two ABET accredited degrees at

Conference Session

Practice/Partnership/Program Issues

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahmoud Alahmad, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Matthew Pfannenstiel, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Douglas Alvine, Alvine Engineering; Clarence Waters, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

12.572.2curricula must provide relevant examples for students, be based on the needs of society, and develop methods used by real world engineers3. The PKI provide this need via visible examples of these technological advances as they change the way we live and work in society. This paper will discuss the union between education and industry in more details. Section II will describe the setting of the PKI building and its integration as a learning/teaching aid. Section III will discuss an overview of the curriculum leading up to student

Conference Session

International Case Studies:Collaborations, Exchanges & Interactions

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Silliman, University of Notre Dame

Tagged Divisions

International

tools include: • A common survey administered to student participants and a control group on expectations of an undergraduate curriculum in engineering. • Surveys administered to student participants and a control group comparing expectation versus experience in their undergraduate curriculum. • Student evaluations of their experience. • Statistics on the gender mix of applicants and participants in each model. • Post-graduation activities (or planned post-graduation activities).The use of surveys follows on the common practice of the use of surveys as assessmentinstruments4,10,11.For the LTR, we added a number of model-specific questions to the student evaluation. Further,we evaluated ongoing student interest in the

Conference Session

FPD6 -- Early Intervention & Retention Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Knight, University of Colorado at Boulder; Jacquelyn Sullivan, University of Colorado at Boulder; Beverly Louie, University of Colorado at Boulder

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

AC 2007-2076: EXPANDING UNDERSTANDING OF FIRST-YEARENGINEERING STUDENT RETENTION AND TEAM EFFECTIVENESSTHROUGH SOCIAL STYLES ASSESSMENTDaniel Knight, University of Colorado at Boulder Daniel W. Knight is the engineering assessment specialist at the Integrated Teaching and Learning Program and Laboratory. He holds a BS in psychology from Louisiana State University, and an MS degree in industrial/organizational psychology and PhD degree in counseling psychology, both from the University of Tennessee. Prior to joining the University of Colorado at Boulder, he gained extensive experience in assessment and teamwork in an engineering education context through the development and evaluation of a

Conference Session

IE and EM Program Mangement

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmad Sarfaraz, California State University-Northridge; Tarek Shraibati, California State University-Northridge

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

utilize and apply some of the knowledge and skills gainedthroughout the Master of Science in Engineering Management degree program. Implementingthese case studies ensure the program integrates the curriculum with real-world application.MSE 697, Directed Comprehensive Studies, is the culminating experience that has been selectedand approved by the university for the Master of Science in Engineering Management. Thespecific requirements have evolved over several years, reflecting in part suggestions provided byprogram alumni. The culminating experience course or directed comprehensive course may notbe undertaken until the last semester of program enrollment. The student’s committee chairmanis involved with the student on a regular basis and is in a

Conference Session

Successful Professional Development Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt Becker, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

curriculum integration among STEM subject areas.The collaboration between engineering and technology educators is an importantinitiative that has tremendous potential for benefiting both. Therefore, the NationalCenter for Engineering and Technology Education (NCETE) has been established.Goals and PurposeThe ultimate goal of NCETE is to build understanding of the learning and teachingproblems encountered by high school students and teachers as they apply engineeringdesign processes to technological problems. The engineering design process plays acentral role in bringing about improvements in products and processes. Technology iscentral to the realization of processes and products. Both engineering design andtechnology are critical to the improvement

Conference Session

Liberal Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Walsh, California Polytechnic State University; Stacey Breitenbach, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

moretechnologically literate. The BA in Liberal Arts and Engineering Studies graduate works at thiscritical interface. This paper describes a pilot effort to design and deliver a curriculum that is thefruit of a multi-college collaboration. It details the collegial effort required to distill a functionalprogram from the ideas of an interested, variegated constituency. It treats challenges inimplementation in an academic environment which is allegedly steeped in disciplinaryparochialism.IntroductionModern society is technologically driven and technology centered. Thus, an understanding oftechnology, a technological literacy, is a critical prerequisite for full participation as a citizen inthe 21st Century world. Indeed, government rarely characterizes the key

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Tuesday Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Morgan, Texas A&M University; Jay Porter, Texas A&M University; Marc Lockard, Lockard and White, Inc

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

student teams have formedrelationships with their guests and are having continued professional interactions. This paperwill describe the ELE Seminar process, discuss specific guest examples, and relate the seminar tosuccess in the E4 initiative.IntroductionWith the implementation of the new outcomes-based TAC of ABET accreditation process,Engineering Technology programs are now required to integrate into the undergraduateeducational experience relevant material focused on such topics as: An ability to understand professional, ethical, and social responsibility; A respect for diversity and a knowledge of contemporary professional, societal, and

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin O'Connor, University of Rochester; Daniel Amos, University of Washington; Tori Bailey, Stanford University; Gary Lichtenstein, Stanford University; Lari Garrison, University of Washington; Heidi Loshbaugh, Colorado School of Mines; Marcus Jones, Howard University; Derek Seward, University of Rochester; Lisa Perhamus, University of Rochester; Reed Stevens, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, University of Rochester Lisa Perhamus is a doctoral student in the department of Teaching and Curriculum at the University of Rochester's Warner Graduate School of Education and Human Development.Reed Stevens, University of Washington Reed Stevens is an Associate Professor in the College of Education at the University of Washington. He specializes in ethnographic and comparative approaches to studying how people learn, especially in disciplines related to mathematics, science, technology, and design. He is currently co-leading two NSF Centers working on issues related to how people learn, the LIFE Center and CAEE

Conference Session

Design of Lab Experiments I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sri Kolla, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

forvarious fieldbus networks were identified. As an example of a fieldbus, an overview of CANwas given. CANoe, a CAN simulation software, was outlined, and simulation experiments thatare based on CANoe were outlined without much emphasis on hardware experiments in [3].There is significant literature available on fieldbus networks [1,4]. Hulsebos has beenmaintaining a comprehensive web site since 1999 that lists various fieldbus networks with linksto official web sites of each fieldbus organization [5]. Integration of fieldbus topics intoundergraduate curriculum is slowly taking places at various institutions. For example, Franz [6]reported the development of a National Center for Digital and Fieldbus Technology (NCDFT)under an NSF grant at Lee

Conference Session

Electrical Technology Projects and Applications

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Asad Yousuf, Savannah State University; Ayush Bhardwaj, Savannah State University; Crystal Reeves, Savannah State University; William Lehman, St. Mary School; Sylvester Chukwukere, Savannah State University; Shinemin Lin, Savannah State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

moderncomputer hardware and software. This effort will focus on developing an integrated solution of adigital electronics project that will be based on a hybrid environment in which the design andexperiments will be simulated and tested in virtual as well as with real electronics components.Students’ outreach program in this study is to motivate students to enroll in ElectronicsEngineering Technology program.IntroductionTraditionally, many institutions world-wide supports the teaching model in which the studentslearn circuit theory by participating in lectures, and acquire a deeper fundamental understandingthrough complimentary experiments. The laboratory experiments presents a design challengethat requires students to apply theory from lectures using

Conference Session

Development of Undergraduate Distance Education Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank Fisher, Stevens Institute of Technology; Hamid Hadim, Stevens Institute of Technology; Sven Esche, Stevens Institute of Technology; Robert Ubell, Stevens Institute of Technology; Constantin Chassapis, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

of Mechanical Engineering at Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey, USA. In 1989, he received an undergraduate degree in Applied Mechanics from Chemnitz University of Technology (Germany). After working for three years at Mercedes Benz AG in Stuttgart (Germany), he obtained M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, USA in 1994 and 1997, respectively. His current research interests include multi-scale modeling of thermo-mechanical processing of metals, integrated product and process design under conditions of uncertainty and risk as well as remote sensing and control of distributed devices with special

Conference Session

ABET Accreditation of Multidisciplinary Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Grondin, Arizona State University; Darryl Morrell, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

electrical expertise needed in such settings? We brainstormed a collection oftopics most important for a student to achieve the concentration objective. Thebrainstormed topics were organized using a mind mapping technique that provides ahierarchical structure to the collection. After generating an initial collection, we held a Page 12.590.7group discussion with members of our department's industrial advisory board to findomissions and to refine the emphasis in the topic areas. As the curriculum has beendeveloped, we have also restructured the collection to provide detail and reflect commonelements between topics. The mind map with the current set of topics

Conference Session

Teaching Ethics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

June Marshall, St. Joseph's College; John Marshall, University of Southern Maine

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

, “blind devotion to ethical codes will not address the ethical concerns of theengineering profession. The study of engineering ethics must therefore begin with thestudy of personal values. The final burden is upon the individual’s conscience andvalues.” 4 Engineering ethics curriculums should emphasize that all decisions-bothprofessional and personal-are based on one’s values. No one makes decisions of any kindin a moral vacuum; no decision is value-free. Beginning professionals need to be madeaware of this reality, as it is germane to developing professional integrity. Whenindividuals have had the opportunity to explore and develop their own moral autonomy,this moral framework then serves as an explicit roadmap for any decision they

Conference Session

Two Year Colleges

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Theodore Branoff, North Carolina State University; Duane Akroyd, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

AC 2007-481: COMMUNITY COLLEGE TEACHER PROFESSIONALDEVELOPMENTTheodore Branoff, North Carolina State University Ted Branoff is an associate professor of Graphic Communications in the Department of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education at North Carolina State University. A member of ASEE since 1987, Ted is currently the chair of the Engineering Design Graphics Division of ASEE. His research interests include spatial visualization in undergraduate students and the effects of online instruction for preparing community college educators.Duane Akroyd, North Carolina State University Duane Akroyd is a professor in the Department of Adult and Higher Education at North Carolina State

Conference Session

Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Grandin, University of Rhode Island

Tagged Divisions

International

theincreased attention to this matter nationally is the renewed vigor of theInternational Division of the American Society for Engineering Education, theincreasing success of ASEE’s Global Colloquium on Engineering Education andthe growth and rigor of the Annual Colloquium on International EngineeringEducation, organized by the University of Rhode Island and now in its tenth year.1To this point, internationalization of engineering education has focused mainly onundergraduate programs. The question has been how to integrate language andculture study into an already very full undergraduate curriculum, or how and atwhat point and in what format one should send students abroad. Should languagestudy be required of engineers, and if so, how much? Given the

Conference Session

Industry-Academia Collaborations

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University; Jim Subach, Arizona State University; John Magrane, Microchip Technology Inc.; Carol Popovich, Microchip Technology Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

Regularize catalog and timetable entriesCorrectlyBuild itCorrectlyFigure 2: ESD at ASU Polytechnic’s course-development philosophy promotes industry involvement from the beginning. In addition to technical skills, the majority of the courses offered by the ESD at ASUPolytechnic emphasize personnel skills, communication skills and business skills to ensurethat the curriculum creates business-ready graduates. To meet this objective, the ESD took specific actions. They recruited personnel with along history of business experience and an interest in developing business-ready graduates.They then added a set of courses that focus on business issues in ways that are highlyrelevant to engineering and engineering-technology students. The

Conference Session

K-12 Engineering Outreach Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Schwartz, Cornell University; Catherine Norton, Cornell University; Sue Schwartz, The Learning Web

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

on hold. However, we are re-evaluating ourwork to date to incorporate the above recommendations. Many youth did indicate a desire formore “hands-on” training. By running a separate course on “game design for kids” led by collegestudents, the students could assign specific tasks that relate to a current game project. Thereby, wemight be able to provide both an opportunity for learning and integration in a student project.Bibliography1. Grose, T. K., “The Science of FUN,” ASEE Prism, Volume 14, Number 5, 2005, http://www.prism- magazine.org/jan05/tt_science.cfm.2. Entertainment Engineering and Design, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Howard R. Hughes College of Engineering, http://www.eed.egr.unlv.edu/index.cfm.3. The

Conference Session

The Evolution of Engineering Economy

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Hartman, Lehigh University; David Enke, University of Missouri

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

. Princeton University offers anundergraduate degree through its Operations Research and Financial Engineering department,while Columbia University offers an undergraduate degree in Operations Research: FinancialEngineering.With the growth of these new courses and curriculums in financial engineering, it is believed thatthere has been a decline in the offerings of engineering economy. As noted by Fraser1 nearly allIndustrial Engineering programs required a course in engineering economics. However,offerings outside the departments are not always required. For example, only industrial and civilengineers typically must take engineering economy. At Georgia Tech, non-IE majors take a 2-hour online version with microeconomics. Despite being a section on

Conference Session

Teaching Methods for the 21st Century: Part 1

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Savage, California Polytechnic State University; Linda Vanasupa, California Polytechnic State University; Jonathan Stolk, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Materials

broader impacts of engineering, enhances systems thinking, reflects sustainable engineeringpractices, and helps prepare students to make an impact in the global community. Project-basedlearning approaches that emphasize student learning rather than instructor teaching may be a keyto successful development of “global engineers.” Evaluations of project-based courses showincreases in student motivation, problem-solving ability, communication and teaming skills,knowledge retention, and capacity for self-directed learning. Despite these reported benefits,curriculum-wide implementations of project-based learning are rare, probably partly due to thetraditional emphasis on technical content acquisition in upper-level courses and a lack of clearmethods

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions to ME

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Corder, Lamar University; Jiang Zhou, Lamar University; Kendrick Aung, Lamar University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Exploration Vehicle (“CEV”), recently announced to be called“Orion”. It resembles the original Apollo spacecraft used to transport astronauts to the moon andback. Orion’s design is still quite fluid, so many alternatives are being considered. The seniordesign team will input into this process by designing a possible single unit heat dissipationmechanism for Orion.The objective of the team was to design an evaporative heat sink that will be able to function inall phases of manned spaceflight. The existing two systems were evaluated to determine if theycould be integrated in to a single system, or whether an entirely new system was needed. Theeventual system chosen could be smaller than the current systems because the CEV is smallerthan the present

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K-12 Teachers – II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce Gehrig, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Lyndon Abrams, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Deborah Bosley, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; James Conrad, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Stephen Kuyath, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Dawn Denney, Northwest Cabarrus High School; Kelly Teague, J.M. Robinson High School; Bill Welch, J.M. Robinson High School

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

competitions as an educational tool, competitions have been shown to be usefulin promoting student interest in engineering and science.31,32 A NSF report examiningcompetitions indicated that the participation rate of girls in competitions was comparable to thatof boys.32 In addition, other studies have noted that both genders felt that competitions wereenjoyable and integral to the class atmosphere and that competition competency between malesand females was similar.23 Our observations of the summer camps have indicated that couplingcollaborative teamwork with the competitions effectively engages all participants in the activitiesregardless of gender or race.Challenges and Lessons Learned to Date

Conference Session

Cooperative Education Addresses ABET

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jess Godbey, Jacksonville State University; Terry Marbut, Jacksonville State University; Dale Broyles, Jacksonville State University & Honda MFG of AL

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

partnership is in cooperative education.Cooperative education is an excellent method of enhancing student learning by providing realworld experience. The need for better integration of theory and practice, particularly inengineering and technology, has been an issue in education since the first cooperative educationprogram was established in 1906 [1]. The value of cooperative education is well documented. Arecent survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers reported that29% of interns were “converted” to full-time employees and 55% of new employees hired bymanufacturers have coop-type experience [2]. A 2004 survey of college graduates conducted byMonster TRAK indicated that 74% thought relevant work experience was the most

Conference Session

Innovative K-12 Engineering Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shanna Daly, Purdue University; Kelly Hutchinson, Purdue University; Lynn Bryan, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

needs of thediversity of students and represent a more real-world view of science as opposed to traditionalcourses that emphasize each area of science standing alone. As integrated science unifiesconcepts and looks at the reality of the natural world, the science is more relevant and betterconnected to students’ lives, which can increase student interest and motivation to learn.5 Project2061 discussed the use of integration in the curriculum, highlighting three key reasons whyintegration is essential: integrated planning, interconnected knowledge, and coherence.6Integrated planning merges teachers of many disciplines including science, mathematics, andtechnology. This collaborative effort eliminates dividing subjects per person, and may

Conference Session

Direct Measures of Student Performance

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

challenge. Accordingly, there are numerous pedagogical approaches for teaching ethicsand/or contemporary issues with a wide range curriculum implementation strategies includingmodules, individual stand alone courses, integration throughout the curriculum, through extracurricular experiences, or as a component of the required capstone experience. The approachtaken by the author’s department was to utilize a stand alone senior level course to reinforceethical behavior and to discuss a wide range of contemporary issues associated with the aboveoutcomes. The key idea, of course, is to reinforce these topics immediately prior to graduation.The Civil Engineering Department at Lawrence Tech covers these outcomes in other coursesbeginning with an

Conference Session

Digital and Embedded System Design

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Bolding, Seattle Pacific Univ; Dave Van Ess, Cypress Semiconductor

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

use, but not how to configurethem. Finally, as the students become more capable, the hardware design configuration optionsmay be left completely to the students.The PSoC, like many inexpensive microcontrollers, does not provide an address/data bus formemory expansion. In practice, designers of projects that require additional memory of one typeor another will choose parts with two-wire interfaces such as I2C or SPI. However, mostmicrocontroller systems courses include understanding memory bus timing and address decodingas course objectives. The case may be made that this portion of the curriculum may be moved toa digital systems course, as most low-cost microcontrollers do not include memory bussesanymore. However, if it is considered

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ning Fang, Utah State University; Gary Stewardson, Utah State University

Education 14, pp. 344- 395.[8] Hagler, M. O., and Marcy, W. M., “Strategies for Designing Engineering Courses,” 1999, ASEE Journal of Engineering Education 88, pp. 11-13.[9] Bierncki, J. J., and Wilson, C. D., “Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Advanced Materials: A Team-Oriented Inquiry-Based Approach,” 2001, ASEE Journal of Engineering Education 90, pp. 637-640.[10] Helgeson, K. R., and Schwaller, A .E., Editors, Selecting Instructional Strategies for Technology Education, 2003, McGraw Hill, Peoria, IL.[11] Aglan, H. A., and Ali, S. F., “Hands-on Experiences: An Integral Part of Engineering Curriculum Reform,” 1996, ASEE Journal of Engineering Education 85, pp. 327-330.[12] Carlson, L. E., and Sullivan, J