Conference Session

Design in the ECE Curriculum

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Cambron, Western Kentucky University; Walter Collett, Western Kentucky University; Stacy Wilson, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

assignmentwas that a miniature electrostatic precipitator (ESP) was proposed to attract particles containingmercury to two charged plates9,10. Upon the completion of the EE 300 phase of the project, theassignment was carried over into the EE 400/401 design sequence, in which the requirement wasactually to build and test a device for extracting flue gas samples. Arrangements were made toanalyze collected samples using LIBS at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Figure 5. Sample LIBS Spectrum.A prototype system involving an activated carbon filter system was developed, as shown inFigure 4. Activated carbon is a known sorbent for mercury, and finds use in other types offiltration systems. The filter and associated electrical and

Conference Session

Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Najwa Hanel, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

International

the sciences and engineering.But the research facilities are what keep the heartbeat of the University strong and alive asthese continue to grow with hopes that stability will return. These hopes and goals remainelusive, but despite the chaos, research progress continues. Here are some examples of theresearch activities in science and engineering disciplines. --The Ray Irani/Oxy Engineering Complex is now completed. It gives the engineering students the chance to do research with hands-on-experience in high- tech interactive laboratory environment. Dr. Irani, the Director and CEO of the Occidental Petroleum company in Los Angeles, is a notable AUB alumnus and

Conference Session

Challenges of CE Education in a Global World

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fred Meyer, United States Military Academy; C. Conley; Joseph Hanus, United States Military Academy; James Ledlie Klosky

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, and structural system design. He has served as a senior mentor and seminar presenter in the ExCEEd (Excellence in Civil Engineering Education) Teaching Workshop from 2000 through 2007.Christopher Conley, United States Military Academy Chris Conley is an Associate Professor in the Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at the U.S. Military Academy. He earned a B.S. degree in Civil Engineering from the University of Massachusetts (1978), and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Civil Engineering from Cornell University (1980, 1983). He has served as a Member of Technical Staff at Sandia National Laboratories, a Senior Research Associate at Cornell University, and an Assistant Professor at the

Conference Session

Computer Applications in Energy Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vincent Winstead, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

camless valvetrain control. Page 13.211.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Applied Engineering with LabVIEW: Experiences From A Plug-In Hybrid ProjectAbstractIn this paper we discuss a primarily undergraduate project conducted during the 2006-2007academic year with the goals of converting a stock Toyota Prius to a plug-in hybrid havingenhanced electric only range capability. This project afforded the author with anopportunity to help with the utilization of National Instrument’s Laboratory VirtualInstrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) and a National Instruments compact RIO(Reconfigurable Input/Output

Conference Session

Manufacturing Engineering Technology Curriculum

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rex Kanu, Ball State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

traditional materials are covered in the materials courses in the manufacturing engineeringtechnology program at Ball State University, the faculty felt it was imperative to includenanocomposite materials in our materials courses, specifically, polymer/clay nanocomposites ifthe program is to remain current and competitive. The approach use to expose our students topolymer nanocomposites was a combination of classroom lectures and laboratory researchexperiments. This paper describes the research experience of the faculty and the students withpolymer-clay nanocomposites.IntroductionSince this paper concerns the introduction of polymer-clay nanocomposites to amanufacturing engineering technology (MET) program, the author would like to beginwith

Conference Session

Technology in the Physics or Engineering Physics C

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nataliia Perova, Tufts University; Patricia Hogan, Suffolk University; Walter H. Johnson, Suffolk University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

concepts using real-time microcomputer-based laboratory tools. American Journal of Physics, 58, 858-86731. Thornton, R. K., & Sokoloff, D.R. (1998). Assessing student learning of Newton’s laws: The Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation and the Evaluation of Active Learning Laboratory and Lecture Curricula. American Journal of Physics, 66 (4), 338-352.32. Trowbridge, D., and McDermott, L.C., (1980). Investigation of students understanding of the concept of Velocity in one dimension. American Journal of Physics, 58, 1020-1028.33. Trowbridge, D., and McDermott, L.C. (1981). Investigation of students understanding of the concept of acceleration in one dimension. American Journal of Physics, 48, 242-253

Conference Session

Alternative Energy Source Projects

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Esther Ososanya, University of the District of Columbia; Abiose Adebayo, University of the District of Columbia; Jean-Pierre Fodjouo, University of the District of Columbia; Steven Omoijuanfo, University of the District of Columbia; Francis Ayissi, University of the District of Columbia; Tuan Ly, University of the District of Columbia; Kevin Allen, University of the District of Columbia; Mamoun Mohammed Ali, University of the District of Columbia; Gizaw Mulugeta, University of the District of Columbia; Anene Wynn, University of the District of Columbia; Dimitri Ditombi Bamba, University of the District of Columbia; Meraj Shaikh, University of the District of Columbia

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

: ‚ Page 13.1210.12 The size of the digestor ‚ Material (vinyl, steel, etc..) 11 ‚ The shape (cylinder, square, rectangular, flat, and cone bottom) ‚ Number of tanks on the digestor, the number of feeders and features ‚ The purpose of use (biogas, pharmacy, laboratory, etc) ‚ The time required to run an operational digester from the beginning to the end Our custom made digestors ranged from ($200.00 plastic bucket – estimated $20,000.00, 55-gallon factory made steel digestor) each, all features included. Energy Requirements calculations:‚ Average household that is 800 sq ft uses

Conference Session

Marketing Engineering to Minority Students

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Qiang Le, Hampton University; Chetan Sankar, Auburn University; P.K. Raju, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

@hamptonu.edu sankacs@auburn.eduAbstractThe nation’s current and projected need for more Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math(STEM) workers, coupled with the chronically lagging participation of students from ethnicallygrowing segments of the population, argue for policies and programs that will increase thepathways into engineering. Past research has indicated that compared to traditional instructionalmethods, student-oriented instructional methods such as multi-media case studies that encouragestudent participation and active involvement in learning are better ways to accomplish theseobjectives. This paper discusses the results of implementing the Laboratory for InnovativeTechnology and Engineering Education (LITEE) case studies

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

X. Chang Li, Lamar University; Kendrick Aung, Lamar University; Jiang Zhou, Lamar University; Xuejun Fan, Lamar University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

ofknowledge as students applied the inquiry-based learning. Steps and challenges inimplementation were documented together with the assessment data. Alvarado4 showed a casestudy on the problem-based learning approach, where course and laboratory activities wereorganized, aligned and coordinated so that the students could logically and actively participate inthe learning process. The self-guided experimental task was used to encourage students to applythe concepts learned in the course. Knowledge of curve fitting, error propagation, electronic datalogging and sensor calibration was introduced in the same time. Students were then required toapply the thermodynamic laws to experimental data analysis.The past few years are marked with the significant

Conference Session

Projects & Partnerships Result in Student Learning

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Horton, University of Maine-Orono; Constance Holden, University of Maine at Augusta; Ken Wild, National Park Service

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

themselves, and the other at the Archeology Laboratory at CinnamonBay in the Park, demonstrating the close-range photogrammetry results to that point. The publicpresentation at the Leinster Bay factory site is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5. Wild introduces the virtual preservation project at the Leinster Bay site.The VICH defines the Humanities: “The humanities explore what it means to be human, throughhistory, literature, folklife studies, cultural anthropology, archaeology, philosophy, ethics,comparative religion, law, and the history and criticism of the arts.” 12 The notion of applying Page 13.1387.9engineering to explore what it means to

Conference Session

FPD7 - Global Warming & Sustainability for First-Year Students

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amber Kemppainen, Michigan Technological University; Gretchen Hein, Michigan Technological University; David Shonnard, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

to sugar and 85-92% conversion of sugar to ethanol leads to anoverall process efficiency of approximately 50%.2,3,4 When looking at this kind of processefficiency, two major questions arise: is a biomass-to-ethanol process using lignocellulosicbiomass as a feedstock a sustainable solution? If not, what can be done to make this process aviable long-term alternative to fossil fuels? As part of their ENG1102 experience, MichiganTech students will answer these questions.Biomass-to-Ethanol FacilityThe basic design for the biomass-to-ethanol facility for the alternative fuel design process isbased upon an ASPEN Plus Simulation developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL) in 1999. This process, shown in Figure 1, uses yellow poplar as a

Conference Session

MIND: Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Mehrabian, University of Central Florida; Tarig Ali, University of Central Florida; Alireza Rahrooh, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

courses with less available resources for thefaculty.4. “Hands-on” Demonstration of Concept: In some online laboratory environments somefaculty would like to see their students to demonstrate their understanding of the concept. This isnot an easy task for online students that take the course remotely. We recommend utilizingscreen-capturing software in which every movement of the cursor on the computer screen can becaptured and traced back. Our experience with experimenting with screen-capturing software at Page 13.338.4this stage is a work in progress. We should be able to provide more information of ourexperimental approach in the near future.5

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norb Delatte, Cleveland State University; Paul Bosela, Cleveland State University; Rosemary Sutton, Cleveland State University; Joshua Bagaka's, Cleveland State University; William Beasley, Cleveland State University

Materials, Freshman Seminar, Introduction to Structural Design, Soil Mechanics and Lab, Structural Analysis, Structural Steel Design Laboratory, Small Scale Structures for Architects, Large Scale Structures for Architects, Reinforced Concrete Design Laboratory, Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design, Design Studio, Geology and Soil Mechanics • Graduate or UG/Grad: Building Performance Failures and Forensic Techniques, Nondestructive Testing, Forensic Engineering, Seepage – Flow Through Porous Media, Consolidation and Settlement, Geosynthetics, Shear Strength and Slope Stability, Shallow Foundation Design, Foundation Engineering, Rock Mechanics, Structural Dynamics

Conference Session

Improving Technical Understanding of All Americans

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Engstrom, ITEA/Cal U

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

learning resources based onselected technological and science literacy standards; and disseminating the units to teachers intraining workshops and distance learning. Each unit has standards-based content, suggestedteaching approaches, and detailed learning activities including brainstorming, visualizing, testing,refining, and assessing technological designs. Students learn how inventions, innovations, andsystems are created and how technology becomes part of people’s lives.The primary goals of the project were to: 1. Create a model for standards-based instructional units addressing the study of technology and science to be implemented in grades 5 and/or 6. 2. Align contemporary classroom/laboratory instruction with technological literacy

Conference Session

Curriculum Development and Teaching Models in NRE

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erich Schneider, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Divisions

Nuclear and Radiological

AC 2008-657: TEACHING THE SN METHOD: ZERO TO INTERNATIONALBENCHMARK IN SIX WEEKSErich Schneider, University of Texas at Austin Dr. Schneider is an Assistant Professor of Nuclear and Radiation Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. Since joining the UT faculty in 2006, Dr. Schneider has been active in the development of a modern nuclear energy systems analysis curriculum including courses in computational radiation transport and the nuclear fuel cycle. Prior to joining UT, Dr. Schneider was a Technical Staff Member in the Nuclear Systems Design group at Los Alamos National Laboratory

Conference Session

Instructional Innovations in AEC Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Khaled Mansy, Oklahoma State University; Mohammad Bilbeisi, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

possible amount of electricity. For sizing PV systems, students used the calculator available on the NREL website (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)7.4.4 Passive Heating and Cooling CalculationsIn the passive solar design (example in Figure 2), students were able to eliminate the need formechanical heating during the winter, a case that happens when heat gain in one day equates heatloss during the same day. To minimize heat loss, students added more insulation; and to increaseheat gain, students increased the size of south-facing glass. In the end, the thermal balancebetween heat gain and heat loss determined the appropriate size of south-facing glass needed forthe critical case scenario. The critical case scenario is typically

Conference Session

Improving Technical Understanding of All Americans

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kara Harris, College of Technology - Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

in ETTE. The researcher recommends that professionals consider the work of both theExtraordinary Engineers Project 8 and the work of Shanahan 10 in conjunction with thefindings of this study when recruiting females into the profession. According to the datafrom this study, females appear to be most influenced by their own personal interestswhen choosing ETTE as a career path. In addition Shanahan suggested instead of tryingto fix the girls make the classroom/laboratory environment more conducive andwelcoming of females. Furthermore, the Extraordinary Engineers Project indicated thatfemales desire a career that is flexible, will allow them to make a difference, enjoyable,has a good working environment, and has a good income. When talking

Conference Session

Mobile Robots in Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abraham Howell, State University of NY-Binghamton; Richard Eckert, Suny - Binghamton; Roy McGrann, State University of New York-Binghamton

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

possibleexperiments. The course, low cost robot, three developed laboratory modules, and results of thestudent evaluations are discussed in this paper.Overview of Microcontrollers and Robotics CourseSeveral years ago the Computer Science Department in the Watson School of Engineering andApplied Science at Binghamton University we designed and began to offer an upper-divisionundergraduate course entitled Microcontrollers and Robotics1. This was done in response to thereality that an important application of computer science is that of using embeddedmicrocomputers to control hardware systems. These are ubiquitous in electronic devices foundalmost everywhere in modern society, and, in particular, in embedded control systems and robotsused in industry, science

Conference Session

Curriculum Development in Mechanical Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Tomasi, Alfred State College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

is the experiences afforded students in the laboratory setting. Indeed, manyengineering technology students excel in coursework that fosters the tactile-kinestheticeducational domain. A host of students here at Alfred State College have alluded to thebenefits experienced in a laboratory setting where they are able to apply the theorypresented during lecture. This added dimension of application has been cited numeroustimes as the main reason for selecting an engineering technology curriculum over anengineering science curriculum. If the aforementioned can be agreed upon, thensimulating an industrial experience can also afford another opportunity to develop these

Conference Session

Hardware Descriptive Language Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harry Franz, University of Houston-Downtown

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

the LabVIEW software, the basics of LabVIEW are taught within the ENRG-1403course. Fundamentals of LabVIEW and examples are given in both the classroom and lab.The ENGR-1403 students are also not required to have previous knowledge of programmablelogic and software. The students learn programmable logic controller software and hardwareapplications through the use of programmable logic controllers that are in the ENGR-1403course lab. Note that only smatterings of students in the ENGR-1403 course, mainly those thatwork in industry, do have some limited experience with programmable logic.A fire alarm system systems laboratory is used in the ENGR-1403 course with the lecture. Thisfire alarm signaling systems laboratory has programmable logic

Conference Session

Experiential and Service Learning

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Odon Musimbi, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara Moskal, Colorado School of Mines; David Munoz, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

attitudes with respect to community service than did students and that only minordifferences existed based on participants’ age and gender.The current research builds from this prior effort. In Bauer et al., data were collected in theMultidisciplinary Engineering Laboratory, EGGN250, a sophomore level course in the fall of2004. This course was selected because it was required of all students and it preceded the courserequirements within the Humanitarian Engineering minor. In other words, the existence of theminor and the courses associated with that minor would not yet have impacted the students’attitudes. Using the same instrument, data was collected in the spring of 2007 in a senior levelcourse, a time period when most of the original student

Conference Session

Student Learning Techniques & Practices in Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Zhan, Texas A&M University; Ryan Beasley, Texas A&M University; Ana Elisa Goulart, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. W. Johnson & R. Johnson, (5th Edition), Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1999.4. “Learning from Change”, edited by D. DeZure, Routledge, 20005. “Active Learning: Cooperation in the College Classroom”, D. W. Johnson, R T.Johnson, and K. Smith, Interaction Book Company, Edina, MN, 1991.6. “Self grading for improved learning”, M. Plett and D. Peter, AC 2007-523.7. “Self-Paced laboratory modules for engineering materials and manufacturing processeslaboratory course”, C. Skurla, AC 2007-1800:8. “On the Use of Students for Developing Engineering Laboratories”, B. Bidanda and R.Billo, Journal of Engineering Education, April 1995.9. “Assessment of multimedia and web-based instruction in a science-technology &society course”, P. Backer

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tershia Pinder-Grover, University of Michigan; Sarah Root, University of Arkansas; Emine Cagin, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 2003, and her master of science degree from the University of Michigan in 2007. Both of her degrees are in electrical engineering. She is currently pursuing a PhD in electrical engineering at the University of Michigan’s Solid State Electronics Laboratory. Emine is currently serving as a mentor in the EGSM program. Page 13.998.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Preparing Graduate Students to be Successful as Teaching Mentors and as Future ProfessionalsAbstractGraduate student instructors (GSIs) – or teaching assistants – are a

Conference Session

ECE Pedagogy and Assessment I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Golanbari, University of the Pacific; Rick Garlikov, Garlikov.Com

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

communications,and senior capstone design project courses, teaching laboratories and projects helpedimprove student participation, got the students actively involved and excited about theprojects and the material being taught, motivated the students to better master coursecontent and taught the students to learn to think and reason more clearly, accurately,relevantly, logically, rationally, ethically and responsibly.This paper discusses how the judicious, sensible and affable use of the Socratic Methodin the aforementioned educational settings facilitated the development of students whoare learning to possess the basic skills of thought and reasoning such as the ability to:identify, formulate and clarify questions; gather relevant data; identify key

Conference Session

Engineering and Math Potpouri

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Fong, National Institute of Standards and Technology; James Filliben, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Alan Heckert, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Roland deWit, National Institute of Standards and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Modeling and Analysis Group in the Statistical Engineering Division of the Information Technology Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland. He earned his BA (1965) in Mathematics from LaSalle College, and PhD (1969) in Statistics from Princeton University. He joined the technical staff of NIST in 1969, and has more than 50 papers in refereed journals and 200 talks and short courses to his credit. In 2003, he became a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.Alan Heckert, National Institute of Standards and Technology Alan Heckert earned his B.S. degree in mathematics at the Frostburg State University in 1978, and his

Conference Session

Distance Learning in ET

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meral Anitsal, Tennessee Tech University; Ismet Anitsal, Tennessee Tech University; Ismail Fidan, Tennessee Tech University; Bonita Barger, Tennessee Tech University; Michael Allen, Tennessee Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

comparisons. Students rate their progress on each course compared to other courses based ongaining factual knowledge, application of course materials to problem solving, and the ability toanalyze and evaluate ideas, creativity, and team skills. Further information can be found at:http://iweb.tntech.edu/ideaevaluations/IDEA%20Overview2.pptThe CoursesEngineering Technology – CAD for Technology CourseCAD for Technology course covers the 2D and 3D CAD techniques for industrial applicationswith laboratory experiences. AutoCAD 2006 software is used for the laboratory practices. Thisjunior level course has various teaching, assessment and practice components, and has thefollowing course management modules in the WebCTTM system. • Course syllabus and

Conference Session

Investigating Fuel Cells and Alternative Fuels in the Classroom and Lab

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Recayi 'Reg' Pecen; Faruk Yildiz; Kenan Baltaci, University of Northern Iowa

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

efficiency by presenting eachstep with encountered issues and solutions. It can be part of the laboratory experiments toinvestigate variety of viable energy sources by performing experiments. The response of thestudents can be collected if they have positive or negative intentions. Students worked in thesystem stated that the use of "real" data makes the programming concepts taught in lecture muchmore meaningful to them. For many of these students, this experience involves the mostintensive teamwork they have had to deal with in their educational experience. Page 13.360.7 H2

Conference Session

Instructional Methods and Tools in BME

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Geiger, Florida Gulf Coast University; Robert O'Neill, Florida Gulf Coast University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

levels of contact, including such things as classroom discussions; questions(both from the instructor as well as from the students); and active learning in small groups,including in-class exercises such as problem-solving, laboratories, small group discussions, etc.Interacting with students at these different levels (one-on-one, small group, classroom) offers theinstructor the opportunity to not only develop a positive rapport with his or her students, but alsothe ability to present the lesson material in a variety of environments, allowing the studentmultiple opportunities to absorb the information.One of the easiest ways to develop higher degrees of contact with students is to ask themquestions during the lesson. Questions can be used to

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chetan Sankar, Auburn University; P K Raju, Auburn University

to solve such problems, and the processes used to solve theproblems. Thus, the goals of this project are to provide: • an intensive research experience for U.S. students working with partners at IIT Page 13.1301.3 Madras, a premier engineering institute in India , • experience in working as members of an international team for both the U.S. and IIT students, 2 • industrial research experience for the U.S. students working in industry research laboratories (Larsen and Toubro, Limited and

Conference Session

Beyond Individual Ethics: Engineering in Context

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dean Nieusma, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

beginning, and they show no sign of subsiding. PDI is alsotime-intensive for faculty, requiring more time in class, more time coordinating among multipleinstructors, and more time interacting with (motivated but demanding) students outside of class.Finally, PDI-type instruction and research faces subtle but pervasive prejudice by scholars withinboth engineering and STS. Written off by many as “applied” scholarship, design andinterdisciplinary design especially, is seen as “soft,” “non-rigorous,” or otherwise lowly asopposed to “hard,” “pure,” high-status laboratory-based research. While the question of therelative status of different ways of knowing, and engaging, the world is clearly beyond the scopeof the present analysis, it is relevant to