Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dennis Rogalsky, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Bart Johnson, Itasca Community College; Ronald Ulseth

level, he is involved with educational opportunities, economic development, and youth opportunities and activities. Prior to his administrative roles, Dr. Johnson was a faculty member in engineering at Itasca, involved with the development of the Iron Range Engineering and BELL program, and he continues to be an active participant in engineering education research; specifically, project-based learning and professional competency development. Prior to joining the engineering faculty at Itasca, Bart worked as an engineer with John Deere and the Whirlpool Corporation. Bart and his wife, Jessica, have four children—Emma, Andy, Mathew, and Gavin. Together, they enjoy a variety of outdoor activities, time at the cabin, youth

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zia Din, University of Houston

construction information technology. He is particularly interested in using immersive visual technologies to improve construction safety and productivity. His current research focuses on using augmented and virtual reality technology to improve the effectiveness of risk identification in construction. One of his current research projects looks into making construction-related three-dimensional model-based information available to workers via handheld devices for job hazard analysis (JHA). The second project focuses on presenting model-based information in a virtual reality environment for job hazard analysis, where new and experienced participants can collaborate. He possesses a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering from the

Conference Session

ERM: Mentoring for Everyone! And Let's talk about Graduate Students

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brayan Díaz, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Cesar Delgado, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC; Kevin Han, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Collin Lynch, North Carolina State University at Raleigh

focused on studying the pedagogical theories that are linked to teaching-learning strategies. I am especially interested in understanding the linkages between the different learning styles and skills of engineering students and their success in pursuing the goals that they had set for themselves when they entered the University.Dr. Cesar Delgado (Associate Professor) Associate Professor, STEM education Dept. at NC State University. Dr. Delgado researches students’ knowledge and learning of the magnitude of variables, including spatial and temporal scale. He also studies visual representations, project-based learning, and modeling. His externally-funded research includes an NSF EHR CORE grant developing virtual reality

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Technical Session 7: Cybersecurity and Computing

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monica McGill, CSEdResearch.org; Leigh Ann DeLyser; Stephanie Wortel-London; Angelica Thompson; Eric Snow; Luronne Vaval

Demonstration Project, a pilot projectdeveloped by CSforALL to bring CS and Cybersecurity education to high schools across the UnitedStates that offer Air Force Junior Reserves Officer Training Corps (JROTC) [3]. As a pilot project,we wanted to understand the complexities of the program and how the various factors, inputs, andoutcomes correlate, particular with the focus on reaching marginalized communities and subgroupsof students. This includes the changes in course offerings (access) and participation in courses bystudents (participation). For our evaluation of this program, we used the CAPE Framework.Although, to date, we have provided evaluation and research within each of the individual compo-nents of CAPE, this paper focuses on the impact of the

Conference Session

WIED: Support for All in the WIED Community

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn Redmond, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Grace Panther, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Mojdeh Asadollahipajouh; Rick Evans, Cornell University; Stacey Kulesza, Kansas State University; Grace Liang

project teams. The inductive thematic analysis revealed severalprimary findings which subsequently played a major role in developing a codebook for thecurrent study. Building upon what is learned from the pilot study, the current study uses alayered multi-case study design involving three institutions: a public/private Ivy League andstatutory land-grand research university in the Northeast, a public land-grant research universityin the Midwest, and a public land-grant research university in the Southwest which is alsodesignated as MSI/HSI. In addition to the interview method, data collection also containsdocuments and artifacts. For this paper, we zone in onto the data collected in the first interviews,known as the “life history” where we mainly

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Innovating New Ways to Teach

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan Solnosky, Pennsylvania State University; M Parfitt

fundamentals of analyzingstructural behavior, as well as, designing members. Varying topics are covered in these courses across bothundergraduate and graduate offerings. One topic that is not regularly covered is the pre-stressed concretedomain. Programs that do offer pre-stressed concrete frequently offer it at the graduate level where theemphasis frequently revolves around more theoretical behavior. Often missing, a critical emphasis area ofpre-stressed concrete, is practical post-tensioned (PT) concrete design and construction practices. In asearch of Civil (CE) and Architectural Engineering (AE) programs, only a handful offer PT, whichconsidering how many buildings and infrastructure projects use PT systems, is surprising. One factorimpacting the

Conference Session

Student Division Technical 3: Mixed - Research, Engineering Design, Design Thinking, and Curriculum Design

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lauren Fogg; Allissa Gros, Louisiana Tech University; Katie Evans, Houston Baptist University; Marisa Orr, Clemson University; Catherine Belk, Clemson University; Ethan Hilton, Louisiana Tech University; Mitzi Desselles, Louisiana Tech University

Paper ID #36722Fast-Forward Program: PSVT:R Test Results and AnalysisLauren Fogg Lauren Fogg is a 2nd-year Ph.D. student in Engineering Education at Louisiana Tech University. She has a Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering. Her research interests are diversity, gender equity, retention, project-based learning, and cognitive models of problem-solving. She is also serving as the Project Coordinator for an NSF-funded S-STEM program.Allissa Taylor Gros Allissa Gros (she/her) is a second year Computational Analysis and Modeling PhD student at Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, LA. She has a bachelors

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division: Best of Works in Progress

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cameron Kim, Duke University

as to the limits of engineering naturalsystems. To address our future intertwined with biotechnology and its ethical, legal,and social implications, we must develop curricula that addresses the role ofacademic, research, and industrial scientists in these debates and how to addresssocietal concerns with emergent technologies. In BME 590L/490L: BiotechnologyDesign I/II, a two-semester senior/master’s capstone design course at DukeUniversity, students prepare for academic and commercial development ofbiological products with topics in synthetic biology, fermentation, intellectualproperty, and regulatory controls. Lectures, discussions, and laboratory exercisesprepare students for independent design projects that are presented in the fall

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn Johnson, Colorado School of Mines; Jenifer Blacklock, University of Colorado Boulder; Stephanie Claussen, San Francisco State University; Jon Leydens, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara Moskal, Colorado School of Mines; Janet Tsai, University of Colorado Boulder; Natalie Plata, Colorado School of Mines

technical aspects that are often interlinked (Figure 1). However,Jonassen has argued that the typical U.S. engineering curriculum limits students’ opportunities todevelop sociotechnical thinking in an engineering context [4], thereby potentially leavingstudents ill-prepared for this complex part of their engineering careers. Figure 1: Engineering practice as a bridge connecting technical and non-technical considerations.In this project, we have conceptualized sociotechnical thinking as the interplay between relevantsocial and technical factors in the engineering problem definition and solution process [5]. Weconsider “social” to be a broad term inclusive of environmental, ethical, economic, health

Conference Session

PCEE Session 4: Resource / Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Letourneau; Katherine Culp; Dorothy Bennett

research project.2. Six activity case studies illustrating how narrative elements were added to traditional engineering challenges. pp. 14-543. Indicators of empathy and engineering practices that we observed in our research, along with an observation tool and follow-up questions for learners that educators and activity developers can use to document these outcomes and iteratively refine activities they create. p. 13To download the complete guidebook, visit: https://bit.ly/empathyandengineeringFor more information about this project, contact: sletourneau@nysci.org

Conference Session

Manufacturing Workforce Development

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marilyn Barger; Sam Ajlani; Phil Centonze

supportproject, (Technician Future of Work Issues Caucus for Florida Community Collegesand Manufacturers), identified needed manufacturing education related actions inFlorida. The project focused on the next 5 years and addressed two questions: (i)From industries' perspective, what new technologies really impact technicians? (ii)From the Florida Department of Education perspective, what do manufacturingprograms in Florida colleges have to do to begin to address these identified Futureof Work skills? The project acknowledged the operational reality that in the Floridamanufacturing sector different technologies generate different impacts. The sametechnology may not have the equivalent impact on different company’s technicianwork environment.Data required

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Johanna Acosta, Universidad San Francisco de Quito; Jacoba Ubidia, Universidad San Francisco de Quito; Miguel Andrés Guerra, Universidad San Francisco de Quito; Vanessa Guerra, University of Virginia; Cristina Gallardo, Universidad San Francisco de Quito

Francisco de Quito USFQ, in Ecuador. Miguel Andrés is a civil engineer from USFQ (2009), was awarded a MSc in Civil Engineering – Construction Engineering and Management at Iowa State University (Fulbright scholar, 2012)and his PhD in Civil Engineering at Virginia Tech (2019), as well as two Graduate Certificate in Engineering Education and Future Professoriate. (i) ENGINEERING EXPERIENCE: Miguel Andrés was Project Manager of PREINGESA where he has directed construction projects in the development of urban infrastructure for urbanizations such as earthworks, drinking water works, sewerage, underground electrical cables and fiber optics, roads, aqueducts, water reservoirs, housing construction, among others. He was also a

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 4 - Global South Engineering

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rodrigo Martinez-Duarte; Sallie Turnbull, Clemson University; Tim Guggisberg, Clemson University; Juan Dobarganes

processes and their application, as well as fundamentals of micro/nanofabrication. His pedagogical approach emphasizes teamwork, flipped classrooms, and project-based learning. Besides the US, Rodrigo has lived and worked in Switzerland, Spain, India, Mexico and South Korea and has a track record of service and leadership. He is currently the Chair of the Clemson University’s Commission on Latino Affairs, Chair of the College of Engineering, Computing and Applied Sciences (CECAS) Committee on Global Engagement, Chair of the Organizing Committee of Dia de los Muertos at Clemson, and Guest Editor and an active Reviewer for leading journals in his field. He is also a Past President of the AES Electrophoresis Society. He is or

Conference Session

ECE Division Technical Session 8: Effective Teaching and Learning in Post-Pandemic Classrooms and Other Curricular Innovations

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Asad Azemi, University of Wisconsin - Platteville; Xiaoguang Ma, University of Wisconsin - Platteville; Fang Yang, University of Wisconsin - Plattevile; John Goomey, University of Wisconsin - Platteville; David Andersen, University of Wisconsin - Platteville

delivery in March 2020.With the exception of the online delivery institutions, the academic community, includinginstructors, students, and staff, were forced to quickly adapt to a completely online teaching andlearning environment to which they were not accustomed. In [5], the authors presented sometechniques and strategies employed to overcome the difficulties of remote learning, such as thechallenges of engaging learners with limited or inconsistent internet access, the strategy anddecisions in using synchronous versus asynchronous delivery, and techniques to conductexperiments remotely. [6] introduces some practices of transferring the in-person activities to anonline format, including lecturing, in-lab work, office hours, exams, and project

Conference Session

PCEE Session 4: Resource / Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Taylor, University of Colorado Boulder; Amy Wilson-Lopez, Utah State University - Engineering Education; Ivonne Santiago, University of Texas at El Paso

the engineering design process and design thinking into STEM education and works with K-12 educators to increase teacher capacity in classroom engineering education. She also teaches a first-year Engineering Projects course at CU. Prior to pursuing a career in higher education, Jennifer taught middle school science for 15 years and she received a Teacher of the Year community award and guided her students to numerous state and national sustainable project awards, including the Siemens We Can Change the World Challenge. After transitioning from the classroom, she joined the CU Cooperative Institute for Environmental Sciences (CIRES) Education & Outreach Program as a Curriculum Development and Program Manager where

Conference Session

Labs and Demonstrations in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natacha Souto-Melgar, University of Arkansas; Jackqueline Steinman-Ptacek, University of Arkansas; Andie Veeder, University of Arkansas

improved the equipment design andprepared the operation and maintenance procedures. Also, they prepared an experimentalhandout and a video demonstration for the reverse osmosis experiment. This new experimentwill be incorporated into the Chemical Engineering Senior Laboratory course. The students whoparticipated in this project were exposed to a learning experience via an open-ended approach;they acquired the ability to develop and conduct appropriate experimentation, analyze andinterpret data, use engineering judgment to draw conclusions, and improve their technical writingand communication skills. This project has a broader impact, after implementing the reverseosmosis experience in the laboratory course, chemical engineering undergraduate

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

yongxin deng; Tuoyu Li; Min Ye, Zhejiang University

engineering, to providethe impetus for the development of emerging engineering, including “GovernmentProcurement”, “Foreign Contract”, “Overseas Organization Management”, “PilotDemonstration Project”. In conclusion, this paper selects the names of the variouspolicy tools and its definition as shown in table 1. Table 1 Names and Meanings of Emerging Engineering Policy Tools Type Tool Name Meaning Supply Fund The government will provide financial support in the form of special Investment funds to support research and development funds Information Government information support and guarantee for emerging Support engineering construction Talent Training To cultivate

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marcia Mardis, Florida A&M University - Florida State University; Faye Jones, Florida A&M University - Florida State University

explorecommunity college students’ perceptions of costs and benefits of degree attainment with variousbroader measures of engagement and success as few.To ensure that the ET/AM programs, curriculum, training, and potential economic developmentoutcomes can be met, regional stakeholders need to ensure that technician education programsstay in line with industry needs by gathering data and refining the school-to-work pathway.These data also will assist with interpreting the need for additional advanced manufacturingtraining programs or identifying existing training available at partner college locations.Research Questions and DesignThe overarching goal of this project has been to improve rural manufacturing capacity by betterunderstanding the relationship

Conference Session

PCEE Session 4: Resource / Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ruben Lopez-Parra, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Barbara Fagundes; Nrupaja Bhide, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Diallo Wallace, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Joana Marques Melo, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Maeve Drummond Oakes, Purdue University College of Engineering; Allison Godwin, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Tamara Moore, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

attitudes, mindsets, and approaches to learning to understand engineering students’ identity development. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Turn the Lights On! Part I An Engineering Design-Based Curriculum for Teaching 8th Grade Students Renewable Energy (Resource Exchange) Ruben D. Lopez-Parra, Barbara Fagundes, Diallo Wallace, Nrupaja Bhide, Tamara Moore, Maeve Drummond Oakes, Allison GodwinTurn the Lights On! is a project in partnership

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Technical Session - Empathy, Metacognitive Skills, and Perceptions of Success

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Simon Ghanat, The Citadel; Dena Garner; Todd Wittman, The Citadel; M. Kristen Hefner, The Citadel; Deirdre Ragan, The Citadel; Thad Le-Vasicek, The Citadel; Emily Bierman, The Citadel; Blakely Adair-Hudson, The Citadel

higher in their abilities at the onset of theexperience compared to how faculty rate them. However, by the end of the program the studentand faculty responses were more equivalent. For all aspects scored, both the faculty and thestudents perceived students improved from initial to post assessment, with the greatest gains inareas related to research abilities, knowledge/content within their respective discipline, criticalthinking, and flexibility. This paper discusses the summer undergraduate research experienceprogram, the scope of the student projects, how student participants and faculty mentors assessthe development of student metacognitive skills over the course of the program, the results, andanalyses of the students

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seong Jin Kim, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Namhun Lee, Central Connecticut State University

constructionmanagement course. In this case study, social relationship development activities were definedas pedagogical methods to engage students as an alternative to the traditional lecture format. Thestudents evaluated a total of six social relationship development activities with respect to theirlearning experience. The social relationship development activities were an icebreaker game,individual meetings with the instructor, boot camp, an in-class term project, a classmate tutor,and team quizzes. Using exploratory factor analysis, these social relationship developmentactivities were grouped by two latent factors. The first factor consisted of three developmentactivities, an icebreaker game, boot camp, and an in-class term project, while the second

Conference Session

PCEE Session 4: Resource / Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barbara Fagundes; Nrupaja Bhide, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Tamara Moore, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Maeve Drummond Oakes, Purdue University College of Engineering; Allison Godwin, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

II An Online Professional Development Aid forTeaching an Engineering Design-Based Curriculum in 8th Grade (Resource Exchange) Barbara Fagundes, Nrupaja Bhide, Tamara Moore, Maeve Drummond Oakes, Allison Godwin Turn the Lights On! is a project in partnership between EngrTEAMS and CISTAR NSF Engineering Research Center (see below for more information) that aims to teach 8th graders about renewable energy resources and sustainability through an engineering design-based STEM integration unit. To access the PD on The project includes the engineering design-based curriculum nanoHUB you can scan (Part I) and online professional development aid for teachers the QR code above or use interested in

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeritt Williams, Illinois State University; Jaby Mohammed, Illinois State University

Using Logisim-Evolution and Basys 3Teachers in undergraduate programs often find it challenging to engage with students so thatmaterials and knowledge related to the subject matter are communicated in an efficient andmeaningful way. To address the effectiveness of knowledge transfer and to make the DigitalElectronics (DE) classroom experience more productive, several pedagogical approaches such asactive learning with a hands-on approach, scaffolding, project-based learning, authentic and real-world learning, simulation within the classroom environment, and teamwork have been found tobe effective [1]-[4]. Additionally, recent advances in technological tools have createdopportunities for a flexible curriculum that serves the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremy Rickli, Wayne State University; Yinlun Huang, Wayne State University

professional development experience hosts ten students per summerand addresses National Science Foundation priority areas such as advanced manufacturing andsustainability. Undergraduate research projects in the REU site address manufacturing process,manufacturing system, and fundamental sustainable manufacturing principles within continuous(e.g. chemical manufacturing) and discrete (e.g. automotive manufacturing) manufacturingsystems. Projects are further associated with topics that cross cut the aforementioned thrust areassuch as, emerging and environmentally benign materials manufacturing, sustainable processdesign and control, and life-cycle engineering and value recovery. Traditionally, this REU Sitehosts in-person undergraduate researchers to

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna Llewellyn, Boise State University; Emily Knaphus-Soran, University of Washington

mentoringstudents change a faculty mentor’s perception of what success looks like and do the facultyadjust their student expectations and perceptions based on their mentoring experiences? Inaddition, what motivates faculty to mentor students outside of their usual assigned duties?The Redshirt in Engineering project is a collaboration of Engineering programs across sixuniversities of differing sizes, entrance requirements, and student demographics. The engineeringstudent scholarship recipients were assigned engineering faculty mentors for their first year intheir programs. It should be noted that the faculty mentors do this work as volunteers and do notreceive any extra funding for this work. We set out to investigate if and how the act of mentoringthese

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Wosczyna-Birch; Mehrdad Faezi, Manchester Community College; John Birch; Eric Flynn; K.andrew Angle

Paper ID #38306Using Virtual Delivery to Build Interest in TechnologyCareersKaren Wosczyna-birch (Director)John Birch © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Using Virtual Delivery to Build Interest in Technology CareersThe goal of the Building Career Interest in Computer Science through Advanced Real-WorldTechnology Projects (CICSTART) Program is to provide additional professional and technicalskills to cohorts of high school students through a Saturday Program and inspire participants topursue pathways that lead them to careers in the technician workforce. CICSTART is

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zia Din, University of Houston; Mayank Patel, University of Houston; krithikashree lakshminarayanan

. He is particularly interested in using immersive visual technologies to improve construction safety and productivity. His current research focuses on using augmented and virtual reality technology to improve the effectiveness of risk identification in construction. One of his current research projects looks into making construction-related three-dimensional model-based information available to workers via handheld devices for job hazard analysis (JHA). The second project focuses on presenting model-based information in a virtual reality environment for job hazard analysis, where new and experienced participants can collaborate. He possesses a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering from the University of Engineering

Conference Session

ETD - A Technology Potpourri III

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmad Fayed, Southeastern Louisiana University

educational projects are aimed to give students the opportunity to acquire this high-level knowledge through hands-on practice. At the end of these projects, students conclude theirexperience and prepare a student manual that, later on, guides other groups in getting the sameknowledge through hands-on experience. This initiative is applied through some senior designprojects as well as through support from agencies such as the Louisiana NASA space grant(LaSPACE). In this paper, an investigation of the effect of 3D printing parameters on themechanical properties was performed by a senior design student funded by LaSPACE. The scopeof the project includes the studying of some printing parameters such as the printing orientationand infill density on the

Conference Session

Computers in Education 9 - Technology I

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheng Liu, University of Wisconsin - Stout; jian chang, Texas Instruments, Inc.

. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Electronics – A First Course for Printed Circuit Board DesignThe design of printed circuit board (PCB) is an essential aspect in learning circuits and systemsin the electrical and computer engineering (ECE) curricula. In fact, many institutions haveallowed for this opportunity in 3D printing labs for students to rapidly prototype their circuitdesigns and other 3-D printed projects. Further, we see a high importance for students to learnpractical aspects of circuit design in the sophomore year, and to retain ECE students who feel agreater level of accomplishment in computer science courses or plan to drop out. In this articlewe

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sanjeev Adhikari, Kennesaw State University; Tran Duong Nguyen, Kennesaw State University

outstanding teaching and research excellence. He has been involved in numerous professional societies to supplement his teaching and research, including ASCE, ACI, ASEE, ASC, ATMAE, and TRB. His research output has been well disseminated as he has published thirty journal papers and thirty-nine conference papers. His research interests are 1) Creating Innovative Sustainable Materials, 2) Digital Construction, 3) BIM and VDC, 4) Virtual Testing Lab, 5) Construction Education, and 6) Sustainability.Tran Duong Nguyen Tran Duong Nguyen has worked as an architect/ planner for the last 12 years in different project stages, including project management. With hands-on experience, he has conducted research across disciplines, primarily