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Displaying results 451 - 480 of 1510 in total
Conference Session
Military and Veterans Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Janice Higuera, University of Colorado Boulder; Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado Boulder
Management at Arizona State University. She has worked extensively in the Middle East, the Caribbean, and Central and South America managing environmental, disaster mitigation, and economic development infrastructure projects. Janice is interested in education policy and data- driven process improvement solutions specifically focused on military engineering construction partnerships with communities in need. In her spare time, she enjoys almost any outdoor activity coupled with photographyAngela R Bielefeldt (Professor) Angela Bielefeldt, Ph.D., P.E., is a professor at the University of Colorado Boulder (CU) in the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering (CEAE). She is also the Director for the
Conference Session
Community Engagement Division Technical Session 2 - Community Engagement without Frontiers
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Juan Lucena, Colorado School of Mines; Sofia Schlezak, Colorado School of Mines; Emma Chapman, Colorado School of Mines; Mateo Rojas; Jaime Elizabeth Styer, Colorado School of Mines
Powered by www.slayte.comBringing it down from the ivory tower: Translating Engineering- for-Community-Development (ECD) graduate student researchinto community engagement and undergraduate student learningAbstractThe goal of this paper is to show how graduate engineering students working on Engineering-for-Community-Development (ECD) projects and theses 1) acquire socio-technical educationthat prepares them to critically engage with community development (formation); 2) propose totranslate their academic scholarship into formats and language that lead to effective engagementand appropriation by the communities they want to serve (translation); and, from this translation,3) extend their scholarship into curricular opportunities for undergraduate
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yen-Lin Han, Seattle University; Kathleen Cook, Seattle University; Gregory Mason, Seattle University; Teodora Shuman, Seattle University; Jennifer Turns, University of Washington
iscultivating this culture of “Engineering with Engineers” through changes in four essential areas:a shared department vision, faculty, curriculum, and supportive policies [1] - [4].This paper reports the continuous efforts of our RED project and updates previous NSF GranteesPoster papers presented at the 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 ASEE Annual Conferences. Theproject background and objective are unchanged; hence, the first two sections of the paper aretaken from our previous papers [1] - [4]. The project description section summarizes the changesmade in the four essential areas thus far and provides important updates in each of the four areaswith emphases on actions taken during the previous year. The remaining sections of this paperdiscuss ongoing
Conference Session
ERM: Teamwork makes the dream work!
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Aparajita Jaiswal, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Kaushali Patel, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Devang Patel, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Alejandra Magana, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)
creating teams and assigning a group project isinsufficient to help undergraduate students develop teamwork skills. Instructors need to helpstudents become cognizant of their teamwork skills, such as conflict resolution, scrum values, andcultural self-awareness. In this research paper, we intend to understand the perception of studentsenrolled in a sophomore-level system's course regarding conflict resolution skills, scrum values,and cultural self-awareness. We also want to understand how the perception of these values isrelated to one another. In the light of this study, we want to answer the following research questions(1) How do students' reported conflict management skills relate to their reported scrum values? (2)How do students' cultural
Conference Session
PCEE Session 3: Robotics and Design Competitions
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University; Jason McKenna, VEX Robotics; Yuhan Lin; Raina Oravec; Lauren Harter, VEX Robotics
feedback.The data presented in this section is provided by Google Analytics to the authors. As VEXcodeVR is entirely browser-based, there are a number of different metrics which provide insight intohow this virtual robot environment has been used globally. Since its launch in April 2020, therehas been an increase in VR users monthly, which have combined to over 2.6 million users inmore than 150 countries.A project is a program that students create for a lesson or challenge. Projects do not have to besaved in order to run, but a saved project is downloaded for a user to come back to at a later time.There were over 4 million saved projects. Because VR is entirely browser based, editing aproject and testing it happens immediately by selecting “START
Conference Session
LEES 4: Understanding and Disrupting Engineering Cultures
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chandra Turpen, University of Maryland College Park; Jennifer Radoff, University of Maryland College Park; Keeron Rahman, University of Maryland College Park; Paul Adkins, University of Maryland College Park; Harkirat Sangha; Samshritha Bikki
program director, Dr. David Tomblin, on how power came up in the firstcolloquium course: Students conducted a semester-long project examining how COVID-19 impacted the campus and local community. This was an opportunity to see how power is distributed within a local community. In teams, students interviewed approximately 30 stakeholders in the community to identify how the pandemic influenced them. This data was analyzed to identify problems that needed to be addressed within the community. We used several STS concepts and analyses to look at the data from a variety of perspectives to understand how power is unevenly distributed within communities. We looked for structural influences of power on communities.In the
Conference Session
Inclusivity at Two Year Colleges
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cynthia Pickering, Arizona State University; Mara Lopez, Arizona State University; Gloria Gonzalez; Marcus Garcia, Phoenix College; Caroline Vaningen-Dunn; Katy Pinto
mode to providereal-world IT experience for undergraduate students: 1) externships situated on-campus, underthe supervision of faculty and assisted by peer-mentors and industry mentors and 2) internshipssituated with local companies under the supervision of industry employees. When careerpreparedness elements were interwoven while learning and practicing new IT skills withinhands-on project deliverables, externs reported benefits such as increased confidence in seekingout employment opportunities, preparing for interviews, professional networking, leadershipdevelopment, and conveying their industry experience in their resumes and on LinkedIn.Lessons learned to date related to engaging and retaining targeted students include the need
Conference Session
Remediation and Curricular Changes to Improve Student Learning and Outcomes
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gianluca Guadagni, University of Virginia; Hui Ma, University of Virginia
latest version of the course and a sample course project are provided in the Appendicessection (see Appendix A and B).There exists a very large and diverse body of literature documenting the value of training and/orprofessional development for teaching assistants across disciplines in higher education. In thebibliography we include few references [2],[3],[4], [6].The Learning EnvironmentOur UTAs, and graduate TAs, are an essential component of the learning environment availableto our students. For completeness, we describe here the full learning environment, of whichtrained UTAs are a clinging element, being present in class, and outside of class. In AppliedMathematics, we offer a physical and virtual learning environment where team discussion
Conference Session
Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chengyi Zhang, University of Wyoming; Xuanyi Zhu; Ashleigh McManus; Bryan Dyer; Scott Arias
Paper ID #37507Evaluating Improved Program-Level Assessment and theSubsequent Influence on Associate Constructor ExamChengyi Zhang (Assistant Professor) Dr. Chengyi Zhang is currently an Assistant Professor of Construction Management at the University of Wyoming. Before joining the UWYO, he worked as an Associate Professor of Construction Management at Eastern Kentucky University. He has over 14 years of civil engineering and construction project management experience.Xuanyi ZhuAshleigh Nichole McManusBryan Dyer Associate Professor Eastern Kentucky UniversityScott Arias (CEO) © American
Conference Session
Bringing Engineering Leadership Pedagogy to Life!
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Novick, University of Texas at El Paso; Melanie Realyvasquez, University of Texas at El Paso; Sebastian Palacios
. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com 1 TeachingEngineerstheLeadershipSkillofConflictResolution David Novick, Melanie Anne Realyvasquez, Sebastian Palacios Department of Engineering Education and Leadership The University of Texas at El Paso AbstractConflictinworkteamsusuallyharmsteamperformance.Relationshipconflictandprocessconflict,whichincludesthesocialloafingthatoccurswhenteammembers“freeride”ontheeffortsoftheircolleagues,arethetwoprincipalkindsofharmfulconflict.This paper reports a project
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Renata Revelo, The University of Illinois at Chicago; Joseph Hummel
Hummel © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Early Research Scholars Program at UIC AdjustmentsIn this poster, we provide an update to the adoption of the Early Research Scholars Program(ERSP), developed at the University of California San Diego, to our institution, the University ofIllinois at Chicago (UIC). The program was designed to support retention of students frommarginalized backgrounds in the field of computing especially during the second year of theirmajor.Currently, the project at UIC is in its third year of the grant, having served three cohort ofstudents thus far. In this poster, we focus on discussing
Conference Session
ERM: Let's Continue the Conversation about Tests! Part 2
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Logan Perry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Jeremi London, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Steven Ayer; Wei Wu, California State University, Fresno; Kieren McCord, Arizona State University
the activity; and apprenticeship of the heart concerns theethical considerations of that activity. Within engineering, the Three Apprenticeships modelprovides a useful lens through which to investigate how engineers carry out the design process –though engineers rely heavily technical (head) skills, this framework provides additional lensesfor understanding how engineers leverage practical skills and ethical thinking through theapprenticeships of the hand and heart, allowing for a more holistic assessment of the designprocess.MethodDesigned as a sequential explanatory mixed methods study, this project leverages bothquantitative and qualitative data to understand what engineers prioritize during the designprocess. To assess these priorities
Conference Session
ERM: New Research Methods and Tools
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Maimuna Begum Kali, Florida International University; Stephen Secules, Florida International University; Cassandra McCall, Utah State University
qualitative research bydisseminating findings with more immediacy and accessibility than traditional researchpublications. Approach: We summarize one specific audio narrative dissemination approach conducted as partof the pilot phase of the Audio for Inclusion Project, a recent National ScienceFoundation-funded project to foster inclusive understandings for engineering faculty. Weorganize the discussion around orienting goals and challenges encountered, as well as lessonslearned and suggestions for future improvements.Findings: Lessons learned for audio narrative dissemination include paying close attention tocreating a coherent and cohesive narrative by removing distracting details, and aligning studentactors with participants so that the tone
Conference Session
PCEE Session 9: Virtual Summer Programs
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carol Geary, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Tawni Paradise, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education; Kim Lester, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Hannah Glisson, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
design project hosted by a corporate partner and based on a currentconcern/issue/trend in the engineering field that concludes with participants sharing theirprototypes and solutions during a design project showcase in which company affiliates, faculty,family, and others are invited to attend. Other activities include a few daily engineering activitieshosted by faculty in various engineering departments at the university and other academicsupport events, such as presentations with the admissions office. In the following sections, wewill discuss each of the major components of in-person C-Tech2 and how they shifted to theonline environment from 2019 to 2020, and further shifts that were made in 2021 for each of theelements. A. StaffThe high
Conference Session
ERM: Self-Efficacy, Motivation, and MORE!
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert Nagel, James Madison University; Bethany Popelish, James Madison University; Melissa Aleman, James Madison University; Tobias Reynolds-Tylus, James Madison University
autoethnographic, ethnographic, and qualitative interview projects on a wide- range of topics, has taught research methods at the introductory, advanced, and graduate levels, and has trained research assistants in diverse forms of data collection and analysis.Robert L. Nagel © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Student competency, autonomy, and relatedness in a practice-oriented engineering program: An application of self-determination theoryAbstractFor engineering students, how might three basic needs—competency, autonomy, andrelatedness—promote intrinsic motivation among students? In this
Conference Session
Electrical and Computer Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mohammad Al Mestiraihi, Utah State University; Kurt Becker, Utah State University - Engineering Education
) Kurt Becker, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Engineering Education, College of Engineering, Utah State University Kurt Becker is a Professor in the Department of Engineering Education at Utah State University. His research includes engineering design thinking, systems engineering, engineering education professional development, technical training, and adult learning cognition. He is currently working on National Science Foundation funded projects exploring engineering design thinking and systems thinking, a USAID funded project in Egypt, “Center of Excellence in Water”, and Department of Education funded GEARUP projects in the area of STEM education related to engineering education. He has extensive international
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lisa Bosman, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Karoline Jarr; Bhavana Kotla, Purdue Polytechnic Graduate Programs; Jason Ostanek, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Jose Garcia; Walter Leon-Salas, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Sunghwan Lee, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI)
the creation of flexible components with embedded sensors using additive manufacturing for robotics, rehabilitation and industrial applications. During his time at Purdue, he has been awarded several grants to develop technology for the improvement of fluid power systems. As the director of his research group at Purdue, he received funding for the development of contamination resistant valves for the throttle control of fighter jet engines. The resulting design of this project generated a modified poppet valve that improved its response time from 40ms to 10ms. He has developed with his students an IoT irrigation system for water deprived areas in Arequipa, Peru. He has also conducted research in novel methods for the
Conference Session
Computers in Education 1 - Programming I
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Liya Ni, Biola University; Keith Hekman, California Baptist University
Institute of Technology © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Improving Student Learning Experience with MATLAB Grader and Live ScriptsAbstractEngineering educators use MATLAB in multiple disciplines. The new features of MATLAB,such as MATLAB Grader and live scripts, can help students gain not only skills of analysis anddesign with MATLAB as a tool but also a better understanding of engineering concepts.MATLAB programming exercises are required in homework in a Vibrations course andcomputer lab projects in a Signals and Systems course. Automated grading with MATLABGrader provides immediate feedback
Conference Session
Two-Year College Potpourri
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ricky Castles, East Carolina University; Chris Venters, East Carolina University; Charles Goodman, Pitt Community College
university. The project intended to recruit 80 total scholarsin two cohorts of 40. Each cohort was to be comprised of 20 university students and 20community college students. In-person recruiting events were planned in the service areas ofeach of the community colleges and in a 10-county region surrounding the university. Theoriginal plan for programming was to offer special events and speakers on each campusthroughout the academic year so that all of the scholars could meet each other and learn moreabout the engineering profession. When events were held on the university campus, the goal wasto showcase the laboratories and programs available once students complete their associate’sdegree and transfer and for them to begin developing relationships
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Katrina Donovan, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Jon Kellar, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Michael West, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Cassandra Birrenkott, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Stuart Kellogg, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Deborah Mitchell, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Matthew Whitehead, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology
toimplement far greater steps towards making creativity, innovation, collegiality, entrepreneurshipand critical thinking a given.We strive to understand what motivates students to pursue and succeed in an engineering degreeprogram and the role that an integrated STEAM curriculum can have in this process. The initialimpetus for this project was a campus visit by a prospective student who was blacksmithing andforging metal into functional and creative objects. The research presented is evidence-based andbuilds on prior NSF Course Curricular and Laboratory Improvement (CCLI) research that involvedhighly successful curricular and co-curricular programming associated with integration ofblacksmithing into the B.S. Metallurgical Engineering degree program
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Katrina Donovan, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Jon Kellar, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Paula Jensen, Texas Tech University; Michael West, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Stuart Kellogg, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology
university system, and perceptions of who should be in the STEM fields are sometimes hiddenas implicit biases. Research shows that even individuals who deny gender and science stereotypescan still hold those beliefs at an unconscious level [8]. Questions arise such as: What do theybelieve they can do? How does their self-efficacy affect staying in engineering?To change the culture and education experience, Burke [7] recommended best-practice factorssupporting women and minorities in STEM; the listed factors below are directly applicable to thecurriculum and co-curriculum. 1. Create a classroom environment that makes it easy to ask questions. 2. Use group projects that foster cooperative learning. 3. Show how STEM knowledge is used in industry
Conference Session
Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Steve Efe, Morgan State University; Medha Dalal, Arizona State University; Adam Carberry, Arizona State University; David Rogers; Petronella James-Okeke, Morgan State University; Iseunifeoluwa Akinkugbe, Morgan State University; Rachel Figard, North Carolina State University at Raleigh
+FIRST models in Underserved CommunitiesAbstractEfforts to provide pre-college students with engineering or engineering-related experiences are on the risein the United States. These efforts are typically undertaken independently of one another and are often incompetition to garner greater participation. e4usa+FIRST is a first-of-its-kind collaboration between twopre-college engineering/STEM education efforts that aims to break down existing silos between programs.The project was piloted in nine US high schools within underserved areas. The following study examineshigh school teacher’s preparedness to teach a blended offering between engineering and robotics curriculafollowing a summer professional development (PD
Conference Session
Technological and Engineering Literacy - Philosophy of Engineering Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mani Mina, Iowa State University of Science and Technology
disciplines and domains of knowledgeought to work together. The college formally accepted this class, and even some engineeringfaculty kindly supported its inception.The class commenced in Spring 2022 with nearly 40 students in educational levels ranging fromundergraduate to MS and PhD. It is currently in-progress. Students represent a variety ofdisciplines, including Engineering (agriculture and biosystems, mechanical, electrical, software,computer, aerospace, chemical), Architecture, Industrial Design, and others. Interactive andreflective, the projects and activities are conducted in a team-based environment. Students worktogether and challenge each other on assignments, projects, ideations, and discussions. The classenvironment is lively and
Conference Session
Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Frank Bowman, University of North Dakota; Bethany Klemetsrud; Emine Ozturk; Julie Robinson, University of North Dakota
in progress paper describes initial efforts from the first year of a three-year project [1]to help elementary and middle school teachers create and implement culturally relevantengineering design tasks in their classrooms. The teachers within this program teach grades 3-8and work within school districts with a large Native American population, located on or neartribal communities.Implementation of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) [2], requires that K-12teachers integrate engineering design into their curricula so that students see both the intertwinednature of engineering with other disciplines, as well as its implications for solving social andenvironmental issues. This expectation can be challenging for teachers who may feel
Conference Session
Biomedical Engineering Division: Best of Works in Progress
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bryan Ranger, Babcock & Wilcox Company; Avneet Hira, Boston College; Brian Smith, Babcock & Wilcox Company; Xiang Zhang, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Brian Anthony, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
). Moreover,ultrasound machines are typically built as a “black box” – intermediate processes of generatingan image within the device are proprietary and therefore not accessible. Therefore, there is aneed to devise deployable ultrasound hardware that could act as an educational kit forundergraduate engineering courses.Furthermore, there is opportunity to create innovative project-based learning modules that willbe associated with the ultrasound hardware. These modules will touch a variety of fundamentalengineering topics, in an applied manner and leverage active learning principles, which havebeen validated as a preferred teaching practice in the classroom (Freeman et al. 2014). Thehardware and modules will be piloted as part of an upcoming course
Conference Session
WIED: Partnering with and Supporting the WIED Community
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Melanie Villatoro, New York City College of Technology
resources to succeed academically andprofessionally, provides positive role models, and engages participants in community outreach.IntroductionThe U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics reports the employment of architecture and engineeringoccupations is projected to grow 6 percent from 2020 to 2030; with most job growth in this groupfor engineering occupations [1]. Recruitment and retention of women and minorities is criticalto closing the predicted gap in the nation’s STEM workforce. Women make up about one half ofthe population and Hispanics about 19%. More so, the projected number of Hispanics in the UnitedStates is expected to double by 2060 [2]. Representation of these groups is not reflected in theSTEM fields, and we must take action to promote
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jeremy Ernst, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Worldwide; Brenda Brand, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Xiao Zhu, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
development in STEM education to provide evidence-based models that promote engagement, development of cognitive competency sets, and performance-based application abilities of students at-risk.Brenda R. Brand (Professor)Xiao Zhu PhD candidate for Educational Research and Evaluation in the School of Education at Virginia Tech. Graduate research assistant and Project coordinator of HI Bridge to Academia Fellowship Program. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Professional Socialization to Enhance Research and Faculty ReadinessAbstractThe AGEP Alliance Model for Advancing the Faculty Careers of Underrepresented MinoritySTEM
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Irene Prado; Weining Feng, University of Houston - Downtown
IEC 62541 (OPC UA) Part 5 System management DMTF (Redfish) Part 6 Information and exchange models IEC 62714 (AutomationML) IEC 62682 (ISA 18) IEC 61131 IEC 61499 Part 7 Physical platform ‘whitespace’The scope of this project homed in on Part 6, the information and exchange models, specificallythe IEC 61499 standard. The IEC 61499 standard was initially published around 2002 by theInternational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) [2]. This standard targets distributedautomation systems
Conference Session
Biomedical Engineering Division: Integrating Design Across the BioE/BME Curriculum
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alyssa Taylor, University of Washington
documenting our experience integrating a series ofactivities into existing bioengineering courses.We first considered how to effectively integrate this topic into capstone given constraints such astime, other curriculum requirements, and student expectations for a focus on their own projects.We chose an approach that involved an introductory lecture on disability, accessibility, and UDfrom a local expert, follow-up individual reflection, and a team-based assignment that requiredstudents to apply UD concepts to their capstone projects. Based on the success and feedbackfrom seniors regarding the module, we next added a UD module to an Introduction toBioengineering Problem Solving course. Our multi-faceted approach included an overviewlesson, student
Conference Session
Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yilmaz Hatipkarasulu, The University of Texas at San Antonio
injuries with a 13.5 per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers rate [1]. Safety is recognized as an essential part of professionalpractice, and construction education programs take this into account by requiring occupationalsafety classes in their curriculum.Professional accreditation standards include safety as a mandatory part of their student learningoutcomes. For example, the American Council for Construction Education (ACCE) lists “createa construction project safety plan” as one of the higher-level student learning outcomes [2]. Mostconstruction programs address these requirements by creating stand-alone and dedicated coursesaligned with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)’s outreach trainingcontent. Initiated in 1971