Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea Ofori-Boadu, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (CoE); Rabiatu Bonku; Mercy Fash; Jennifer Richmond-Bryant, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Alesia Ferguson

teaching, research, and service. Dr. Ofori-Boadu is a dedicated instructor, advisor, mentor, and role model who has served over 1,500 undergraduate and graduate students. Andrea has received almost $2M from funding agencies to include the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Engineering Information Foundation (EIF), the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB), the National Housing Endowment (NHE), and East Coast Construction Services (ECCS). In 2019, she received her prestigious NSF CAREER grant to construct substantive theories that explain professional identity development processes in undergraduate architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) women in the United States. In 2020, Dr. Ofori-Boadu received a

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary Timko; Natalie Shaheen; Wade Goodridge, Utah State University; Theresa Green, Utah State University - Engineering Education; Daniel Kane, Utah State University

362, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s10798-018-9446-3.[6] Int. J. Technol. Des. Educ., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 957 983, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s10798-017-9428-x.[7] J. Educ. Psychol., vol. 101, no. 4, pp. 817 835, Nov. 2009, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0016127.[8] 2016 American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual Conference and Exposition, New Orleans, LA, Jun. 2016. [Online]. Available: https://peer.asee.org/25942[9] Design of Spatial Ins J. Eng. Educ., vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 151 158, 1997, doi: 10.1002/j.2168-9830.1997.tb00278.x.[10] enhancing the 3-D spatial visualization skills of first

Conference Session

WIED: Partnering with and Supporting the WIED Community

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Delahanty, Bucks County Community College; Jason Silverman, Drexel University

success in the major is evident. In 2017, women comprisedapproximately 20% of engineering graduates, up from 18% in 1997, and 15% never entered theengineering workforce. In 2019, women comprised 48% of the workforce, 34% of the STEMworkforce, and only 16% of practicing engineers, a 3% increase from 2009. In an effort to betterunderstand these disparities, this mixed methods research investigated the creative self-efficacy(CSE) of women engineering majors and their beliefs about creativity in relation to livedexperiences and explores the research question: In what ways do undergraduate womenengineering students describe their creativity and how their lived experiences influenced theirdecision to major in engineering? The researchers investigated

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Fluids, Heat Transfer

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aaron Drenth, US Air Force Academy; George Sidebotham, The Cooper Union; Phillip Cornwell, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Ioan Feier, US Air Force Academy

Teacher award at Rose-Hulman in 2000 and the Rose-Hulman Board of Trustee’s Outstanding Scholar Award in 2001. He was one of the developers of the Rose-Hulman Sophomore Engineering Curriculum, the Dynamics Concept Inventory, and he is a co- author of Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, by Beer, Johnston, Cornwell, and Self. In 2019 Dr. Cornwell received the Archie Higdon Distinguished Educator Award from the Mechanics Division of ASEE.Ioan Feier © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com The Hydrostatic Vacuum Tube: a Low-Cost Thermal Fluid Science LaboratoryAbstractStudents often

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Division Technical Session 7: Library Collaboration

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

D. Boyer, Clemson University; Leah Wiitablake, Clemson University; Yang Wu, Clemson University

such, the project teamhopes to take the experience and lessons from developing these three OER textbooks and applythem to these related subjects. We hope our project will serve as an example for othercollaborative projects to develop OER in engineering.Acknowledgment: This material is based upon work supported by the US Department ofEducation Open Textbooks Pilot Program.Works Cited[1] C. Leachman, and T. Anderson, "Open educational engineering resources: Adoption and developmentby faculty and instructors." 2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, June 2017. Available:https://peer.asee.org/28725[2] J. E. Seaman, and J. Seaman, "Opening the Textbook: Educational Resources in US Higher Education,2017." Babson Survey Research Group, 2017

Conference Session

Remote and Flipped Instruction in Mechanics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rania Al-Hammoud, University of Waterloo; Kylie Chan, University of Waterloo

of an Asian University," International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, vol. 3, 2014.[5] B. Prevella and H. Uzunboylu, "Flipped Learning in Engineering Education," TEM Journal, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 656-661, 2019.[6] A. Karabulut-Ilgu, N. J. Cherrez and C. T. Jahren, "A systematic review of research on the flipped learning method in engineering education," British Journal of Educational Technology, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 398-411, 2017.[7] J. L. Bishop and M. A. Verleger, "The Flipped Classroom: A Survey of the Research," in American Society for Engineering Education, 2013.[8] R. Al-Hammoud, "Molding the Interactive Flipped CLassroom Based on Students' Feedback," in ASEE 124th Annual

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division: Developing Lab and Research Skills for BioE/BME Students

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eileen Haase, The Johns Hopkins University; Natsuki Furukawa, The Johns Hopkins University; Brooke Hardesty, The Johns Hopkins University; Akash Patil, The Johns Hopkins University; Amanda Ruci, The Johns Hopkins University

Paper ID #36635Impact of lab experiences on student knowledge andconfidenceEileen Haase (Senior Lecturer) Eileen Haase is an Associate Teaching Professor and Associate Director of Undergraduate Studies in Biomedical Engineering at Johns Hopkins University. She is also chair of the JHU Applied Biomedical Engineering Master's Program.Natsuki Furukawa I'm a PhD student at Johns Hopkins University majoring in Biomedical Engineering. I obtained my Bachelor's degree (2017) and Masters degree (2019) in pharmaceutical sciences at The University of Tokyo before coming to the US. I had the opportunity to be involved in a

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Siddhant Joshi, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Kirsten Davis, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Lori Czerwionka, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Elisa Camps Troncoso, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Francisco Montalvo

in the context of humanitarian engineering,” J. Eng. Educ., vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 243–261, 2020, doi: 10.1002/jee.20307.[3] K. E. Dugan, E. A. Mosyjowski, S. R. Daly, and L. R. Lattuca, “Systems Thinking Assessments: Approaches That Examine Engagement in Systems Thinking,” presented at the 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access, Jul. 2021. Accessed: Aug. 30, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://peer.asee.org/systems-thinking-assessments-approaches- that-examine-engagement-in-systems-thinking[4] M. D. Bedillion, K. H. Muci-Kuchler, C. M. Birrenkott, M. Lovett, and L. O. Pottmeyer, “A Combined Online Learning / In-Class Activity Approach to Teach Systems Thinking and Systems Engineering Skills to

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Baukal, John Zink Hamworthy Combustion; Linda Thurman, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Carter Stokeld

ASEE skills gap survey found that project management was one of the skills thatstudents felt least prepared for after completing their undergraduate degrees [3]. In a survey ofrecent engineering graduates, two-thirds did not realize how much of their work included projectmanagement [6]. Interestingly, many did not consider project management to be “realengineering”.In a survey of 41 undergraduate and graduate engineering students, 93% believe that goodproject management skills are very important for the engineering profession [7]. However, thosesame respondents rated the quality of their education in project management was not very high.This is not surprising as the only real opportunity for most students to use project management isin their

Conference Session

ERM: Conceptualizations of Engineering and Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Heywood, Trinity College Dublin

Paper ID #36520Culture and the development of a unique sub-system for theeducation of engineers for industry in the U.K.: A historicalstudy. Part 1. The culture.John Heywood (Professor Emeritus) John Heywood completed 60 years of membership with ASEE in June. His first paper to ERM was in 1973. He has some 190 authored and co-authored publications including 6 books on aspects of engineering education. His "Engineering Education. Research and Development in Curriculum and Instruction" received the best research publication award from the Division for the Professions of the American Educational research Association" . His

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Design and Labs

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manish Paliwal, The College of New Jersey; Bijan Sepahpour, The College of New Jersey

Engineering and the Department of Sociology for assessment of the Professional Formation of Engineers (PFE). Professor Sepahpour did his undergraduate studies at TCNJ and has advanced degrees from New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT). He is the recipient of two (2) Best Paper Awards from the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Divisions of Mechanical Engineering (ME) and Experimentation and Laboratory Oriented Studies (DELOS). He has served as the Chair of the Divisions of ME and DELOS of the ASEE. Prof. Sepahpour is an active member of American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and ASEE and has published and presented extensively through these societies. © American Society

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Djedjiga Belfadel, Fairfield University; Elif Kongar, Fairfield University; John Drazan, Fairfield University; Isaac Macwan, Fairfield University; Michael Zabinski

. Putting the Pieces Together: Linking Learning Outcomes, Assessment, and Curriculum.Center for Academic Excellence: Summer Institute on Integrative Learning. Fairfield University. 7[11] D. Belfadel, R. Munden, M. Arambulo, M. Zabinksi, and James Cavallo. Use of the ArduinoPlatform in Fundamentals of Engineering. ASEE: Annual Conference and Exposition, Tampa, Florida.June 2019.[12] Daniel Raviv. Hands-on Activities for Innovative Problem Solving. Proceedings of the 2004American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition.[13] M. Eodice, A.E. Geller, and N. Lerner, The Meaningful Writing Project. Logan, UT: Utah StateUniv. Press, 2017

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 6: Monitoring, Evaluating and Research

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Dang, Purdue Engineering Education; Kirsten Davis, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Brent Jesiek, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Nagel, James Madison University; Melissa Aleman, James Madison University; Kelly Sadel

. Benitz, L. Yang, “Adapting a community engagement project in engineering and education to remote learning in the era of Covid-19,” Advances in Engineering Education, vol. 8, no. 4. p. 1 – 8, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://advances.asee.org/wp-content/uploads/COVID%2019%20Issue/Text/AEE- COVID-19-Benitz.pdf [12] J. Tsen, “The effects of Covid-19 on mechanical engineering senior capstone design student self-efficacy and projects,” in 2021 ASEE Virtual Ann. Con., 2021. [Online]. Available: https://peer.asee.org/37857 [13] B. A. Harris, “The importance of creating a ‘sense of community’,” Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 83 – 105, May 2006. [Online

Conference Session

ERM: Let's Talk about Tests! (Tests Part 1)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Delson, University of California, San Diego; Saharnaz Baghdadchi, University of California, San Diego; Maziar Ghazinejad, University of California, San Diego; Marko Lubarda, University of California, San Diego; Mia Minnes, University of California, San Diego; Alex Phan, University of California, San Diego; Curt Schurgers, University of California, San Diego; Huihui Qi, University of California, San Diego

Conference Session

ERM: ERM Medley Session!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Khairiyah Mohd-Yusof, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Nur Shahira Samsuri; Maizam Alias; Akbariah Ary Mohd Mahdzir, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

-course data was used to check the instrument validity andreliability. The post-test data was compared with pre-test data to study whether students haveincreased agreement on the items after they had undergone the course. The respondent of this study is 30 first-year engineering students enrolled in the ITE coursein that semester. According to Wright and Tennant (1996) as cited in Talib et al. (2019) [28],a minimum of 30 students is sufficient to evaluate the item's quality. Meanwhile, in MichaelLinacre’s guideline, the items calibration or person measures are stable within ± 1 logit, at theconfidence level of 99%, the minimum size for most purposes for polytomies using Likert-scales items can be from 27 students [29]. In addition, Creswell as

Conference Session

Intersections of Identity and Student Experiences: Equity, Culture & Social Justice Technical Session 10

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jerry Yang, Stanford University; Crystal Nattoo

, equity, and inclusion issues in engineering higher education; the intersections of sociology, feminist, and queer theory and their applications to diversity/equity/inclusion issues in engineering; and mixed-methods study designs for conducting education research.Crystal Alicia Nattoo Crystal Nattoo (she/her) is a first-generation college student from South Florida. She graduated with her bachelors from the University of Miami in 2019 as an Electrical Engineering (EE) major and Graphic Design minor. She then received her EE M.S. degree at Stanford University in 2021, and is currently continuing in the EE Ph.D program. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022

Conference Session

LEES 6: Writing & Communication

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheila Gobes-Ryan, University of South Florida; Kingsley Reeves, University of South Florida; Elizabeth Vicario, University of South Florida; Walter Silva Sotillo, University of South Florida; Victor Ventor, University of South Florida; Ardis Hanson

assignment Review Workshop No stakes Small groups compare their content approach for writing and data use in that writing Final Assignment High stakes Students must communicate effectively about data they have interpreted within the context of a specific communication to an assigned audience for a designated purposeThe Enhanced General Education assessment implemented in the fall of 2019 focused us on thegeneral and specific objectives of information and data literacy, as well as on what students needto be able to communicate in this area. The generality of the

Conference Session

ECE Division Technical Session 8: Effective Teaching and Learning in Post-Pandemic Classrooms and Other Curricular Innovations

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tyler Gamvrelis, University of Toronto; Hamid Timorabadi, University of Toronto

discussion, there are many possible explanations related to the social factors ofthe learning environment. Table 1. Piazza Participation Semester Online? Number of Posts Number of Contributions Fall 2019 No 131 401 Fall 2020 Yes 385 1287 Winter 2021 Yes 295 1046 Fall 2021 No 257 944Besides creating challenges for student interactions, the online environment also demandedadjustments to administrative processes and coordination among the teaching team. For

Conference Session

ERM: Persistence and Attrition in Engineering

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyeonghun Jwa, Pennsylvania State University; Catherine Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University

, 2019, p. 12.[8] I. M. Hasbun, H. M. Matusovich, and S. G. Adams, “The dissertation Institute: Motivating doctoral engineering students toward degree completion,” in IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, 2016, vol. 2016-Novem, p. American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), doi: 10.1109/FIE.2016.7757508.[9] R. L. Kajfez and H. M. Matusovich, “Competence, Autonomy, and Relatedness as Motivators of Graduate Teaching Assistants,” J. Eng. Educ., vol. 106, no. 2, pp. 245–272, 2017, doi: 10.1002/jee.20167.[10] C. G. P. Berdanier, A. Tally, B. Ahn, and M. F. Cox, “Aligning engineering education with disciplinary expectations: A strategic blueprint for doctoral competency assessment,” Int. J

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Online Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea Gregg, Pennsylvania State University; Jacqueline O'Connor, Pennsylvania State University

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratory and SoC Developments

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea Schuman, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Lisa McNair, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Thomas Martin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Justin Kleiber, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marian Kennedy, Clemson University; Christopher Kitchens, Clemson University; Joseph Santaniello; Spencer Davenport, Clemson University; Kaitlynn Conway, Clemson University; William Ferriell, Clemson University

students who wouldparticipate in the classes with the fellows.Fellow Course Delivery Changed: The SPECTRA program was initiated (Fall 2019) just priorto the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning Spring 2020). As outlined by other groups (Washburnand Bragg 2022), the educational experience of students was impacted by stay-at-home orders.In South Carolina, this change started on March 16th when Governor McMaster announced theclosing of all schools in South Carolina through the end of the month including all universities,colleges, and technical colleges. This meant that much of the programming and interaction withthe fellows and scholars within this program became virtual that year. Scholars in the programreported difficulties transitioning to the online

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Rabb, The Citadel; Nahid Vesali, The Citadel

management program,” Journal of Information Technology in Construction (ITcon), 21(13), 188-203, 2016.[5] R. Palomera-Arias, R. and R. Liu, “Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Systems in Construction Management: A Literature Review of Existing MEP Textbooks,” in 2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition (pp. 26-1143).[6] S. Caudron, "Can Generation Xers be Trained?" Training and Development, 3, 20-24, 1997.[7] A.W. Chickering and Z.F. Gamson, “Applying the Seven Principle for Good Practice in Undergraduate Education”, AAHE bulletin 3, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, p7, 1987.[8] B. Swartz, S. Velegol, and J. Laman, “Three Approaches to Flipping CE Courses: Faculty Perspectives and Suggestions

Conference Session

WIED: Community

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharon Mason; Margaret Bailey, Rochester Institute of Technology (CET); Carol Marchetti, Rochester Institute of Technology (CET); Elizabeth Dell, Rochester Institute of Technology (CET); Maureen Valentine, Rochester Institute of Technology (CET)

“striving” university. O’Meara [3] defines this as “the pursuit of prestigewithin the academic hierarchy.” At striving universities the expected research activity at tenureand promotion continues to increase. Thus faculty submit an increasing number of externalfunding proposals for grants, fellowships and awards. Reflecting University X’s increasedemphasis on research activities, in 2019 the university achieved the classification of “highresearch activity institution” or “R2” under the updated Carnegie Classification of Institutions ofHigher Learning. In 2021, the university achieved a new record in terms of the cumulative valueand number of proposals submitted [4]. Wolf-Wendel and Ward [5] noted that the nature of astriving university can be

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Boshra Karimi, Northern Kentucky University; Mahdi Yazdanpour, Northern Kentucky University; Sean Foley, Northern Kentucky University

-related work, and recruitingof skilled workers. Additional safety measures were applied on jobsites including requiring facialmasks, social distancing, and the staggering of operations [8].Even after about two years since the pandemic started, 89% of contractors are struggling to hirecraft workers, 88% of them are being impacted by delays in their projects, and 93% are sufferingfrom rising materials prices. This problem worsened when more than one-third of contractorscould not be compensated by the owners for the cost difference [9].Although the pandemic had positive impacts on some sectors of industry and home sales increasedby 24.7% in September 2020, it may take more than five years until all industry sectors can returnto the 2019 contribution

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Student Growth

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seyed-Arman Ghaffari-Zadeh, Carnegie Mellon University; Gerald Wang, Carnegie Mellon University

Carnegie Mellon University. He received his BS in 2013 from Yale University (Mechanical Engineering, Mathematics and Physics), SM in 2015 from MIT (Mechanical Engineering), and PhD in 2019 from MIT (Mechanical Engineering and Computation). He performed postdoctoral research at MIT in Chemical Engineering. He was a member of the inaugural cohort of the Provost’s Inclusive Teaching Fellowship at CMU, was the 2020 recipient of the Frederick A. Howes Scholar Award in Computational Science and the 2016 MIT Graduate Teaching Award in the School of Engineering, and is an alumnus of the Department of Energy Computational Science Graduate Fellowship and the Tau Beta Pi Graduate Fellowship. Wang directs the Mechanics of Materials via

Conference Session

Disability, Neurodivergence, and Sense of Belonging in STEM: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chartrisa Simpson, Mississippi State University; Aileen Huang-Saad, Northeastern University; Cheryl Gomillion, University of Georgia; Kasia Gallo, Mississippi State University

belonging in ethnic, socioeconomic, and other minority groups(Hausmann, Schofield, and Woods, 2007; Morrow and Ackerman, 2012; Jury, Aelenei, et al,2019). These studies, including those that investigated sense of belonging in online learning,typically do not include external pressures on a student as a factor in determining their sense ofbelonging. This study is focused on the relationship between the “digital divide,” or the disparitiesin physical access to and use of technology, and sense of belonging for students caused by theCOVID-19 pandemic.Research QuestionsBoth concepts of digital divide and sense of belonging, though well studied, presented newchallenges in the face of online learning during a pandemic, particularly for at-risk students

Conference Session

Statics Fanatics 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adam Powell, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Kimberly Lechasseur, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Sarah Wodin-Schwartz, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

we drive toward 100% renewables. The primary tool for achieving these goals is mathematical modeling of metal processes, particularly electrochemical processes, validated by key experiments. I currently teach Materials Processing, Analytical Methods, and Statics. All of my classes use tests with two sittings, a practice which appears to improve learning outcomes via peer learning between the two sittings, as described by a paper at ASEE 2022. And drawing from 50 years of project based learning scholarship at WPI, most of my classes include a team project, though I haven't yet figured out how to scale this to classes larger than 50 students.Kimberly Lechasseur (Research & Evaluation Associate) Kimberly LeChasseur

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tim Foutz, University of Georgia; AnnaMarie Conner; Jenna Menke, University of Georgia; Joanna Schneider, University of Georgia; James Drimalla, University of Georgia; Aida Alibek, University of Georgia; Lorraine Franco; Shaffiq Welji, University of Georgia; Barbara Crawford

course in the spring semester of 2019. The research team followed ten of these teachers as the teachers implemented the CALCconcept. Implementation occurred in the fall semester after the teacher completed the CALCcourse. Each teacher chose and designed the lessons involving CALC. So, the lessons includedcoding within mathematics, science, literacy, and social studies topics. Members of the researchteam visited each of the ten teachers two to three times during the semester and recorded how theteachers implemented the CALC concept in these different lessons. The data collected includedvideo and audio recordings of the teachers and students engaging in the lesson. After data collection, the research team viewed each recording and identified