Conference Session

Critical Thinking and Creative Arts

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beth Todd, University of Alabama; Garry Warren, University of Alabama; Susan Burkett, University of Alabama; David Cordes, University of Alabama; Marcus Brown, University of Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

-module score of 3.7 to apost module score of 4.3 on a 5-point Likert scale. Another approach has been to combine studyof contemporary issues and ethics through case studies.14,15 Authors discussed the challenges ofteaching a truly contemporary ethical case study, where new information became available everyday. Needy introduces students to the impact of contemporary issues on project management byincluding articles from the Wall Street Journal, Business Week, and the local paper as discussiontopics in her engineering management course.16ImplementationPrior to starting the actual meetings each semester, it is necessary to identify a time and locationfor the meetings and to publicize these events. Setting the time for the meeting is

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Bahr, Washington State University

senior retention inengineering fluctuates year by year between 45% and 48%. As noted in the literature2, theindependent aspect of research in STEM fields is often a capstone, held until the end of thecurriculum as a culminating experience. However, it has been found that the retention rate ofstudents in STEM increases with participation in undergraduate research; at WSU we have foundthat retention rates can double for students participating in research activities3. Undergraduateresearch is regularly noted in the National Survey of Student Engagement as a significant way toimprove student learning4. Thus, undergraduate research programs, including those thatincorporate coursework and/or peer mentorship, should increase student engagement

Conference Session

Educational Research

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Christine Kelly, Oregon State University; Philip Harding, Oregon State University; Edith Gummer, Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

processes of the project. She has been faculty in science and mathematics education quantitative and qualitative research design courses at the doctoral level. She has been involved in the development of innovative mathematics curricular activities and formative assessment in mathematics problem solving. Page 14.347.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Comparison of Student Perceptions of Virtual and Physical LaboratoriesKey words: metacognition, experimental design, virtual laboratoryAbstractThis paper presents an analysis of student survey responses after completion of three differentlaboratories, two

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rick Williams, East Carolina University; Stacy Klein-Gardner; Loren Limberis; Stephanie Sullivan, East Carolina University

Page 14.408.24000), Bioprocess Separation Engineering (BIOE 4010), Bioprocess Plant Design, andSimulation and Analysis (BIOE 4020). The bioprocess engineering concentration courses are inaddition to the two semester capstone design sequence that will also have some bioprocessrelated component. The faculty of ECU’s engineering program are encouraged to pursue novel approachesto engineering education. The newly created concentration in bioprocess engineering providesan excellent opportunity to develop and implement a novel curriculum based upon provenpedagogical approaches designed to engage the students and improve their mastery of concepts.The objectives of this project are: 1. Utilize proven techniques to develop nine

Conference Session

Best Practices in K-12 Engineering Panel

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stacy Klein-Gardner; Michele Dischino; Manjit Khosla, HALS Academy; Patrick Foster, Central Connecticut State University; Carol Shields, Stevens Institute of Technology; Dan Fagan, Wallace Primary School; Martha Cyr, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; John Staley, Doherty Memorial High School

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

production), Management and Entrepreneurship Skills,and career pathways. The Electronics Vocational Framework requires a detailed analysis intoanalog and digital circuitry. Several courses rely on the Drafting Vocational Framework,focusing on computer aided design (Autodesk Inventor, AutoCAD), analyzing blueprints,dimensioning, and creating 2 and 3 dimensional models.In the senior year capstone course, one of the major objectives is to integrate advancedmathematics and science into the engineering and technology education. The governingvocational document for this course requires a large number of embedded academic (i.e. mathand science) skills within the vocational standards. In order to accomplish this, the classcompletes a project analyzing

Conference Session

New Trends in CHE Education I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrienne Minerick, Mississippi State University; Keisha Walters, Mississippi State University; Bill Elmore, Mississippi State University; Rebecca Toghiani, Mississippi State University; Rafael Hernandez; Priscilla Hill, Mississippi State University; Hossein Toghiani, Mississippi State University; Todd French, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Polymeric and Multicomponent Materials courses. Her funding includes NSF and DOE and she received the Ralph E. Powe Junior Faculty Enhancement Award in 2006. Central to her research in polymer and surface engineering is the design and synthesis of molecules with well-defined chemical functionality and molecular architecture with current projects on stimuli-responsive and biomass-based polymeric materials.Bill Elmore, Mississippi State University Bill Elmore, Ph.D., P.E., is Associate Professor and Hunter Henry Chair, Mississippi State University. His teaching areas include the integrated freshman engineering and courses throughout the chemical engineering curriculum including unit operations

Conference Session

BME Curriculum Development

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sonya Seif-Naraghi, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

the model that Purdue has, short trips might be the best way to begin. Two to fourweeks would be a good start for a small group of bioengineering students to travel toanother country and interact with students there. A good example of this type of trip is aninitiative in the aerospace engineering department at Arizona State Univerisity – studentsfrom ASU collaborate with students from ITESM’s Monterrey campus to complete theirSenior Design projects. They communicate via teleconference and email throughout theyear and then spend three weeks together to assemble and present their completedproject. If relationships such as this could be initiated for the other disciplines, thatwould beneficial; the potential for positive cultural and

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics V

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tammy VanDeGrift, University of Portland; Donald Chinn, University of Washington, Tacoma

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

were, she said that she wanted to be a part of acompany that contributes to society, either as a developer or as a manager. When asked by the developers technical questions, she demonstrated that she could design andwrite simple code (design of a tic-tac-toe game, and how to determine whether some has won in a gameof tic-tac-toe). When asked to write Quicksort, she had trouble at first, but she eventually got it right.Had trouble remembering when it might be more appropriate to use a hash table than a binary searchtree. When asked what courses she took for electives, she said she took the database course, thenetworks course, the digital media course, the entrepreneurial course, and a capstone project where sheimplemented a

Conference Session

Issues and Direction in ET Education and Administration: Part II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Enrique Barbieri, University of Houston; Wajiha Shireen, University of Houston; Farrokh Attarzadeh, University of Houston; Raresh Pascali, University of Houston; Miguel Ramos, University of Houston; William Fitzgibbon, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

in Electrical Engineering from Texas A&M University. She joined the University of Houston in 1993 where she is a full Professor of Engineering Technology and Electrical and Computer Engineering. She is an IEEE Senior member and is actively involved in teaching, research and consulting in the area of power electronics, motor drives, power quality and clean power utility interface issues.Farrokh Attarzadeh, University of Houston Dr. Attarzadeh is an associate professor of Engineering Technology. He teaches software programming, digital logic, and is in charge of the senior project course in the Compute Engineering Technology Program. He is a member of ASEE and serves as Associated Editor for

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Forsberg, Hofstra University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

five of the lab experiments in the course. In light of Page 14.1306.7the very positive results, it is planned to extend the KSB approach to the otherexperiments in the course and ultimately to other courses (e. g., capstone design courses).Bibliography1. MSTP Project: Mathematics Across the Middle School MST Curriculum. Retrieved fromwww.hofstra.edu/mstp on March 5, 2009.2. Hunter, Margaret A. and Forsberg, Charles H.; Experiences of Engineering University Faculty in aMiddle School Math, Science and Technology Partnership (MSTP), Proceedings of the ASEE Mid-AtlanticSpring 2005 Conference; April 15 & 16, 2005; Fairleigh Dickinson University

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Course Innovation

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Rabb, United States Military Academy; Andrew Biaglow, United States Military Academy; David Chang, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

science and 1.0 credit hour to engineering design. Thecourse builds upon the foundations from the basic engineering mechanics course in statics anddynamics, and the basic electrical engineering course covering electrical circuits andcomponents. The course provides the background, experience, and fundamental designknowledge to complete capstone design projects requiring dynamic modeling and controlexpertise. The course is multidisciplinary and is conducted as a joint offering with theDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and the Department of Civil andMechanical Engineering.The course provides an overview of classical control theory as the foundation for controlapplications in electrical, mechanical, chemical and aeronautical

Conference Session

History of Aerospace Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Eberhardt, Boeing Company; Lee Jonathan, Boeing Company; Adam Bruckner, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

work with Bill Boeingon the wind tunnel project, Millerresigned from the University in thesummer of 1917 to become ChiefEngineer at the newly renamed BoeingAirplane Company.6 Concurrent with this turn ofevents, the Mechanical Engineering Fig. 2 The Boeing Wind Tunnel at the University ofdepartment began a search for a new Washington (c.1918). Clairmont Egtvedt isfaculty member to implement and third from left. This facility is still in use butinstruct a complete aeronautics with a modern 3’x3’ wind tunnel inside.curriculum. This search led to thehiring of Frank McKone for the 1917-1918 academic year. The curriculum that McKoneorganized

Conference Session

Successful Mentoring and Outreach Programs for Girls and Minorities

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anant Kukreti, University of Cincinnati; Kenneth Simonson, University of Cincinnati; Latiera Evans, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

of the program by the doctoral Fellows participating in the NSFGraduate K-12 Fellows STEP (Science and Technology Expansion Project)grant in which the students and their parents were given a set of materials tobe used to design and build a tower that need to be a minimum of 5 or moreinches tall with a platform to hold a paper cup. Thus this project served asthe capstone experience. A fixed time limit for designing and constructingwas specified. The objective was to see which tower could hold the mostpennies. Figure 2 shows a Fellow testing one of the towers. The judgingparameters used by the STEP Fellows were: correct height of the tower, Figure 2. STEP Fellow

Conference Session

Design Cognition

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Jensen, United States Air Force Academy; Jason Weaver, University of Texas, Austin; Kristin Wood, University of Texas, Austin; Julie Linsey, Texas A&M University; John Wood, United States Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

to improve engineering education. techniques to enhance creativity in the design process and also techniques to improve engineering education.John Wood, United States Air Force Academy DR. JOHN J. WOOD is an Associate Professor of Engineering Mechanics at the United States Air Force Academy. He completed his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering at Colorado State University and is a retired Air Force officer. The current focus of Dr. Wood’s research includes the pioneering development of micro air vehicle systems using innovative conceptual design techniques for current technology implementations, as well as futuristic projections, applied in the framework of a senior capstone design course. Other

Conference Session

Professional Issues in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

E James Nelson, Brigham Young University; Gus Williams, Brigham Young University; Paul Richards, Brigham Young University; Grant Schultz, Brigham Young University; Travis Wight, Brigham Young University; Jeff Armstrong, Armstrong Forensic

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

haveconsequences that the civil engineering profession may not have fully considered and addressed.One of the main topics raised in the comments is the potential impact that the additionaleducation requirement will have on the projected shortage of engineers. These commentspresent the thought that this change may exacerbate the issue by making a Civil Engineeringdegree less attractive to students. These comments also suggest that the proposed change couldlower the average salary of a Civil Engineering graduate, rather than raise it.The comments from academic leaders who responded to the survey include the followingthoughts related to recruiting and training future engineers (items in brackets were added): “In my capstone design class of >90

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Plumley, United States Coast Guard Academy; Andrew Foley, United States Coast Guard Academy; Earnest Greene, US Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2009-1673: PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION UNITS, USING COMMONCOMPONENTS, FOR AN INTRODUCTORY THERMODYNAMICS COURSEMichael Plumley, United States Coast Guard Academy LCDR Michael Plumley is an Assistant Professor, and 1998 graduate, of the Mechanical Engineering program at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy. He has served as coordinator for a variety of courses, including Capstone Design, Machine Design, Mechanisms, Heat Transfer, and Modeling and Control of Dynamic Systems. He holds Master of Science degrees in both Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and he is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Connecticut

Conference Session

Outreach and Hands-on Materials

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Magda, Weber State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

AC 2009-1685: HANDS-ON LAB DEMONSTRATION TO TEACH HOWMECHANICAL PROPERTIES CHANGE DUE TO COLD WORKING ANDRECRYSTALLIZATIONDaniel Magda, Weber State University Page 14.663.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Hands on Lab Demonstration to Teach how Mechanical Properties Change Due to Cold Working and RecrystallizationAbstractLaboratories that employ hands-on demonstration to change material properties play animportant role in understanding why materials are selected for different design specifications.Engineering students take courses in mechanics of material, machine design, finite elementanalysis and capstone senior projects. These courses require

Conference Session

IT-based Instructional Technologies

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

Based UnitsIntel Education informs that:Authentic project work puts students in the driver's seat of their own learning. Itis important that instructors take advantage of curriculum developed by teachersin a large collection of Unit Plans that integrate technology. Models ofmeaningful classroom projects that integrate instruction in thinking skills alongwith tools and strategies for developing one’s own exemplary technology-supported learning are always encouraged. They focus on three areas:1. It is important to learn how project-based units can effectively engage students in meaningful work and promote higher-order thinking.2. It is necessary to see how questions and ongoing assessment keep project work focused on important learning goals

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eugene Ressler, United States Military Academy; Michael Miller, United States Military Academy; Christa Chewar, United States Military Academy; Jean Blair, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

addition to engineering education, his research interests include simulation and software engineering.Christa Chewar, United States Military Academy Dr. Christa Chewar is an Army Major and an Assistant Professor in the computer science program of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the United States Military Academy, currently serving as an engineer on a major software project in Virginia. Her research interests include human-computer interfaces in addition to engineering and computer science education.Jean Blair, United States Military Academy Dr. Jean Blair is a Professor of Computer Science and director of the computer science program of the Department

Conference Session

Attitudes, Self-Confidence, and Self-Efficacy of Women Engineering Students

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

. 1999. Refinement of a Community Service Attitude Scale. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southwest Educational Research Association. 35 pp.18. Wilde, Douglass J. 2004. Team Creativity. Education that Works: The NCIIA 8th Annual Meeting. March 18- 20. p. 77-80.19. Wilde, Douglass J. 2007. Team Dynamics Panel, Handouts. National Capstone Design Course Conference. June 13-15, Boulder, CO.20. Bielefeldt, A.R. 2007. Community Service Attitudes of First-Year Students and Senior Students Working on Service Learning Design Projects. Association for Environmental Engineering and Science Professors (AEESP) Biennial Conference - Interactions at the Interface: Making the Connections Between Environments, Disciplines and

Conference Session

BME Laboratory Courses and Experiences

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy Allen, University of Virginia; Jeffrey Saucerman, University of Virginia; Jason Papin, University of Virginia; Shayn Peirce-Cottler, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

Capstone project involve computational systems modeling and/or analysis? Rate your answer on a scale of 1-5 (5 being extensive, 1 being none). 16. How do you feel that your ability to build and/or validate computational models has changed since last August? Rate your answer on a scale of 1-5 (5 being greatly improved, 1 being gotten much worse).For the results presented questions 10-14, 125 corresponds to “very low preference” to “veryhigh preference” for a job involving the skill in question. (All other scores are as indicated onthe survey questions.) Table 1 below summarizes the weighted averages of the scores for all 14questions in Round 1 and all 16 questions in Round 2 of the survey. In both surveys, the resultswere split

Conference Session

Knowing Our Students, Faculty, and Profession

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brent Jesiek, Purdue University; Maura Borrego, Virginia Tech; Kacey Beddoes, Virginia Tech; Miguel Hurtado, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

-organizer of Virginia Tech’s Research in Engineering Studies (RES) group.Miguel Hurtado, Purdue University Miguel Hurtado is Ph.D. Candidate in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue University. He holds a B.S. in EE from Universidad de las Américas, Puebla, M.S. in Signal-Image Processing from ENST - Télécom Paris, M.S. in Aeronautics and Astronautics and M.S. in Management, both from MIT. His research is focused on statistical methods for sensor fusion in automotive applications (Fisherian and Bayesian approaches), project management, and lean enterprise. He is also interested in engineering education perspectives in social and global context

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Education: Assessment and Integrating Entrepreneurship into the Curriculum

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Borchers, Kettering University; Sung Hee Park, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

these events show significant interest in topics including engineeringand scientific innovation and projects in the developing world and environmental sustainability. Page 14.1289.2 This article explores entrepreneurship in the context of Kettering University, a small,private engineering focused university in Flint, MI. A large corporation originally owned theinstitution before it became private in 1982. The institution employs a co-operative model ofengineering education with students completing alternate terms of work and study. Currently,the university works with over 600 co-operative employers that employ its students. During thistime

Conference Session

Liberal Education and Leadership

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Hanson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Julia Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

AC 2009-1676: DEVELOPING STUDENTS' ABILITIES IN TECHNICALLEADERSHIP: THE ROSE-HULMAN LEADERSHIP ACADEMYJames Hanson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology James Hanson is an Associate Professor of Civil Engineering at Rose-Hulman where he has been teaching since 2002. Among the courses he teaches is the capstone design course where he mentors team leaders. He has received several teaching awards including the ASEE Illinois-Indiana Section Outstanding Teaching Award and the ASEE Outstanding New Mechanics Educator Award. He has four years experience as a US Army officer where he led combat ready units. Recently he helped initiate the Rose-Hulman Leadership Academy.Julia Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute

Conference Session

Design Cognition

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohamed El-Sayed, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Page 14.547.2among engineers and researchers there has not been an in depth study for the relationshipbetween realization and design. By using the word realization, in product realization, to meanbeing in physical reality through production the contribution of design and its relation torealization is usually lost. To understand this relationship in depth, however, it is important tounderstand what the term realization actually means. Webster's Dictionary describes some of theuse of the verb to realize as [1]: to make real; to convert from the imaginary or fictitious into theactual; to bring into concrete existence; to accomplish; as, to realize a scheme or project. Anothersource [2], reflecting the current use of word, defines realization as

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Anderson-Rowland, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

following examples: • Why can’t review solutions be posted on line? (They are.) I would only take a picture with a digital camera then print it anyway. • Page 14.825.10 Is there a reason that the quizzes are worth more than the tests or the capstone project? • How can I see the readings as more of a simple task than an obstacle? The text is very dry, so I seem to become impatient with it…. • Is there going to be an opportunity to earn extra points? • How can I use this information to help me with my major/I think that you already answered that question. • What will the final be? (How long, format

Conference Session

Marketing Engineering as a Career Path to URMs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Lambright, Savannah State University; Wayne Johnson, Armstrong Atlantic State University; Cameron Coates, Armstrong Atlantic State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

scenarios. Hands-on activities such as community service projects canalso be employed. Self-reflection activities again consist of journaling.Tenth grade students will be introduced to self-regulated learning concepts to bolster strong workethic principles. The first step will be to assess their level of readiness to become self-regulatedlearners. This will be accomplished using Guglielmino’s Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale(SDLRS) 14. This tool has been used previously in many studies including work by Litzinger etal. to assess the impact of capstone design courses on students’ readiness for SDL 15. Page 14.265.7Next the students would be

Conference Session

Beneficial Case Studies in AEC Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Mitchell, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

 process    Design in its many facets is the heart of the Architectural Engineering  AE  profession    All the tools of mathematics  the sciences  communication  and the varied analytic methods of the disciplines in which our students specialize are chosen to support and enhance the design process and product    (ow we teach design for Architectural Engineers is the subject of a year long study that ) ve undertaken as a sabbatical project   )n the literature there are many papers addressing specific aspects of design classes  particularly freshman and capstone design  as well as some looking at the entire curriculum   There is also a vast literature about general engineering design  addressing everything from the latest theories in the learning

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anant Kukreti, University of Cincinnati; Kenneth Simonson, University of Cincinnati; Kathleen Johnson, University of Cincinnati; Latiera Evans, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

EVANS is a Post Doctoral Fellow and Research Associate in the Evaluation Services center, College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Ohio, USA. Page 14.80.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 A NSF-Supported S-STEM Scholarship Program for Recruitment and Retention of Underrepresented Ethnic and Women Students in Engineering AbstractThis paper describes a scholarship project, funded by the National Science Foundation’s S-STEM Program, to enhance recruitment of underrepresented

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacquelyn Kelly, Arizona State University; James Corkins, Arizona State University; Dale Baker, Arizona State University; Amaneh Tasooji, Arizona State University; Stephen Krause, Arizona State University

State University Stephen J. Krause is Professor in the School of Materials in the Fulton School of Engineering at Arizona State University. He teaches in the areas of bridging engineering and education, design and selection of materials, general materials engineering, polymer science, and characterization of materials. His research interests are in innovative education in engineering and K-12 engineering outreach. He has been working on Project Pathways, an NSF supported Math Science Partnership, in developing modules for Physics and Chemistry and also a course on Engineering Capstone Design. He has also co-developed a Materials Concept Inventory for assessing fundamental knowledge of