Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy C. Bradshaw, University of Oklahoma; Zahed Siddique, University of Oklahoma; Patricia Lea Hardre, University of Oklahoma; Farrokh Mistree, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

2020 [13 and 14]. The key message gleaned is that engineering education has toadapt to the challenges of the future.  For engineering education to adapt for the challenges of the future, curricular changes are needed –but those must be part of a larger systemic change in the organizational culture of engineeringeducation. Faculty are the critical component in achieving the necessary systemic transformation.Facilitating the development of desired skills, dispositions, and reflective habits of mind within ourstudent populations requires a critical mass of faculty able and eager to embody and enact thesedesired characteristics. How can we assist faculty to be vital stakeholders in the cultural shift weseek within engineering education, a shift

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Nicholas van Bloemen Waanders, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, Mechanical Engineering; Andrew Kean, California Polytechnic State University; Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

% error off of the measured value while the remaining groups average a 36% error. Asimilar trend is seen with those groups that include an atmospheric condition state in their model,with a 15% error in those that do and a 41% error with those that do not. This provides insight intothe successful methods of solving this MEA and what possible concepts the students are missing.Another method of assessing the MEA is a long reflection tool that allows the students to thinkabout what they learned and record the troubles and successes that they experienced. From thespring to the summer the students indicated in the reflection that they learned very similarconcepts; 63% of the students indicated that they learned about modeling a polytropic process

Conference Session

Mechatronics in the Curriculum

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yunfeng Wang, College of New Jersey; Christopher Ault, College of New Jersey; Teresa Marrin Nakra, College of New Jersey; Andrea Salgian, College of New Jersey; Meredith K. Stone, Independent Evaluator

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

authors). Throughout the semester we worked with an independentevaluator to develop and administer student surveys and interviews. Students were asked to keepa reflection journal. The detailed information on course model and implementation are describedin our paper published in the 2010 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition11. A few highlightson course structure and enrollments are listed as follows:Course ObjectivesEnrolled students have different backgrounds, concentrations and goals. We establishedindividual course objectives for each major based on their disciplinary background, as well ascommon course objectives for all students.AssignmentsThere are graded individual homework assignments and graded teamwork assignments. Thegraded individual

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Firas Akasheh, Tuskegee University; Denny C. Davis, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

order to measure the enhanced learning resulting from the experimentalhomework approaches, samples of previous year’s exams are given to the students and theperformance of the study group is compared to that of the previous year’s classes. Furthermore,student reflections on those approaches compared to the traditional common homework style arecollected and analyzed by an independent evaluator to document the impacts of homeworkinnovations.IntroductionHomework is defined as instructor-initiated work to be completed by students outside theclassroom1, 2. It is well-known that homework has become a time-honored widespread learningtool used by instructors, at all educational levels, to improved student learning and achievement.Although homework was

Conference Session

Why Industry Says that our Engineering Students Cannot Write

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Conrad, Portland State University; Timothy James Pfeiffer P.E., Foundation Engineering, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Mechanical Engineering

Page 22.1169.2issues of rhetoric (audience, purpose) and analysis (claims, reasoning, evidence)” 9. Although itcan be helpful to think about different categories such as these when responding to writing, wewere concerned by a general sense in engineering education literature that grammar is somehowseparate from the concerns of content, analysis, purpose, and audience.Rather than assuming grammar can be separated from meaning, we decided instead to investigatewhether even sentence-level grammatical choices reflect the content and values of engineeringpractice, and whether different grammatical choices by students are likely to be one factor thatmakes them appear unprepared for writing in the workplace. For the analyses reported here, wefocused

Conference Session

Why Industry Says that our Engineering Students Cannot Write

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn Mobrand, University of Washington; Jennifer A Turns, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Mechanical Engineering

students in reflecting on experience, how to help engineering educators make effective teaching decisions, and the application of ideas from complexity science to the challenges of engineering education. Page 22.1257.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Revisiting Communication Experiences to Prepare for Professional PracticeAbstractThe ability to communicate effectively is a critical competency for engineers. According to thefuture envisioned in the Engineer of 2020,1 in ABET criteria for accreditation,2,3 and scholarshipin the fields of

Conference Session

Capstone Courses and Design Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nihad Dukhan, University of Detroit Mercy; Mark Schumack, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

conversion and cryogenics, to name but a few - relyheavily on thermal design. Actually one of the biggest current challenges is energy- itssources and conservation, which feeds into any kind of sustainable design. Lack of thermalprojects in capstone courses also may prevent interested students from making thermalsciences their focal area and future career. The relatively low number of thermal scienceprojects in capstone courses may be due to the fact that the instructors assigned to teachthese courses are specialists in other areas of mechanical engineering.This paper explores these issues through surveying capstone projects in a number ofuniversities. It probes capstone-teaching faculty and reflects on their attitudes towardthermal-science projects

Conference Session

Design Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel D. Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy; Kristin L. Wood, University of Texas, Austin; Joseph J. Rencis, University of Arkansas; Ashland O. Brown P.E., University of the Pacific; Christina Kay White, Columbia University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

- and post-quizare recorded in Table 3 for each of the learning style categories. Recall that the learning stylecategories are paired. So a student is either “Active” or “Reflective”, either “Sensing” or“Intuitive”, either “Visual” or “Verbal” and either “Global” or “Sequential.” Therefore theaverage delta computed as ‫ ݖ݅ݑݍݐݏ݋݌‬െ ‫ݖ݅ݑݍ݁ݎ݌‬ ‫ ܽݐ݈݁ܦ‬ൌ ൬ ൰ ‫ݔ‬100 ‫ݖ݅ݑݍ݁ݎ݌‬is found and compared for each of these pairs of learning styles. The goal of this analysis is todetermine if one learning style is benefiting more from the ALM than another learning style.From Table 3, note, for instance, that the Delta

Conference Session

Design Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James M. Widmann, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Lynne A. Slivovsky, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; J.Kevin Taylor, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

client’sneeds a service-learning pedagogy is employed. Service-learning occurs when “Students engagein community service activities with intentional academic and learning goals and opportunitiesfor reflection that connect to their academic discipline” (Cress et al, 2005)5. Reflection is anintegral part of learning and helps to develop critical thinking skills (Jacoby, 1996; Tsang, 2000;Tsang, 2002).6,7,8 The development of these critical thinking skills enables engineeringundergraduates to develop a broader appreciation of and ability to deal with the constraintsfacing the engineering profession and the ever changing world. Currently senior project designstudents are asked to reflect on their experiences in the form of monthly 500 word essays

Conference Session

Engineering Mechanics Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roman Taraban, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

made for this study:  IIT students would show relatively strong evidence of forward inferencing  Successful forward inferencing would be associated with high ability, as reflected in cumulative grade-point averages (CGPA)  Forward inferencing is a sufficient, but not necessary, marker of problem solving ability.The reasoning for these predictions is as follows. The first prediction was made because of theintense engineering training programs at IITs, the second prediction was made because of thedeep conceptual knowledge required for successfully applying forward inferencing, and the thirdprediction was made because of the possibility of successfully solving problems without usingforward inferencing.ParticipantsA U.S. sample

Conference Session

Active and Project-Based Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Constans, Rowan University; Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

design projects, 93.6% of the students felt that the compressor project was suitable forfirst-year students and the same number felt that the walker project was suitable for first-yearstudents. The student comments reflect their enjoyment of hands-on design projects, and howmuch educational benefit they derive from them: “It was a fun, but challenging project.” “The project was challenging and time consuming but was not overly difficult.” “Fun” “It was a lot of fun and I learned a lot.” Page 22.1603.7 “Good project to get freshmen working hands on early on so they can understand problems with designs you

Conference Session

Why Industry Says that our Engineering Students Cannot Write

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey A. Donnell, Georgia Institute of Technology; Betsy M. Aller, Western Michigan University; Michael Alley, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; April A. Kedrowicz, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Mechanical Engineering

. Then, in broader consideration of WI programs, we consider questions of control andauthority that are latent in any WAC collaboration.Table 1 provides a sampling of the structure of engineering communication programs across thecountry. Not shown in Table 1 is the typical freshman English course, which all students take.Also not reflected are the nuances on technical communication courses and writing intensivecourses that engineering students take.EC 2000 and the Development of WI and General Skills Programs. Although we areprimarily interested in communication instruction, it is important to remember that ABET’sevaluation criteria have come to embrace a number of non-technical skills since EC2000 wasintroduced. Siller’s description of Colorado

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Laboratories II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John M Mativo, University of Georgia; Natasha Smith, University of Southern Indiana

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

having thefreedom to engage through a thought process from theory, design, execution, and reflection. 1. In what way did this course enhance your learning of Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and Heat Transfer? 2. What do you consider advantages and disadvantages of active learning (open ended) as have been done in this class? Advantages (Strengths)- Disadvantages (challenges) – 3. How would you compare canned laboratory exercises versus active learning process? Page 22.1005.154. How did the fact that you were developing an experiment for others affect what you learnt and how you considered your design?5. What type preparation did

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas J. Vasko, Central Connecticut State University; Nidal Al-Masoud, Central Connecticut State University; Peter F. Baumann, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

lifelong learner must possess: curiosity represents the depth ofexploration; initiative measures the ability to generate new ideas or solutions; independence is anindicator of self-learning; transfer appraises the ability to build on previous knowledge;reflection is “in depth reviews of prior learning experiences both inside and outside of theclassroom to reveal significantly changed perspectives about educational and life experiences”11.The purpose of the survey question was to explore the mindset of students about these requiredskills. While most students agree, in general, that all of these skills are fundamental to a lifelonglearner, it was surprising that one third of the class downplayed independence when compared tothe other attributes

Conference Session

Active and Project-Based Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John S. Lamancusa, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Laura L. Pauley, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

 (verbal, written, electronic)  5) Reinforce and improve CAD/Solid Modeling skills  6) Develop and practice skills in project planning, budget management, resource allocation  and scheduling  7) Instill a philosophy of professional and ethical behavior  8) Provide guidance in applying engineering principles to open‐ended problems  9) Provide an introductory knowledge of business practices, economic viability,  environmental sustainability, and the social consequences of technology  Most of our students are not as abstract or reflective as the typical professor, and learn moreeffectively in more active modes. Dale 6 reports that after two weeks, people generallyremember 10% of what they read, 20% of what they hear, 30% of

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brent A Nelson, Northern Arizona University; Constantin Ciocanel, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

design the experiments.These grades reflect how grading was done on the project. If the students failed to develop acomprehensive experimental program for the project, the design portion of the grade was heavilyimpacted while the experimental procedure and data analysis and interpretation were notimpacted. Page 22.42.9Figure 1. ANOVA test results for students’ ability to design an experiment, conduct an experiment and, analyze and interpret data.Grades for the open-ended solar design project were also compared to the grades assigned to thefully structured/step-by-step laboratories assigned as part of the course. A

Conference Session

Active and Project-Based Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lauren A. Rockenbaugh, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daria A. Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado, Boulder; Derek T. Reamon, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

research.Student motivation to learn is also tied to student engagement in the learning process. Similar tomotivation, the term “engagement” has been defined in many different ways. According toBarkley, students who are engaged in the learning process “really care about what they’relearning; they want to learn” and they “exceed expectations and go beyond what is required”.These statements about engagement reflect a view of engagement that is rooted in motivation.Barkley also describes student engagement with statements like “engaged students are trying tomake meaning of what they are learning” and “engaged students are involved in the academictask at hand and are using higher-order thinking skills such as analyzing information or solvingproblems” (Barkley

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Cherif Megri, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

building design data and checksall design decisions at floor and space level.Now the real job of MEP (Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing) integration begins. Decisionsmust be made as to the location of equipment. Although the schematic drawings are not final,they do reflect the space allowed for the MEP systems (mechanical room, electrical closet, Page 22.306.5adequate space for a fire pump, etc). 2011 ASEE Annual Conference c. Design Development PhaseThe design development phase immediately follows approval of the schematic design and anynecessary modifications to the budget or design program. During this phase

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne E. Whiteman, Georgia Institute of Technology; William J. Wepfer, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jeffrey A. Donnell, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. SyllabusI am also going to solicit a midterm report and a commentary vis a vis your learning from the practicum portionat the end of the semester from your teaching mentors.1. Course Overview.2. Teaching Tips – Christine Valle See text. Chapter 1 - Teaching Engineering. Chapter 3 – Designing your First Class. Chapter 6 – Lectures3. Goal setting and learning objectives. The Observe Reflect and Articulate Construct, See text. Chapter 15 – Learning Theories.4. Dealing with large classes. Tom Sanders.5. Town Hall Meeting – Questions and Answers.6. Setting and grading exams. See text. Chapter 11 – Testing, Homework and Grading7. Writing proposals and getting funded … academia and industry …8. Globalization: Impact on Career Reading: The

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Rex Maixner, U.S. Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

includes a briefintroduction to the relevant aspects of solar radiation, including transmissivity, reflectivity,extraterrestrial normal radiation, and the like; additionally, a component of the requiredengineering thermodynamics prerequisite covers a basic introduction to all three modes of heat Page 22.1310.5transfer (convection, conduction, and radiation). An introduction to the various analogies whichcan be drawn between heat transfer and the flow of electricity in an electric circuit is required:heat transfer rate ~ electric current, thermal resistance ~ electrical resistance, and temperaturedifference ~ potential difference. In conjunction

Conference Session

Capstone Courses and Design Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bobby G. Crawford, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

program’s Wind Power capstone design team faculty advisors are adopting thesame approach towards their team’s design. Results are pending at the end of this semester.AcknowledgmentsThe views expressed herein are those of the author and do not purport to reflect the position ofthe United States Military Academy, the Department of the Army, or the Department of Defense.Bibliography1. ABET Board of Directors, “2006-2007 Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs,” EngineeringAccreditation Commission, ABET, Inc., Baltimore, MD, Oct. 2005.2. From http://psychology.about.com/od/sindex/g/def_schema.htm, accessed on 2 January 2011.3. Felder, R.M., “How Students Learn: Adapting Teaching Styles to Learning Styles,” Frontiers in EducationConference

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anca L. Sala, Baker College; Raghu Echempati, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

projects will reflect that.ConclusionsBased on a study of student results in recent years, the authors believe that the topics learned bystudents in the required Vibrations course in the undergraduate Mechanical Engineering programcan have a beneficial effect on student learning in the Dynamic Systems and Control course. Thisimplies that Vibrations should be made a pre- or co-requisite to the DCS course. The secondoption appeared the most effective based on the present study. The study will continue for acouple more years to gain enough confidence in making the associated change in the schedule. Page 22.1152.7References1. S.K. Sweeney, D.H

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anca L. Sala, Baker College; Tom Spendlove, Baker College, Flint; James Riddell, Baker College, Flint

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

students with the wider view of the program, and make the PEO’s andPO’s very familiar to students early on in their program.The fact that the senior group responded more positively to the contemporary issues assignmentsand assessment than the sophomore group can be seen as a reflection of the overall progressstudents have undergone as they moved through the program. However, the study needs tocontinue into the future in order to derive reliable conclusions, as the number of studentsincluded so far has been small.ConclusionsThe newly developed assessment tools seem effective in bringing ABET PO (j) to the attentionof students and helping them develop their knowledge in this area. We will continue using theseassessments in upcoming years. The tools

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Miller, Michigan Technological University; Anna Pereira, University of California, Berkeley; Benjamin Mitchell, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

engineering attitude survey (EAS1), inaddition to the MAT and PEQ1. In the following spring, students completed an altered attitudesurvey, EAS2, and the MAT. EAS1 was the Pittsburgh Freshmen Engineering AttitudeSurvey.15 EAS2 was a modified shorter version of EAS1. EAS1 questions with low correlation toMAT were removed. Six questions were added from a tinkering self-efficacy questionnaire tobetter capture differences in hands-on self-efficacy.16 In total the EAS2 was shortened to 35questions. Table 11 shows the attitude questions with the most significant differences betweenmale and female students. Note that the male student responses on average reflect moreconfidence in and enjoyment of hands-on activities

Conference Session

Active and Project-Based Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David H. Jonassen, University of Missouri, Columbia; Sanjeev K. Khanna, University of Missouri

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

particular because they feltthat how the various scores were weighted did not appropriately reflect what they had spentthe most time on. There were also concerns over group grades versus individualcontributions. Implementation of PBL in the Course MAE 3200 Engineering MaterialsSupported by a NSF grant (DUE-0836914), we have designed, developed, and initiallyimplemented a PBL version of MAE 3200, Engineering Materials. The initialimplementation of the course for purposes of research was a traditional lecture courseenrolling 62 students in the fall of 2009. That version of the course introduced conceptswith instructor lectures following the textbook (Callister, 2007). Topics covered are shownin Table 1. The course is taught by two instructors

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions: Mechanical Engineering Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bobby G. Crawford, U.S. Military Academy; Daisie D. Boettner, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

studentlearning.AcknowledgmentsThe views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not purport to reflect the position ofthe United States Military Academy, the Department of the Army, or the Department of Defense. Page 22.917.15Bibliography1. Boettner, D., Norberg, S., Melnyk, R., Highley, J., Rounds, M., and Arnas, A. Ö., 2006, “Teaching theFundamentals of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics through an Integrated Systems Approach,” Proceedings ofthe International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, November 5-10, 2006, Chicago, IL, Paper #:IMECE2006-13815.2. Boettner, D.D. and B.G. Crawford, “Consistency Considerations for Integrated Thermodynamics

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allan T. Kirkpatrick, Colorado State University; Scott Danielson, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Robert O. Warrington, Michigan Technological University; Richard N. Smith, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Karen A. Thole, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; A. Kulacki, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; William J. Wepfer, Georgia Institute of Technology; Thomas Perry, P.E., American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

to solving all the grand Page 22.1667.8challenges. Respondents also noted that a general ‘branding’ issue’ exists for the mechanicalengineering profession, other disciplines have added names like ‘environmental’ or‘bioengineering’ to their names, directly connecting them to the global challenges. Suggestionswere made that the definition and statements of engineering problems given to students needs tobe changed to put them in a ‘grand challenge’ context. The titles of mechanical engineeringcourses could be updated to reflect these issues. The issue of systems integration as a weaknessof the typical mechanical engineering educational program was

Conference Session

Engineering Mechanics Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

AnnMarie Thomas, University of Saint Thomas; Keith Berrier, University of Saint Thomas; Andrea Guggenbuehl, University of Saint Thomas, Health and Human Performance Department

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

consisted of motion capture for a low-casting trapeze swingingfreely with no human on it. A piece of reflective tape was placed on the side of the trapeze andvideo was taken of it using the same process that was used for the German wheel lab.Students were then asked to model a human on the trapeze as a double pendulum by hangingweights . To do this, students first needed to find the center of gravity for one member of their Page 22.416.9group. Note that the CG needs to be calculated with the student’s hands extended overhead.Weights (approximating the weight of this student) were hung from the trapeze using a strapwith a length that was

Conference Session

Engineering Mechanics Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Schuster, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

they have learned to analyzing a new structure. Although this assignment could be given ashomework, since so many things can go wrong during the development and analysis of a newFEA model, it is best if the students have immediate access to assistance while working on it.After performing the numerical analysis, the students have now successfully studied the sametwo structures using three different approaches – experimentation, hand calculations, andnumerical simulation. To complete the experience, each team writes a report where theycompare and contrast the results of the three methods and discuss the strengths and weaknessesof each. In addition, they reflect on their own feelings about each approach and how they can beused together to offset

Conference Session

Design Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John E. Pakkala, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

forces, roll and pitch angles, and suspension travels. The multiple plots reflect varying stiffness parameter values.These data can be analyzed by comparing the peak values or standard deviations of the differentgraphs. It can be seen that the normal force peaks increase with increasing suspension stiffnessand the suspension travel decreases. The analyses may be performed at different velocities tovary the road input frequencies to ensure correlation to generally accepted valid results.The maximum suspension travel and the maximum forces may be determined for a simulatedimpact of the vehicle after a jump. This is executed by an initial condition for the velocity of thesprung and unsprung masses. This simulation starts at