Conference Session

Design Education II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sabah Razouk Abro, Laurence Tecnological University, Department of Engineering Tecnology; Jerry Cuper, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

was 181since the new paradigm adoption till the end of 2010. Thenumber of students granted their associate degree through the program was 125 representing69% of all the graduates. The total bachelor degree students w was as 66 students representing 31% ofthe total number of graduates.The following chart illustrates the graduates distribution. Bachelor in Technology Associate in 14% Manufacturing Bachelor in 1 Technology Manufacturing

Conference Session

FPD I: Attacking the Problems of Retention in the First Year

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Rippon, Arizona State University; James Collofello, Arizona State University; Robin R Hammond, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

lessons learned from this pilotevent.BackgroundEducators and industry alike have well documented their concerns about the future ofengineering in the United States due to a decline of engineering graduates.1 Increasing thenumber of engineering graduates requires both an increase in the number of students choosing tostudy engineering as well as an increase in engineering student retention. Engineering programshave struggled with retention issues for decades with many programs reporting that 30-40% ofstudents leave engineering after the freshmen year. Numerous studies indicate the many factorsthat impact retention in engineering, including (specific to this paper) a student‟s knowledge of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn Dimiduk, Cornell University; Rajesh Bhaskaran, Cornell University; Haolin Zhu, Cornell University; Yingxin Gao, Cornell University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

simulation software takescare of the details of the mathematical models and numerical techniques so that the user (studentor non-expert engineer) only needs to be concerned with the essence of relevant concepts toapply the technology intelligently and effectively. Methods In order to support the goal of guiding undergraduate engineering students towards a more“expert” approach to simulations, this effort seeks to:1. Identify and formalize an expert approach in simulation that is valid across various applications in finite-element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD).2. Incorporate this expert approach into simulation exercises in three Mechanical Engineering courses at our university and evaluate the resultant impact on

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Wroblewski, Boston University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

conceptslearned in previous semesters to find those needed to move ahead. The idea of CoherentApplication Threads is more forward looking, providing waypoints that not only remind studentswhere they’ve been, but more importantly where they may be going.CATs are engineering applications that meet several selection criteria: (1) they are system-levelapplications that encompass at least four different mechanical engineering core concepts; (2)their key elements are readily accessible through analysis of core concepts in introductory levelcourses; and (3) they are topics of current interest ideally connected to department research thrustareas and concentrations. CATs can be implemented through a variety of activities: lecturemodules, projects, homework

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark G. Thompson, Kettering University; Craig J. Hoff, Kettering University; James Gover, Kettering University; Allan R. Taylor, Kettering University; Michelle R. Pomeroy, Kettering University; Kevin (Hua) Bai, Kettering Univ

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

isdescribed. The high level objectives of the program are: (1) to provide unique and timelyeducational opportunities for undergraduate students as a basis for the advancement oftransportation electrification, and (2) to provide research facilities and opportunities for graduatestudents and faculty in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) that willestablish the future direction of electric transportation for the country and the world.The Green Mobility Laboratory consists of three open-bench, hybrid electric vehicle drive traincontrol, simulation, and data acquisition systems. The hybrid drive train components on eachbench include a DC power supply / battery pack simulator, 3-phase DC-AC Pulse WidthModulated (PWM) controlled

Conference Session

Experiential Learning in ECE

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dick Blandford, University of Evansville; Mark Earl Randall, University of Evansville

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

TypicalReal Time GPS Command Pod $4500APRSNote 1 $600 $600.00HeliumNote 2 $100 $200 $150.00Balloon 1200 grams $100 $200 $150.00Vehicle Gas $50 $100 $100.00Instrumentation Pod $20.00 $50.00 $20.00Instrumentation $40.00 $300.00 $45.00Total $310 $5950 $1065Table 1Balloon flight total costs.Note 1: APRS is the Amateur Public Radio Transmitter for Shortwave with Google APRS tracking.Note 2: Typically about 225 ft3 or 1.5 tanks.A "bare minimum

Conference Session

Innovative Methods to Teach Engineering to URMs

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Showkat Chowdhury, Alabama A&M University; Mohamed A. Seif, Alabama A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

and retrieval of the scientific data inspires the next batch of students to continuethis rocketry project as a sustainable research program.1. IntroductionThe NASA – MSFC’s (Marshall Space Flight Center) University Student Launch Initiative(USLI) program involves undergraduate students in the design, building, and testing of reusablerockets with associated scientific payloads. USLI is a competitive rocket and payload-buildingchallenge designed for university students. The initiative is intended to encouragestudents to pursue careers in engineering or science related fields. This unique hands-onexperience allows students to demonstrate proof-of-concept for their designs and givespreviously abstract concepts tangibility. It requires an eight

Conference Session

Engineering Design in Pedagogy

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Mentzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kyungsuk Park, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education, K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

will engage them in applying their mathand science knowledge to solve real problems” according to the National Center forTechnological Literacy 1. The engineering design process is a systematic problem solvingmethod and is the key element of the field of engineering. Engineering design has the potential tointegrate science, technology and mathematics concepts for students and is essential fordeveloping technological literacy 2. For over a decade now, experts have been calling for a pushto increase technological literacy of our Nation’s K-12 students 3-7.While a demand for technological literacy is loud and clear, many young people are unpreparedto make informed decisions in our democratic society regarding the development of newtechnologies

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chitra Javdekar, Massachusetts Bay Community College, Wellesley Hills MA 02481; Stephen W. McKnight, Northeastern University; Michael E. Pelletier, Northern Essex Community College

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

-bordercollaboration has been made possible due to the availability of a larger pool of researchers, thispresents challenges to U.S. competitiveness in high technology areas and to its position as aworld leader in critical S&E fields. Within the US the proportion of Natural Sciences andEngineering (NS&E) degrees as a share of total degrees conferred in US has declined byapproximately eight percent from 2002 to 2007 [1]. There is evidence to suggest that some of thisdecline can be attributed to the student attrition during their first one or two years from thescience and engineering programs.Previous studies have indicated that significant student attrition or “switching” from science andengineering educational programs to other fields occurs during

Conference Session

Liberal Education Revisited: Five Historical Perspectives

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Heywood, Trinity College, Dublin

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

intention they were seen as a means of raising the status of the Colleges ofAdvanced Technology. There was also a debate about who should teach them and wherethey should be taught. As with any innovation of this kind not only are student attitudesto them important but so are those of the faculty who teach mainstream subjects. Takingtogether the research undertaken at the time suggests that liberal studies were somewhatmore successful than they might have been.The system of third level education in England and Wales circa 1955 [1]In the British Isles there are five different education systems that are separately managed.In addition to the republic of Ireland there are four systems in the United Kingdom (UK)viz England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and

Conference Session

Liberal Education Revisited: Five Historical Perspectives

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Heywood, Trinity College, Dublin

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

equivalent education. In this paper it includes qualifications that correspond to atechnology degree in the United States (Higher National Certificates and Diplomas). All othercourses are defined as third level. The higher education level embraced a university sector(private) and a public sector funded primarily by Local Education Authorities (LEA‟s). It is withdevelopments in higher education in the public sector that this paper is concerned.At that time the education system in England and Wales was highly selective. A simplifiedmodel of the system is shown in exhibit 1. After primary school the student was directed to oneof three types of school. The majority of children went to secondary modern schools as therewere only a relatively small number

Conference Session

Effective Projects and Experiments in Instrumentation and Control

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Asad Yousuf, Savannah State University; Tyler Schecklman, Savannah Technical College

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

sensors through the microcontrollers. Thesensor network environment is being applied in areas such as logistics, environmental controland controlling of devices at home [1]. As the use of the Internet has grown, businesses andhome applications have found that the Internet is a low-cost way for mobile users and permanentsites to connect to the business and home network. Clearly it is more cost-effective to connectover the Internet to a private network, than to pay for a leased line or lines to do so [2-[3].The home automation system as shown in Figure 1 consists of a home computer connected to theinternet that has an Ardunio Microcontroller attached to it. The home computer continuouslymonitors the Ardunio Microcontroller board interfaced to the

Conference Session

Impact of the Gulf Coast Oil Spill on Chemical Engineering Education & Misc.

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael A. Smith, Villanova University; Noelle K. Comolli, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Subject of Process Modeling and Design: A Compelling Education Module It is widely accepted that educational outcomes are more successful when students have akeen interest in the subject, and this typically happens when the subject is something near anddear to them. It is also widely acknowledged that most college student show a keen interest inbeer. In our experience with students in engineering, this often translates into an interest in thebrewing process and at times has culminated in students engaging in home brewing. It is naturalthen to use this interest to engage students in educational exercises around one or more aspects ofbrewing technology.[1, 2] In the Department of Chemical Engineering at Villanova University,we have

Conference Session

New Faculty Development

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl B. Schrader, Boise State University; Seung Youn Chyung, Boise State University; William L. Hughes, Boise State University; Kotaro Sasaki, Boise State University; Teresa Cole, Boise State University, Computer Science Department; John N. Chiasson, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

institutionalsupport. A total of 69 full-time faculty members were invited to participate in the survey, and 42of them (61%) completed the survey. The primary results were: (1) Assistant and associateprofessors think that their actual teaching load is heavier than their ideal teaching load. (2) Fullprofessors feel that they maintain a good balance between their teaching and scholarly activitiesand incorporate their research into teaching. (3) The faculty perceive different levels ofperformance expectations from the university, college and departments. (4) The faculty perceivethat the reward system for excellent teaching is vague and insufficient in contrast to the rewardsystem for scholarly activities. These results can be used to develop appropriate

Conference Session

Ethics in different disciplines

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brock E. Barry, U.S. Military Academy; JoAnna C. Whitener, U.S. Military Academy, West Point

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

scores and otherfactors. Table 1 presents the ANOVA output for the variables under consideration in this study. Table 1. ANOVA for Raw Ethics Score Source DF SS MS F p-value Academic Institution 7 103.965 14.852 14.10 0.000 Undergraduate Major 2 6.640 3.320 3.15 0.043 Administration 1 502.323 502.323 476.94 0.000 Number of Courses 1 3.312 3.312 3.15 0.076 Courses (pre/post change) 1 8.082 8.082 7.67 0.006 Error

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching Physics or Engineering Physics I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chih-Hsiung Ku, National Dong Hwa University; Wen-Cheng Chen, National Dong Hwa University; Lee king-lien, Department of Electro-Optic Engineering,National Taipei University of Technology; CHAO-CHIA CHENG, NATIONAL CENTRAL UNIV

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

not in accordance with scientific concepts hasproven to be important in science learning 2.Many studies had verified that students and adults are accustomed to solve problems in physicson the basis of everyday concepts7. Those individual’s conceptions differed from scientificknowledge were often called different term, but the one most common and appealing one is‘alternative conceptions’8. It is helpful for science educator to explore students’ alternativeconceptions. Electricity is one of the basic scientific topics with relevance to every life. To date,there are many studies had been carried out to determine students ’ understanding on electricalconceptions 1, 2, 8, 9, 10. It is found that as students progress through their science

Conference Session

Global Education in Construction Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Grau, University of Alabama; Edward Back, University of Alabama; Guillermo Mejia, University of Alabama and Universidad Industrial de Santander

Tagged Divisions

Construction

-experimental approach fits with the assignmentof a convenience sample of engineers for the instructional intervention. The findings ofany of such quasi-experimental study, though, are still generalizable to an entirepopulation (Shadish et al. 20029; de Vaus 200210). Thus, we assessed the impact of anintensive training intervention in the knowledge and work practice of a sample ofengineers within a large Engineering-Procurement-Contractor (EPC) firm. A board ofadvisors was brought together with senior managers from the firm for the intensivetraining intervention in order to: 1) define the goals of the training intervention; 2)oversee the implementation of the intervention; and 3) provide feedback to the firm basedon the results of this study. The

Conference Session

Faculty Tools

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carolyn Kusbit Dunn, East Carolina University; David L. Batts, East Carolina University; Sandra Lee Friend, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

maintain quality while maximizing university resources.Meeting the Online Growth Demands The research on how educational institutions are handling the growth of onlineenrollments is minimal. Burruss, Billings, Brownrigg, Skiba, and Connors (2009) remarked onclass size and “minimal research at the postsecondary level” (p. 38). The authors go on to saythat the number of online students is increasing and with a shortage of faculty class sizes areincreasing. Colwell and Jenks (2004) added “Faculty can face pressures from administration to“maximize” class sizes in online courses to make them more efficient or profitable” (p. 1). There is concern from educators about the quality of education when class sizes areincreased; however, the

Conference Session

FPD II: Increasing Engagement and Motivation of First-Year Students

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Holly M. Matusovich, Virginia Tech; Walter Curtis Lee, Virginia Tech ; John Andrew Janeski, Virginia Tech; Katherine E. Winters, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

of these needs lead to greater psychological well-being. Asshown in Figure 1, we hypothesize that classroom instructors and environment factors contributeto students’ fulfillment of autonomy, competence and relatedness needs, which in turn contributeto greater motivation as measured through self-reported course engagement.Figure 1: Proposed relationship between classroom environment, SDT constructs and students’engagement in lecture and workshop activitiesResearch on Student Autonomy, Competence, and RelatednessAlthough much of the work exploring self-determination among students is quantitative andfocuses on primary and secondary school students, such research has shown promising tiesbetween need fulfillment and indicators of course

Conference Session

Program Criteria, Assessment, and Sustainability in Civil Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allen C. Estes, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Conference Session

Design and Graphics Potpourri

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Trivett, University of Prince Edward Island; Stephen Champion, University of Prince Edward Island

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

published by the CanadianEngineering Accreditation Board5.The greatest challenge in implementing PBL in existing courses is overcoming the level ofdiscomfort instructors have with the teaching methods. This problem is exacerbated by thewidely different class-sizes and physical resources in all seven campuses in the Dalhousieprogram. In order to help engineering faculty in Atlantic Canada adopt new teaching styles,guidance for PBL teaching in the first year is essential. While the immediate intent of the projectis to aid faculty in the 7 target programs in Atlantic Canada, this problem is present in manyuniversities where faculty are unfamiliar with PBL teaching approaches.There are two reasons why you might continue reading this paper. 1) You may

Conference Session

Focus on Capstone Experiences in the Chemical Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David L. Silverstein, University of Kentucky; Margot A. Vigeant, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Page 22.788.2available for the 1991 survey.The complete survey in print form is provided as Appendix A.Course TimingThe most common timings for the course within a program’s curriculum were at the end of thejunior year or at the start of the senior year, with a slight edge to the junior year start. Thedistribution of the timing course offerings is given in Figure 1 below. Table 1offers a historicalcomparison of offerings by term, which indicates there has been a shift toward offering the firstcourse in KRD to the junior year. In 1974, 13% of reporting programs taught the course in thejunior year, and in 2010 that percentage appears to be almost 50%. 50% % of responding departments

Conference Session

Integration of the Humanities and Social Sciences into Civil Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald W. Welch, University of Texas, Tyler

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

the lack of certainknowledge and skills among civil engineering graduates, while at the same timeengineering programs were facing pressure to decrease credit hour requirements inundergraduate curriculums. ASCE formed a committee to study and develop a CivilEngineering Body of Knowledge (BOK)1 to document the requisite knowledge, skills,and attitudes necessary for future civil engineers. Two key areas that resulted from theBOK and an effort to demonstrate the BOK outcomes by the ASCE CurriculumCommittee2 were a need to define expected performance levels by these new engineersthrough Bloom’s taxonomy3 as well as the addition of four new outcomes focused onadditional professional topics and discipline depth. Very quickly it was determined by

Conference Session

SE Capstone Design Projects, Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine Skokan, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering, Systems Engineering

participate in a single course.The program has an annual average enrollment of 250 students (approximately 2/3 begin thesequence in the fall, 1/3 begin the sequence in the spring) working on 45-50 externally-sponsored projects/year guided by a faculty team of eight members. In the 2008/9 academicyear, weekly meetings included ten lectures in the first semester and provided systematic designtools that supported engineering design, project management, workplace issues, andcommunications. The major objective of the first semester was the preparation of a formal designproposal. During the second semester, students implemented their designs through theconstruction of working prototypes or preparation of a design/build bid package for the project

Conference Session

Design Tools & Methodology I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denny C. Davis, Washington State University; Michael S. Trevisan, Washington State University; Howard P. Davis, Washington State University; Steven W. Beyerlein, University of Idaho, Moscow; Susannah Howe, Smith College; Phillip L. Thompson, Seattle University; Jay McCormack, University of Idaho; Patricia Brackin, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Javed Khan, Tuskegee University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

performances of professional skills and yieldsdocumentation of individual student achievement important to assignment of grades and toprogram accreditation.IntroductionEngineering grand challenges confronting the global community call for engineers to workacross cultures, adapt to change, innovate, and develop solutions that are sensitive to a broad setof technical, business, and social constraints 1, 2. This requires a comprehensive set ofprofessional skills in addition to technical engineering competence 3-7. Among the professionalskills needed by engineers of the twenty-first century are abilities to: work with diverse teams,demonstrate professional and ethical responsibility, and engage in self-directed learning thatenables adaptability and leads

Conference Session

Teaching Statics

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea Brose, Hamburg University of Technology; Christian H. Kautz, Hamburg University of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

conceptual and reasoning difficulties that often prevent studentsfrom developing a functional understanding of many of the topics taught in these courses. 4 Thereis evidence that instructional materials that take into account such difficulties and foster activelearning are more likely to improve student learning. 5About five years ago we began a program at Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH) to adaptthe approach to engineering education in Germany. The program follows a three-step process thatconsists of (1) identifying student difficulties, (2) designing instructional materials to addressthese difficulties, and (3) using assessment data to test the effectiveness of the materials. Ourfocus has been on the three introductory courses in mechanics

Conference Session

A Systems-Thinking Approach to Solving Problems

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cecelia M. Wigal, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

-making process that aids the engineer in generating andevaluating characteristics of an entity (physical or process) whose structure, function, andoperation achieve specified objectives and constraints. The program describes the process as theapplication of the solid foundation of the basic sciences, mathematics, and engineering sciencesto the abstractness, complexity, and solving of real world problems.The elements of the design process are emphasized throughout the program’s curriculum,beginning with the freshmen year. At the freshman year the Introduction to Engineering Design(IED) course uses project-based learning to address (1) problem definition, (2) attributegeneration, (3) function, constraint and objective identification, (4) idea

Conference Session

CANCELLED: This session has been replaced by session W269 in room 223: Panel: Building Effective Pathways and Programs for Women and Minoritities

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hyun Kyoung Ro, Pennsylvania State University; Rose M. Marra, University of Missouri, Columbia; Patrick T. Terenzini, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Ardie D. Walser, City College of the City University of New York, Grove School of Engineering; Lois Calian Trautvetter, Northwestern University; Susan M. Lord, University of San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

and grouptutoring sessions as well as personal, professional and academic mentoring. Four of our six casestudy institutions also offered “living and learning” communities that used an all-inclusiveapproach to support student retention. For this panel session, we also examined if engineering seniors’ plans to work in oroutside of an engineering profession differed by gender and race/ethnicity. The P2P surveycontains three measures for this analysis, tapping students’ expectations that after graduationthey will: 1) be a practicing engineer in industry, government, or non-profit organization; 2)work in engineering management or sales; and 3) work outside engineering. We found thatwomen students were less likely than men to plan to be a

Conference Session

Panel on Recruiting and Retaining Women and Underrepresented Minority Students

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hyun Kyoung Ro, Pennsylvania State University; Rose M. Marra, University of Missouri, Columbia; Ardie D. Walser, City College of the City University of New York, Grove School of Engineering; Patrick T. Terenzini, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Lois Calian Trautvetter, Northwestern University; Susan M. Lord, University of San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering, Women in Engineering

and grouptutoring sessions as well as personal, professional and academic mentoring. Four of our six casestudy institutions also offered “living and learning” communities that used an all-inclusiveapproach to support student retention. For this panel session, we also examined if engineering seniors’ plans to work in oroutside of an engineering profession differed by gender and race/ethnicity. The P2P surveycontains three measures for this analysis, tapping students’ expectations that after graduationthey will: 1) be a practicing engineer in industry, government, or non-profit organization; 2)work in engineering management or sales; and 3) work outside engineering. We found thatwomen students were less likely than men to plan to be a

Conference Session

Engaging Families and Exciting Girls with Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan M. Caley Opsal, Illinois Valley Community College; Dorene M. Perez, Illinois Valley Community College; James A. Gibson, Illinois Valley Community College; Rose Marie Lynch, Illinois Valley Community College

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

) confidence level.To allow for comparisons of the girls’ responses on other items in the surveys, Table IIIpresents the Likert scale mean of pre and post responses by both groups of girls on all ofthe statements. Statements that were phrased differently in pre and post surveys areidentified in the table. Table III: Mean Responses to Statements in Pre and Post Surveys No Parent Parent Likert Scale of 5 – 1 Pre N = 54 Pre N = 38 5 = Strongly Agree Post N = 48 Post N = 39 1 = Strongly Disagree Pre Post Pre Post