Conference Session

Innovative IE Course Content

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Connie Gomez, Galveston College; Heidi A. Taboada, University of Texas, El Paso; Jose F. Espiritu, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

, consider, and discuss society’s norms, society’s needs, and society’s Page 23.1251.11expectations of engineering solutions and technology. The ability to think beyond thetechnological design is crucial to developing engineers that are also leaders and promoters ofsustainable policy.AcknowledgementsThis project is funded by a grant received by the United States Department of Agriculture underthe Hispanic-Serving Institutions Education Grants Program. The findings and the viewsexpressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of theUnited States Department of Agriculture.References 1. ABET Criteria

Conference Session

Information Tools and Techniques for Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael J White, Queen's University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

, primarily journals, should be acquired, retained,moved into storage and discarded. In addition to being a useful tool for collection developmentpurposes, citation analysis can also provide insights into the developing core literature ofemerging and interdisciplinary fields. Interdisciplinarity is frequently cited as a way to breakdown silos between disciplines and facilitate solutions to real-world problems. In this study,citation analysis was performed on references from PhD and master’s theses written byengineering graduate students affiliated with an interdisciplinary Fuel Cell Research Center(FCRC). The author is especially interested in determining the degree to which interdisciplinarityis reflected in the materials cited by graduate students

Conference Session

Incorporating Technology into Construction Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kirsten A Davis, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

the spring 2012 exam scores did not improve, they also did not decrease. The goal ofimprovement was not achieved, but students were no worse off. Although mean exam scoreswould not reflect this, the flashcards may have helped some students do better than they wouldhave otherwise. Page 23.1313.5Table 1. Descriptive statistics and 1-tailed Independent t-test table Test # Group n Mean (SD) t statistic 1-tailed p 8 past semesters 300 83.01 (10.08) 0.19 0.5750 Spring 2012

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justin L Hess, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

taught from the very beginning of our program To increase the ethical and moral education of the students through internal reflection and a Gil-Martín et al. Spain free election Hoole, Hoole Sri Lanka To use human rights as a religiously neutral basis for teaching engineering ethics Iino Japan To learn who engineers are and the world context of engineering work Wareham, New To participate in a general discussion of ethical theories, using these to explain the behaviour Elefsiniotis, Elms Zealand of participants, during a 2-hour workshop To recognize and analyze ethical

Conference Session

Retaining and Developing Women Faculty in STEM

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kacey Beddoes, Purdue University; Corey T Schimpf, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

productive, then you’re good to go. And if people think that you’re just off having a bunch of kids all the time and you’re not doing your work…that reflects negatively on you. But at the same time…there’s…all these guys in the department…who have kids, right? And I don’t think it’s ever reflected negatively on them that they’ve had kids.Similar concerns over stigma for women were echoed by numerous others. In fact, oneparticipant reported that she did not even tell colleagues about her pregnancy until her eighthmonth of pregnancy because she believed they would judge her negatively, and she was alreadyat a disadvantage because she had less “respect and stature” than older, male colleagues. Otherfemale participants believed

Conference Session

Programs in Support of Systems Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chet Boncek Jr, Raytheon Company

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

] Page 23.86.13Figure 6a SafelyAssembling The Prototype Figure 6b Wave Reflections and the Underlying Theory Figure 6c How It Measured Up Figures 6a- 6c Page 23.86.14 From the 2012 presentation by Walsh Middle School ‘Sound Cats’ Team Framingham, MA, [12]Figures 6c and 7a document the “Sound Cats” testing and results. Although Figure 6cstates that they did not have good performance in their testing, their design, in fact,delivered excellent performance. On competition day the Sound Cats’ design achievedthe highest voltage reading. The data also exhibits the correct shape for the voltage fall-off with distance. Theory states that the voltage should decrease by

Conference Session

Rethinking Engineering Writing

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brad Jerald Henderson, University of California, Davis

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

class’ new engineering report assignment and method. Thestudents were assigned to write a one- to two-page reflective statement responding to the promptbelow. The students were directed to target as primary audience the Dean of the College ofEngineering, with peers and the instructor being a “transparent” secondary audience. Prompt: "How and why (or why not) did your experience working on the Lego car assembly line Report Project provide you with educational benefit(s) toward developing your engineering communication skills?” Page 23.15.15To remove instructor bias from the review of student feedback, the instructor solicited

Conference Session

Experience in Assessing Technological Literacy

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denise M Wilson, University of Washington; Cheryl Allendoerfer, University of Washington; Ryan C. Campbell, University of Washington; Elizabeth Burpee; Mee Joo Kim, University of Washington- Seattle

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

application offormal rules, principles, and forms with a focus on clarity, precision, and efficiency. RhetoricalLiteracy reflects an understanding of the purpose and objectives of writing, the audience forwhom a piece is written, as well as an awareness of the author’s own ideological position and theeffect it may have. Social Literacy involves the ability to collaborate and work with others and toarticulate and even negotiate the purpose or intention of such collaboration. TechnologicalLiteracy reflects a working knowledge of communication technologies, including proper use of aword processor and formatting to support the intended communication with the reader. Thisliteracy also covers an awareness of how communication technologies promote social

Conference Session

Assessment of Student Learning 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Debra Gilbuena, Oregon State University; Audrey Briggs Champagne, University at Albany, SUNY; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

Mentoring Minority Students

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frances Carter-Johnson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Patricia Ordóñez, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras ; Renetta G. Tull, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC); Miguel Alfonso Nino, University of Maryland, Baltimore County

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

updated annually.The multi-day or two-hour workshop formats included the following information: • Overview of types and lists of graduate funding opportunities • Getting organized to successfully apply for several fellowships simultaneously • Approaching faculty for strong recommendations • Advice on how to reflect on one’s experience to write an award-winning Personal Statement • Examples of how to apply for the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship (GRFP), aimed at exposing future scholars to apply for funding from any organization and encouragement to consider NSF funding later in their careers • An introduction to the NSF GRFP application requirements (e.g. the three essays required), broader impacts, and

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan E Canney P.E., University of Colorado Boulder; Kaitlin Litchfield, University of Colorado, Boulder; Molly Victoria Shea, University of Colorado

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

- develop their identities as engineers, through greater understanding of actual practices of engineering and enculturation into these practices 11, 12.In this study, we explored the challenges students face as they worked to formulate and solve ill-defined problems in and with community members. The three emergent themes that arediscussed in this paper reflect the advantages of “project based” engineering noted in theliterature and align with the practices of development in engineering. We explored thesechallenges as students moved across contexts to make sense of a wider range of practices integralto becoming an engineer 6, 13. Page

Conference Session

Engineering Identity 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine E Winters, Virginia Tech; Holly M Matusovich, Virginia Tech; Samantha Ruth Brunhaver, Stanford University; Helen L. Chen, Stanford University; Ken Yasuhara, University of Washington, Center for Engineering Learning & Teaching (CELT); Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

they became prepared forengineering work. Findings suggest that some preparation, and particularly with regard to non-technical skills (e.g., interpersonal skills), happens after graduation while on the job14-16.Through this analysis, we seek to bridge existing knowledge by following participants throughtheir undergraduate years and on into professional practice. As students, participants were askedabout the skills they thought would be important to their future work. Several years aftergraduation participants were asked to reflect back on their academic preparation and the skillsthat are important in their current work. We build on a prior analysis by Brunhaver et al.17 thatused interview data in a longitudinal examination of students first

Conference Session

Socio-cultural Dimensions of Community Engagement

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brent K Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Anne Elizabeth Dare, Purdue University; Julia D Thompson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Tiago R Forin, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

of listening to community members, and for instructionalpurposes offers numerous case studies and poses many reflection and discussion questions.Mihelcic et al.’s Field Guide to Environmental Engineering for Development Workers: Water,Sanitation, and Indoor Air similarly emphasizes community participation.9 Yet it is somewhatmore specifically scoped as an environmental engineering field guide, with extensive technicaldiscussion of appropriate technologies for water supply and treatment, latrine building,sanitation, etc. The design firm IDEO, on the other hand, has developed a Human CenteredDesign Toolkit, which is organized around processes, methods, and tools that can be used toidentify problems and design solutions for communities in need

Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society (LEES) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig J. Gunn, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

before and internally; where to placecommas; the use of the semi-colon; punctuation with lists; and where does the punctuation go infigures and tables. A few grammar rules presented in the context of technical documentation to anengineering course at the beginning of each semester or quarter will, in most cases, eliminate manyof these mistakes.A third concern among readers of student text is the flat dull quality that comes from much of thetext that is produced by students. This quality reflects a lack of flow in the wording, a conditionsimilar to reading a list that indicates no apparent connection among the various parts of the list.This lack of connection makes a reader quickly begin to wander, sometimes becoming lost inpersonal thoughts far

Conference Session

Accreditation, Program Evaluation, and Education Resource's Impact in Latin America

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edmundo Tovar, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, CIF Q2818015F; Jorge A. Lopez-Vargas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja; Nelson O Piedra, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja; Janneth Alexandra Chicaiza, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja

Tagged Divisions

International

-learner, a higher value of betweenness reflects high availabilityof OCW resources in those areas of knowledge. It is also possible to detect groups of authorswho are providing open educational resources in that domain of knowledge. From theperspective of the universities and academic policy makers, a low betweenness value reflectsan opportunity to publish OCW resources in this area of knowledge.To the rest of continents o geographical areas, the authors did the same kind analysis. Byreasons of space we summarize briefly the results obtained:South America Table IV. Metrics of South America Metric Value Nodes

Conference Session

Outreach Along the K-12 Pathways to Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janet L. Yowell, University of Colorado Boulder; Malinda S Zarske, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jacquelyn F. Sullivan, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

advice of Schunn, modeling the engineering design cycle forchildren is an essential component for their true understanding of the concepts of engineering.5All TEAMS Club activities follow a pattern for design-based student engagement: identify theproblem, brainstorm ideas, design solutions, build a prototype device, test the device, reflect,redesign/improve the device. The value of engineering design being practiced by the volunteersand modeled for the elementary students leaves a lasting impression on both groups in terms ofengineering interest and problem-solving development.14,15This research aimed to discover the impact of the University of Colorado Boulder’s afterschoolK-12 engineering education initiative through exploring the following

Conference Session

Enhancing Engineering Management

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ana Valeria Quevedo, Universidad de Piura; Dante Arturo Guerrero, Universidad de Piura; Martin Palma, Universidad de Piura; Susana Vegas, Universidad de Piura

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

] [9].A succinct definition would be: PBL is a method of teaching and learning in which students, Page 23.715.3working in teams during a specified period of time, complete a project to solve a problemthrough the planning, design and implementation of a series of activities, through thedevelopment and application of previously acquired knowledge and the effective use ofresources. This results in experiential and reflective learning based on research for solvingcomplex problems with open solutions, generating new knowledge and developing new skills.Students are expected to assume greater responsibility for their own learning, and implement

Conference Session

Best of DEED

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Wang, University of California, Berkeley

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

-1144.4. Author. (accepted).5. MAKE. (2012). About MAKE. Retrieved from http://makezine.com/about/index.html.6. New York Hall of Science. (2010). Proceedings from the “Innovation, Education, and the Maker Movement” Workshop. Retrieved from http://www.nysci.org/media/file/MakerFaireReportFinal122310.pdf.7. Kuznetsov, K. & Paulos, E. (2010). Rise of the Expert Amateur: DIY Projects, Communities, and Cultures. Proceedings: NordiCHI 2010, 295-304.8. Resnick, M. & Silverman, B. (2005). Some reflections on designing construction kits for kids. Proceedings from IDC ‘05: The 2005 Conference on Interaction Design and Children. New York, NY: ACM.9. Dym, C. L., Agogino, A. M., Frey D. D., and Leifer, L. J. (2005). Engineering design

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching in Architectural Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allen C Estes, California Polytechnic State University; Brent Nuttall P.E., California Polytechnic State University; Jill Nelson P.E., California Polytechnic State University; Margot Kally McDonald AIA, NCARB, LEED BD+C, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo; Gregory F. Starzyk JD, Cal Poly at San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

are needed.The second objective directly supports ABET program criterion 3d, the ability to functionas a member of an interdisciplinary team.5 This second objective is much tougher toassess. The quality of the design product assists in the assessment, but does notnecessarily reflect the quality of the team. Team performance is as dependent on groupdynamics, human behavior, leadership, cooperation, shared work effort and organizationas it is on the knowledge and performance of individuals.This paper focuses on the selection and assessment of teams in this course. Variouspersonality and skills assessments were considered in the formations of teams and theThinking Style Self Preference Test was ultimately chosen. Peer ratings and course

Conference Session

Computer Based Grading and Learning Styles

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dan Cernusca, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Clayton E Price, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

computer language tocode their algorithms for the larger problems and therefore their efforts would be spent onsolving the problem.For CS 053/054, the two courses’ instructors meet weekly to coordinate instruction in two ways:1) to insure that all students in all sections have the same materials presented in like manner andat the same time, and 2) to coordinate the topics of the lab exercises to reflect the current topicsin the lectures. So doing, all students will have seen the same material presented prior to startingthe lab exercise.CS 053 is a traditional lecture course. The first lecture is used to set the stage for the rest of thesemester by going over the syllabus, how programs are submitted, and so on. All other lecturesare dedicated to

Conference Session

Assessment of Student Learning 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sabah Razouk Abro, Lawrence Technological University; Jerry Cuper, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

1 4 6 2 1 4 6 2 26 Graph 1: Distribution of assessed courses by status 11% 22% Freshman Sphomore 22% 45% Junior Senior4.2 : Direct assessment dataThe data used in direct assessment were collected over two semesters; spring 2011 and spring2012. The data do not reflect the exact same courses, but there

Conference Session

"Best" of BED

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony J McGoron, Florida International University; Hamid Shahrestani, Florida International University, BME; Michael Edward Brown, Florida International University; James Dennis Byrne, Florida International University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

project onlywith no accompanying lecture class; approximately half of the programs have a 1 semesterdesign course, 30%-40% have a 2 semester sequence. The survey reflects an increased emphasison teamwork and the preferred number of students on a team ranged from 3 to 5; the amount of Page 23.370.4effort students are expected to expend on the projects also increased from 1994 to 2005; in 200571% reported that projects were industry sponsored, 46% reported that their projects weresponsored by faculty research, and only 15% responded that projects were generated andsupported by students (respondents could choose all that apply). The authors of the

Conference Session

Creating and Maintaining Effective Communication Learning in the Curriculum

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Warren N. Waggenspack Jr., Louisiana State University; Sarah Liggett, Louisiana State University; Warren R Hull Sr. P.E., Louisiana State University; Boz Bowles, Louisiana State University; Paige Davis, Louisiana State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Informal Writing Techniques. In one engineering capstone course, students arerequired to keep an informal design notebook. Students are encouraged to use the notebooks as ameans of documenting their progress through the design process. This notebook is collected, anda portion of the notebook is graded. The professor reads 35 entries marked by the student as“quality entries.” These entries are graded on the perceived usefulness to the individual studentand the design group rather than a strict set of formal requirements. The graded portion of thesenotebooks is a relatively minor part of the notebook as a whole. Non-graded entries are risk-freeinformal writing in which the student reflects on aspects of the design process as well as thecomposition

Conference Session

"Best" of BED

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Idalis Villanueva, University of Maryland, College Park; Rachel L. Manthe, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park; Kevin M Knapstein, Bioprocess Scale-Up Facility, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

section contained anequal number of teams tackling one of the two bioengineering areas (biofuels orbiopharmaceuticals). During the first week of class, the instructor provided students with anInstitutional Review Board (IRB) knowledge pre-survey to gage the developed workshopcontent, as well as consent forms to use their curricular material for this paper. Thisinvestigation reflects findings from students that completed the consent forms.In the following weeks, students were taught about the scientific method using conceptual Page 23.413.5mapping strategies to help them identify explanatory variables, shortcomings, and expected

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University (Tech.); Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University (Tech.); Radian G Belu, Drexel University (Tech.)

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

reflect the size of the machine and thesensitivity to particular issues (e.g. large radius circles are better at highlighting machinegeometry errors, smaller circles are more sensitive to servo mismatch or lag). Figures 1, 2 and 3are exemplifying the procedures and techniques. Page 23.432.6 (a) (b) (c) (d)Figure 3 (a) Ballbar fixture adapter for EMCO CNC turning center (b) Ballbar measurement output withdifferent Quality standards. (c) Ballbar measurement output error values. (d) Ballbar error

Conference Session

Laboratory Experiences in Mechanical, Materials and Thermal Systems

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allison L. Sieving, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University; Marcia Pool, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Trisha Eustaquio, Purdue University; Rajtarun Madangopal, Purdue University; Alyssa Panitch PhD; Kate Stuart, Purdue University; Ann E Rundell, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Scott Alan Jewett

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

to an inquiry-based learning stylelaboratory to scaffold and provide coaching on the experiment design process10. While updatingthis course there were significant content changes; however, the content changes reflected theinstructors’ decision to expose students to a wider range of biotransport problems rather thantrying to modify the laboratories to fit the new model. In the new course, students work onteams to answer three open-ended problems by designing and implementing an experiment andanalyzing their collected data. For each problem, the students are expected to articulate theirexperimental approach and results through oral presentations and a written scientific report.In Fall 2010, a studio-style course on Professional Elements of

Conference Session

Assessment of Community Engagement

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Theresa M. Vitolo, Gannon University; Karinna M Vernaza, Gannon University; Barry J Brinkman, Gannon University; Scott E Steinbrink, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

asfollows: “ „Service-learning is a credit-bearing, educational experience in which students participate in an organized service activity that meets identified community needs and reflect on the service activity in such a way as to gain further understanding of course content, a broader appreciation of the discipline, and an enhanced sense of civic responsibility.‟ Robert Bringle and Julie Hatcher, “A Service Learning Curriculum for Faculty.” The Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning. Fall 1995. 112-122.”The design component of the SEECS seminar has focused on projects which apply STEMlearning to support service-learning and community-based need. However, the assessment

Conference Session

Information Tools and Techniques for Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Giovanna Badia, McGill University; April Colosimo, McGill University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

Page 23.243.8 informing. Instructions, descriptions, or links to resources for activities can remain on a slide in the web conferencing environment. Set strict time limitations and bring everyone’s attention back to the environment after exercises, otherwise participants will multi-task.5 Use questioning as an active learning technique to involve everyone via audio, chat, or with the use of a whiteboard. Be patient and wait for responses.2, 25 Decide how to manage discussions beforehand, with participants raising their hands or waiting for their turn to type or speak.26 Take time to reflect on comments and ask participants to elaborate. If you feel relaxed enough, you can prompt specific

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denise Wilson, University of Washington; Cheryl Allendoerfer, University of Washington; Mee Joo Kim, University of Washington- Seattle; Elizabeth Burpee; Rebecca A Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Tamara Floyd Smith P.E., Tuskegee University; Melani Plett, Seattle Pacific University; Nanette M Veilleux, Simmons College

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

satisfaction with the college experience than some othermajors, the source of that dissatisfaction does not appear to be reflected in a lack of involvementin extracurricular activities. In fact, undergraduate engineering majors are on par with othermajors in the amount of time spent on extracurricular activities. Extracurricular involvement caninclude a wide range of activities, which can have numerous academic and personal benefits (andsome drawbacks). However, little is known about the nature of extracurricular involvementspecifically among engineering and other STEM students, how it evolves year-to-year, and howit differs according to gender, ethnicity, and institutional culture. In this paper we analyze surveydata to examine STEM undergraduate

Conference Session

Design Teamwork

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg Kremer, Ohio University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

the capstone design experience that influence team and individual skilldevelopment include the use of collaborative project management tools, mentoring relationshipswith freshmen students in the Introduction to Mechanical Engineering Course, a checklist-basedapproach for creating an ongoing dialogue between the design teams and Industrial AdvisoryBoard project mentors, requirements to reflect on and evaluate decisions as a team, and asignificant emphasis on professional skills reinforced in an ongoing dialogue with teams andstudents. Page 23.1131.3Challenges to Developing Team Skills and Some Ideas for Overcoming ThemTeams and teamwork have