Conference Session

FPD 9: First-Year Engineering Courses, Part III: Research, Sustainability, and Professionalism

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stanley M. Forman, Northeastern University; Susan F Freeman, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

skills are deemed lacking and also to know student attitudesand perceptions to effectively devise teaching methods that will enhance skills whilesimultaneously shifting attitudes to match situational reality. The results will be drawn from asurvey of freshman having just begun their undergraduate engineering studies at a major urbanUniversity.BackgroundTo both identify the key soft skills perceived to be important and not currently being learned bythe students and to then codify classroom techniques for enhancing these skills, a multistepapproach for this investigation was started.1 A multistep approach is used because each stepdirects the next, and although these are seen as the steps now in our plan, our research may alterthese. The steps are

Conference Session

Teaching - Best Practices

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne P Hung, Texas A&M University; Wm Adam Farmer, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

processes.Nelson6 analyzed inputs from directors of ABET accredited programs to identify key technicalcompetencies for manufacturing graduates. Among 264 competencies, the highest rankedcompetencies related to quality, communication, and personal ethics. Baird7 proposed alaboratory exercise to simulate mass production environment. Although is more difficult todevelop this type of exercise compared to the traditional teaching practice, the benefit of thelatter approach is numerous since: a) It simulates industry practice, b) It develops specific hard-skill and soft-skill of students, c) It provides opportunity for lab instructor to be creative and organized, and

Conference Session

Integrating Art, Humanities, and Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adeel Khalid, Southern Polytechnic State University (ENG); Craig A Chin, Southern Polytechnic State University; Mir M. Atiqullah, Southern Polytechnic State University; John F. Sweigart P.E., Southern Polytechnic State University; Beth Stutzmann, Southern Polytechnic State University; Wei Zhou

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

; emphasis on social relevance, service learning, volunteerleadership, and collaboration. These skills can be taught without significant investment.Introduction and emphasis on more soft skills in engineering classes can help students develop Page 23.256.3these skills.In the engineering senior design courses for example, ethics and law (patent and trademark) canbe incorporated in the teachings. These could be in the form of assigned reading, case studies,videos, external lecturers, and webinars from professional organizations like ASME, IEEE, andAIAA. Moreover writing should also be much emphasized, assigned and graded. Further oraland technical

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mo Ahmadian, Eastern New Mexico University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

report about the team‘s business planat the end of the semester. Students were provided with the criteria about writing a technicalreport and inclusion of required materials.Another goal of this course was to improve student‘s soft skills. Engineering and sciencecurricula often focus on the technical abilities of students, neglecting the ―soft skills‖ that willoften determine success or failure for graduates when they enter the workforce. As an example,project management skills are often neglected in an engineering or science curriculum, requiringadditional training for those engineers who end up in management positions. Skills such as theability to lead and work effectively as a member of a team are frequently identified as critical tothe

Conference Session

Capstone and Senior Design Projects Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Byron G. Garry, South Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

advisor assessment of project success, final reports andinitial and final presentations.This research involved a small study from a single program at one University, and may not beapplicable in a wider setting. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data found, in general:  student groups who, on average, are satisfied with their preparation in the area of the soft skills like teamwork, commitment to quality, and project management may tend to do better on their projects  student groups that feel satisfied, on average, with their preparation in designing components, ability to identify problems, and ability to analyze and design systems may be less likely to do well in their projects.  student groups with

Conference Session

Enhancing Engineering Management

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Liana Bayatyan, Baruch College, City University of New York (CUNY); S. Jimmy Gandhi, California State University, Northridge

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

. Introduction A quote by John Reinert, an engineering manager at Aeroflux Microelectronics inColorado Springs, CO states, “The soft skills are just as important the engineering skills.” Thisstatement has been proven to be true for companies of all sizes, particularly for small startups,which employ a large percentage of engineers who graduate from various schools. This isbecause at a small startup company that is trying to make in-roads into a new market, using thesesoft skills are extremely important. The technical skills are the defining skills and the soft skillsare the enabling skills. These soft skills include: Oral and written presentation skills, ethics,interpersonal skills, understanding globalization, how to function on teams as well

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael L.W. Jones, PhD Candidate Faculty of Information, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Student

. Page 23.625.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 From Serious Leisure to Knowing Organizations: Information and Knowledge Management Challenges in Project-Based Learning Student Engineering TeamsIntroduction Critiques of contemporary engineering education have highlighted issues of limitedapplied and “soft” skills development [5], retention issues in STEM education [13] and concernabout a mismatch with industry demands for graduates [1]. Facing similar challenges, medical and nursing schools have leveraged problem-basedlearning (PBL) strategies where students engage medical cases collaboratively and independently,with faculty serving as

Conference Session

Experiences in Engineering Community Engagement

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farzana Ansari, University of California, Berkeley; Jennifer Wang, University of California, Berkeley; Ryan Shelby, University of California, Berkeley; Eli Patten, University of California, Berkeley; Lisa A Pruitt, University of California, Berkeley

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

moreaware of the role of leadership in engineering. Qualitative comments show these students feltthey gained influential early exposure to what a successful engineer needs, and they reportedmore active leadership roles both on campus and in industry through internships. While increasesin confidence did occur for students in the leadership module, decreases in other categoriessuggest a need for continued professional development in undergraduate engineering educationto complement technical competencies addressed during junior and senior years.IntroductionProfessional skills, such as leadership, teamwork, and communication, are necessary qualities ina successful engineer. However, these “soft skills” are often neglected in traditional

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Learning, Evaluation, and Assessment

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan M. Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

controversial and encounters stiff opposition. • Learners’ efforts vindicate our effortsThe massive effort to reform undergraduate engineering education over the past 20 years hasgenerally emphasized breadth and soft skills, inevitably at the expense of quality and depth oflearning in core subjects. One easy metric is that while the number of credit hours needed forgraduation has gone down, typically by about 8%, a number of “softer” subjects has beenintroduced, at the expense of hours devoted to core depth. Thus the core courses have beencompressed heavily, while no compression effort is evident in the “soft” courses. Thiscompression certainly came at least in part from removing items that took too long to teach orlearn. A detailed presentation of

Conference Session

Computers and Learning

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hoda Baytiyeh, American University of Beirut

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

solvingskills. In fact, it has been shown that engineer graduates possess adequate theoretical knowledgeand technical skills, but noticeably weak creativity and innovation. Interpersonal and personalskills in leadership, management, and multidisciplinary teamwork were found to be the mostoverlooked aptitudes in college despite their importance in work settings 25. With the availableWeb 2.0 applications, users can work collaboratively while chatting and conversing online. Suchfeatures help students enhance their team work skills including their oral and writing skills. Inaddition to technical knowledge and hard skills, engineers should possess soft skills in personaland interpersonal behavior to meet current employment market standards

Conference Session

Trends and Applications in Curricula and the Capstone Experience

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel M. Dulaski PE, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

experience (3 since graduation andat least one year of co-op) and the most recent graduates had 1.5 years of experience (0.5 sincegraduation and at least one year of co-op). Most students have 1.5 years of co-op; however, thefirst experience happens so early in their academic career that it was not included in their “real-world” experience.Out of the 63 surveyed, 24 responses were received or approximately 38% of the total. Thequestions were divided into three major “groups”, namely, overall experience, projectrequirements, and soft-skills developed. The practitioners had five options for responding to thequestions – “identical, almost identical, similar, different, and not applicable.”When asked “how well did the capstone experience emulate your

Conference Session

Classes in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nihad Dukhan PhD, University of Detroit Mercy; Nassif E Rayess, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

, growing population, looming energy shortages, health, securityand environmental problems. These have called for changes in engineering curricula to prepareengineers for the future.Realizing these facts, many engineering, education and governmental agencies, such as theAccreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), National Academy ofEngineering (NAE), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the AmericanSociety of Engineering Education (ASEE), all point at the increasing importance of the none-technical skills (sometimes referred to soft skills) of graduating engineering. Such skills thatallow graduates to comprehend the complex interdependence between engineering as aprofession and society were referred to as ‘contextual

Conference Session

Communication, Professional Development, and the Engineering Ambassador Network

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine Talbot; Michael Alley, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Melissa Marshall, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Christine Haas, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Sarah E Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Joanna K. Garner, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

opportunity to create a presentation about Air Liquide’s internal social network - EA gave me the confidence to attempt such a task. Soon enough, word of my presentation made it to the Head Office in Paris, France. Because of this international exposure so early in my career, I quickly began to make a name for myself. Since last year I have been able to present before executives, meet with senior management from Paris, attend several exclusive meetings and receptions, manage the internal social network that I presented, and now work directly for the Chief Operating Officer (COO) of the company. Without both the hard skills (presentation development, communication techniques, etc.) and soft skills

Conference Session

Capstone Projects, Design Projects, and Teamwork

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael W. Prairie, Norwich University; Gregory Wight P.E., Norwich University; Peter Kjeer, Harvard University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

, he said “are you kidding?” and then explained how he doubtedhe could get better hands-on engineering learning than what he was already getting. Assessmentfor the next implementation of this project will be more formalized, and formative assessmentthrough a reflection assignment will likely be the instrument used. This appears to be anappropriate instrument for assessing the professional or “soft” skills within the small sample size(N ~ 80) that spans the three disciplines at Norwich University. Questions will be formulated toevoke responses regarding the communication process between teams, the allocation of (or“negotiation” for) requirements between the subsystems, and the role of individual contributionsto the larger project.Another

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Branimir Pejcinovic, Portland State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

instructor lecturing. Our attempts to introduce video materials, either asrecordings of live lectures or as videos covering special topics, were not very effective. Workingwith teammates appears to not have worked well in the 2nd term but that seems contradicted bythe results for the class project which was judged to be effective in both terms.V. Lessons learned and future workBased on the results presented above, we drew some preliminary conclusions and observations: • Students feel more confident in their technical skills than in “soft skills” of writing reports and reading technical literature. We will address this by a different approach to writing assignments where students will be asked to submit revisions of the drafts

Conference Session

Experiences in Engineering Community Engagement

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edmund Tsang, Western Michigan University; Darrell G. Harden II, Michigan Department of Transportation; Danielle Elise Larson- Jaramillo, Western Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

includes education, encouragement,engineering, enforcement, and evaluation (5 E’s).The community partners for the SRTS service-learning design project are the MichiganDepartment of Transportation (MDOT) and K-8 schools.Learning through ServiceLearning through Service (LTS) has found currency as a pedagogy among engineering educatorsto help students develop the “soft” skills of teamwork and communication as well as awarenessof societal impact of engineering solutions. There are many forms of LTS programs5: Purdue’sUniversity’s Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS) is a multi-year and multi-disciplinary service-learning programs that are vertically integrated; service-learning isembedded into the entire engineering program at the

Conference Session

Research Initiatives

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lynn Albers, North Carolina State University; Elizabeth A Parry, North Carolina State University; Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

and graduates improve their soft skills as well as develop successful out-of-school time (OST) programs. The partnership that was created between NCSU and the K-12community has not only benefited the three initial stakeholders but has also benefited theuniversity and the K-12 school.The permission to fund undergraduates with the grant was grandfathered into the program from apre-existing condition. Also, with additional funding from GE, the program was able to hireundergraduates from the College of Education. Mixing undergraduates from the College ofEducation with the College of Engineering proved to be a win-win situation in itself. The Page

Conference Session

State of Manufacturing

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hugh Jack, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

. Certainly a broad understanding of the basic processes is important, but industry area may be regional in focus.• Most job openings are currently in Mechatronics and CNC programming. Need to have problems solving skills, work as part of a team, soft skills like being on time, and communicating well.• Real world experienced educators teaching usable / applicable subjects. Not the typical PHD no real world profs teaching abstract theories or impractical subjects.• Automation, quality, lean, CAD/CAM, robotics, team work, ethics, projects• Manufacturing Processes taught by Laboratory projects• Ability to make well-rounded decisions.• Ability to use specific decision-making tools.• Ability to estimate and create budgets

Conference Session

Capstone Design

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

E James Nelson, Brigham Young University; Tatevik Christensen; Fernando S Fonseca, Brigham Young University; A. Woodruff Miller, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

final hands-on project whichaccording to Wagener [5] attempts to integrate, extend, critique, and apply the knowledge gained Page 23.539.2in the major.In today’s world many professors and college graduates have observed that it takes more thantechnical expertise to be a successful professional. A wide range of nontechnical skills areessential: leadership, teamwork, problem solving, decision making, critical thinking,interpersonal communication, and management. These types of skills are often referred to as“soft skills.” To help students develop both soft and technical skills, the objectives of a capstonecourse, project, or experience should

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William J. Schell IV P.E., Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

the importance ofinstilling this behavior in society, it is critical that engineering educators and researcherscontinue to seek out effective approaches. This article reviews the quest to find such anapproach in a redesigned industrial engineering course at Montana State University (MSU).Literature ReviewThe literature investigating how college students in general and engineering students in particularcan learn and apply the concepts of ethics is considerable. While some writing laments the lackof ethics focus in current engineering programs,6,7 most continue to seek more effective ways toincorporate ethical training into engineering education.7,8,9 Why are engineering educators sofocused on this soft skill? Of course, there are the external

Conference Session

Involving Undergraduates in Research

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yusuf A Mehta, Rowan University; Ralph Alan Dusseau P.E., Rowan University; Ravi P. Ramachandran, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

and approaches. While studying as an undergraduate I hadtaken classes in civil engineering materials, transportation engineering and pavement design,which provided me a working knowledge to preparing me for career. The clinics expanded myunderstanding of the material and introduced me to new material like reclaimed asphaltpavement, warm mix asphalt, modified binders, which typically aren’t discussed in detail inclass. Furthermore the clinics provided an opportunity to hone my soft skills by writing projectreports and presenting our research and designs to our clients and other professors. Byperforming hands on testing and analysis as an undergraduate I gained a deeper understandingof testing results which has helped me extensively in my

Conference Session

Engineering Leadership Development Division Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Simon Pitts, Northeastern University; Steve McGonagle, Northeastern University; Steven W Klosterman, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

-assessment and a leadership capabilities framework linked tointeractive leadership laboratories (LLabs). This is part of a curriculum that also includes theteaching of best practices in effective product development and the scientific principlesunderlying major engineering disciplines. Experience-based practice and mastery of methods isgained via the Challenge Project, an intense, tightly-scheduled, deliverable-orienteddemonstration of human leadership, project and resource management and engineering problemsolving.The Gordon Engineering Leadership Program (GEL), in the graduate school of engineering atNortheastern University, targets the development of the soft skills, organizational awareness andtechnical agility key to mastering leadership in an

Conference Session

Capstone Design Courses and Tools in support of Systems Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aditya Akundi, RIMES, University of Texas at El Paso; Eric D Smith, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

professional recognition and be valued for their hard analytical and creative abilities and soft skills and multi-disciplinary education and research.5. IMSE Graduates will collaborate and generate benefits for their communities, profession, and the world.7, ASSESSMENT RUBRICSChapter 8 of the GRCSE provides guidance for developing assessment rubrics to ensurethat graduate programs achieve their intended outcomes.Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS)The 2011 formulation of a Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs) Matrix for programassessment that would meet the requirements of the Southern Association of Colleges andSchools (SACS) represents the formal organization of the understanding as to howprogram courses and activities contribute

Conference Session

Laboratory Experiences in Signal Processing and Controls

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bonnie H. Ferri, Georgia Institute of Technology; Aldo A. Ferri, Georgia Institute of Technology; Kenneth A Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

objectives vs others.The experiment gives students exposure to Instrumentation, Models, Experimentation, and DataAnalysis (objectives 1-4 of Feisel and Rosa8). The use of a guitar string as the vehicle forlearning allows the students to develop Psychomotor (the ability to actually touch andmanipulate the device) and Sensory Awareness (objectives 8 and 12, respectively.) The exercisealso helps reinforce “soft skills that are so important in professional practice: Safety,Communication, Teamwork, Ethics (objectives 9 – 12). Tuning, fret positioning, the tone controlcircuit relate to Design (objective 5). Finally, although not intentional, students will sometimesget exposure to objective 6: Learning from Failure. The portability and affordability

Conference Session

Distance Learning and Online Teaching Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University; Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Homework assignments are not graded but must be worked thoroughly by the studentsto prepare for a follow up quiz given to the students in one week upon receiving the relatedassignment. This approach of assessing student's knowledge has been tested for severalconsecutive years and proved to be very effective in student’s comprehension of a subject taught.The other assessment tools used in the EM course are the midterm and final examinations, andstudents presentations. Due to globalization, the development of the student soft skills isbecoming an integral part of the curriculum in most universities. In most of classes offered in theSchool of Technology at Michigan Tech, students are required to research and present atechnical journal paper on topics

Conference Session

Experience in Assessing Technological Literacy

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian P Kirkmeyer, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

Page 23.1317.5heavy metal‟s creation and evolution, and combine that with the expansion and perception of thegenre in America and around the world. In this way, the course represents many of the tenets ofliberal education promoted at the university at which it is offered: the arts, humanities, socialcommentary, global culture, communication through music, science and technologicalinnovation. It is one of only a few courses at its home university that legitimately bridges thegap between STEM fields and the “soft skills” that have become so valued in industry. There isno math used in the course, and as such the audience spans majors from engineering to art toeducation to business.The five course outcomes for this course are:1. Students will

Conference Session

Hands-on/Experiential Learning

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daria A Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado Boulder; Chiang Shih, Florida A&M University/Florida State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

designing engineering solutions under cultural constraints waspositively impacted in ways that would not change over time.AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank the U.S.-Brazil Partnership Program and the U.S.Department of Education, as well as the Brazil Ministry of Education for the funds that Page 23.643.15have supported this educational experience.Bibliography1. Del Vitto, C. (2008) Cross-cultural ‘soft skills’ and the global engineer: Corporate best practices and trainer methodologies, Online Journal for Global Engineering Education, 3(1) 1-9.2. Downey, G., Lucena, J., Moskal, B., Parkhurst, R., Bigley, T., Hays, C., Jesiek, B. Kelly, L

Conference Session

Biological and Agricultural Engineering Education Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abby M Kelly, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; David Jones, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Roger Michael Hoy, University of Nebraska; Evan Curtis, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Angela Kaye Pannier, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Richard R. Stowell P.E., University of Nebraska, Lincoln

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

, businessand soft skills, and teamwork, specifically with diverse and interdisciplinary groups2. Anemphasis on these skills as well as a more rapid method of developing them is needed within thesenior capstone design sequence.Like other universities, we have found that our traditional approach to the teaching of capstonedesign is not addressing all of the challenges discussed above. As a means to begin to addressthese issues, our department implemented a two-week rapid design challenge (RDC), similar tothe challenge developed by Bucknell University1. The RDC was adapted to better suit our needsand initially implemented in the spring of 2010. The challenge has been conducted four timesand critically evaluated after each semester. Here, we present our

Conference Session

Introducing New Methodologies and the Incoming Students to Engineering Programs

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Salahuddin Qazi, State University of New York, Institute of Tech.; Adeel Khalid, Southern Polytechnic State University (ENG); Qaiser H Malik, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Pakistan University

Tagged Divisions

International

://4h.missouri.edu/resources/materials/docs/LG732.pdf35. Shank, P. (2005). The value of multi-media in learning. Adobe Design Center. Retrieved from http://www.adobe.com/fr/designcenter/thinktank/valuemedia/The_Value_of_Multimedia.pdf36. Pulko, S. H., & Parikh, S. (2002). Teaching “soft” skills to engineers. International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education, 40(4), 241-54.37. Brint, S., Cantwell, A., & Hanneman, R. (2008). Two cultures: Undergraduate academic engagement. Research in Higher Education, 49(5), 383-402.38. Carini, R. K., Kuh, G., & Klein, S. (2006). Student engagement and student learning: Testing the linkages. Research in Higher Education, 47(1), 1-32.39. Ewell, P. T. (2002). An analysis of relationships between

Conference Session

Best of DEED

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Wang, University of California, Berkeley

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, 26(3), 27-39.25. Committee on K-12 Engineering Education. (2009). Summary. In L. Katehi, G. Pearson, and M. Feder (Eds.), Engineering in K-12 Education: Understanding the Status and Improving the Prospects (pp. 1-14). Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.26. Bamberger, Jeanne. 1991. The laboratory for making things. In D. Schon, ed., The Reflective Turn: Case Studies in and on Educational Practice. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.27. Kumar, S. and Hsiao, J.K. (2007). Engineers learn “soft skills the hard way”: Planting a seed of leadership in engineering classes. Leadership and Management in Engineering, 7(1), 18-23.28. Tsang, E., Van Haneghan, J., Johnson, B., Newman, E. J., & Van Eck, S. (2001). A report on