Conference Session

Relevance of and Models for Community Engagement in Engineering Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan McCahan, University of Toronto; Holly K. Ault, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Edmund Tsang, Western Michigan University; Mark R. Henderson, Arizona State University, Polytechnic; Spencer P. Magleby, Brigham Young University; Annie Soisson, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

variability as the curricularpositioning of the program.Group size and composition also vary from a single student to large, multi-disciplinary teamsincluding both technical and non-technical majors (dimension 6). There is no minimum thresholdon the size or scope of projects that may be considered as valuable LTS experiences. As suchdimensions 5 and 6 have no optimal threshold or goal (in contrast to dimensions 1 through 4).The dimensions in table 2 simply describe the characteristics of a program. Faculty or schoolswho are starting LTS programs may find it easier to begin at the left side of these dimensions andevolve to the right. These dimensions also serve as a point of discussion for faculty teamsinvolved in, or planning to get involved in LTS

Conference Session

Pedagogical Advancements in Engineering Management

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Jimmy Gandhi, Stevens Institute of Technology; Brian Sauser, Stevens Institute of Technology; Brian E. White, Complexity Are Us - Systems Engineering Strategies; Alex Gorod, Visiting Fellow, University of Adelaide; Vernon Ireland, University of Adelaide

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

categories, e.g., Program Management (primarily Planning), (narrow-sense,traditional, or conventional Systems Engineering, as opposed to CSE), and Change Management.Under Planning, there are many possible nuances, and those that are the most relevant in the casestudy should be given some prominence. For example, one must plan for Contingencies and howinformation will be management, especially regarding the Sharing of Information and Infor-mation Security. Attention must be allocated to an overall guiding Strategy and the expenditureof Resources, to include classically, Staffing, particularly contributing Roles, and the Budgetwhich often is revised based upon continually incremental funding. Compared to conventionalSE, in CSE one should strive to

Conference Session

Technological Literacy and Technological Policy

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Boz Bowles, Louisiana State University; Paige Davis, Louisiana State University; Warren N. Waggenspack Jr., Louisiana State University; Barbara A. Heifferon, Louisiana State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

established the need to better prepareengineers to operate on the global stage. Also, many other publications, most notably theAccreditation Board of Engineering and Technology (ABET), 4,5,6,7 have emphasized theimportance of improving communication skills of engineering students. At LSU, all three of Page 25.1445.2these needs have been acknowledged and addressed in the College of Engineering’s “Five-YearStrategic Plan: 2010-2015.” 8With these challenges in mind, our university developed a study-abroad program, EncounterEngineering in Europe (E3), in which students traveled to Germany in the summer of 2010 totour factories, plants, and universities, as

Conference Session

ETD Design II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John L. Irwin, Michigan Technological University; David Wanless, Michigan Technological University; Paul Sanders, Michigan Technological University; Scott W. Wagner, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Figure 1: Kolb model of experiential learningUniversity Community NeedsThe leading factor in the development of a capstone project for ET students is to satisfy the goalsstated in the University strategic plan, where at Michigan Technological University the goalstates that the education experience will enrich lives and improve our world throughinterdisciplinary endeavors that span engineering, sciences and arts, technology, forestry, andbusiness.5 Not unlike many University missions, visions, strategic plans, and goals this planconveys good intentions, but lacks in direction or means to achieve those goals. The action planto achieve the goals becomes a task of the departments or program areas while planningcurriculum reform and revision through

Conference Session

Preparing Engineering Students for the Global Workplace

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine T. Amelink, Virginia Tech; Nicole P. Sanderlin, Virginia Tech; Elizabeth M. Tront, Virginia Tech; Joseph G. Tront, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

International

would provide information that would help us begin to determine whether programoutcomes and goals were being met. During the fall semester prior to the 2011 spring RSAPcourse, an assessment plan was identified to provide information that would inform futureprogram design. Following approval from the Institutional Review Board, current students andthe 2008 cohort of RSAP students were identified as the sample for this study. Among current students we wanted to examine how they developed the culturalcompetencies that we identified as important in a global engineering context. To do this we hadstudents engage in a writing activity. Students were assigned to answer a brief essay question atthe beginning of the semester and then were

Conference Session

BIM and Virtual Construction Environments

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julian H. Kang, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

representation of construction project for productivityimprovement. Students taking these BIM class gain knowledge of using BIM for projectacquisition, construction planning, and project control.One of the best ways to teach students BIM is to provide them with an opportunity to put theirhands on it. Unlike other subject matters, it is not easy to pick up the BIM skill unless they havea chance to use BIM applications. In order to understand how BIM can improve productivity inconstruction, students need to get exposed to several BIM applications and learn how to create a3D model, how to detect clashes between building components, and how to create a 4Dconstruction sequence to visually present the construction schedule. Students taking our BIMclass learn

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University; John-David S. Yoder, Ohio Northern University; Briana B. Morrison, Southern Polytechnic State University; Fong K. Mak, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

documentation of course improvements made because of the assessment process. This section is used to list any substantive changes made for the current offering of the course and cites, as appropriate, the source of the improvement (e.g., recommendations from a previous FCAR document, an action plan for addressing observed shortcomings, or minutes of a committee meeting). These documented references are valuable as they allow for each modification to be traced back to its source, thereby providing proof of their systematic utilization as input to the continuous improvement process as called for by ABET Criterion 4. By combining this information with the relevant portions of the referenced items, one can easily demonstrate how the

Conference Session

Graduate Education and Undergraduate Research-related Issues

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher M Greene, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST)

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

with robotics, college,STEM majors, and being an underrepresented student. The goal of this program was to getunderrepresented student interested in going to college and majoring in a STEM discipline.Project Lead The WayOver the summer there was a two part program, Project Lead The Way (or PLTW) , that bringsteachers into the institute to learn different teaching methods and styles in attempt to get them toincorporate the knowledge gained in their lesson plans. PLTW is a STEM education innovatorin middle and high schools across the country. One set of teachers come in one day and anotherset visit another day2. One of the highlights of the program is that it allows faculty todemonstrate different teaching methodologies and it also allows

Conference Session

Construction Curriculum Development

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Michael Korman P.E., California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Lonny G. Simonian, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Contracting Contracting Contracting Contracting ConstructionSubject Construction Construction Construction ManagementMatter Management Management ManagementProject Construction Construction Construction No textbook No textbookControls Planning and Planning and Planning and Scheduling – Scheduling – Scheduling – The The The Associated Associated Associated General General General Contractors of Contractors of Contractors America America of AmericaConstruction

Conference Session

Capstone Projects and Experiential Learning

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

industry. The projectPrincipal Investigators will share their knowledge and expertise in digital logic curriculumdevelopment by offering this professional development opportunity to interested facultymembers at similar institutions as part of the dissemination plan. II. Faculty WorkshopThe goal of this workshop is to combine technical information from the vendor training withpractical curriculum planning and strategies for developing courses like those developed atMichigan Tech University under this project. The participating faculty members learnintroductory material on the impact of teaching engineering technology students relevant skills inhardware modeling and FPGA design. In subsequent sessions, the faculty members learnfundamental concepts

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-college Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald L. Carr, Purdue University; Heidi A. Diefes-Dux, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, usually portrayed by drawing plans or performing specific parts of the engineering design process, an implied client or public use is intended. • Technician – Computer or electronic technician portrayed by a person fixing something electronic. • Design/Create Single – Hobbies, crafts, and designs for personal use or making one object for a specific person. • Tradesman – Carpenters, plumbers, welders, etc. where a person is fixing something that is not mechanical. • Mechanic – Fixing a vehicle, engine, machine or something else that is mechanical. • Laborer/Builder – Building houses, roads or buildings through physical labor and other forms of manual labor not covered in other categories

Conference Session

Going Viral: Effective Instructional Techniques in an Online Environment

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Blair J. McDonald, University of Texas, Pan American

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, developing one might be good…for the studentsand the program.SituationA Civil Engineering Program was recently introduced in a College with five other wellestablished and supportive engineering departments. The new program immediately experiencedunpredicted growth. After the first year the three new professors hired to operate the programfound themselves trying to advise 237 declared majors at the same time they were learning allthe ins and outs of a new campus and a new degree plan. The time for helping students “one onone” quickly disappeared. Not all of the 237 students were Rhodes Scholars, in fact, many haddeficiencies of some sort and some found ways to enroll in courses well above their academicability.A quick inventory of program resources

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Education in Engineering Technology

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Hutzel, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mark Shaurette, Purdue University; Brian William Loss J.D., Purdue University; Kevin Rodgers LEED AP, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Balance Communications Affordability Home Entertainment The “Affordability” contest was particularly compelling for 2011. To emphasize theimportance of cost effective net zero energy construction, the DOE imposed a cost ceiling of$250,000 on all homes and hired an estimating firm to conduct independent appraisals. Homesthat were over budget got penalized on a pro-rated basis.Solar Decathlon Competition A paper presented at the 2011 ASEE Annual Conference discussed our team’s organizationalstrategy and planning for the Solar Decathlon through 2010.3 By the spring of 2011, work hadshifted to construction planning, including ideas for disassembly and transporting

Conference Session

Current Issues in Construction Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth J. Tiss AIC, CPC, State University of New York

Tagged Divisions

Construction

AC 2012-4801: DEVELOPING CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT EDU-CATORS: IS INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, AND EVAL-UATION THE KEY?Mr. Kenneth J. Tiss AIC, CPC, State University of New York Mr. Kenneth J. Tiss, AIC, CPC is an instructor in the Department of Sustainable Construction Manage- ment at SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry. His research areas are in undergraduate and graduate education, curriculum, construction project management, construction safety, planning and scheduling, and equipment and methods. Page 25.426.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012

Conference Session

Software and Web-based Learning in ECE

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anahita Zarei, University of the Pacific; Jinzhu Gao, University of the Pacific; Jason Roy Ortiz; Alan Joe

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

developed that would compare the user's answer with the solution andaccept it as a correct answer if the difference is within a small error margin due to rounding. Inorder for students to save their progress while working through the problems, a MySQL databasewas employed to house the information.EvaluationIn the preparation of our evaluation plan, we considered the guidelines of several programdirectors in NSF's Division of Undergraduate Education described in [12]. The goal ofevaluation plan was to measure the changes in cognitive and affective behavior. Measuring thechanges in cognitive behavior is in accordance with the project’s first objective of increasingstudents' understanding of concept of random variables. Evaluating the changes in

Conference Session

Four Pillars of Manufacturing Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David L. Wells, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

satisfying customers’ needs for value purchasing.Manufacturing Engineering is a bottom-up discipline, based upon a strong foundation of scienceand mathematics. The linchpin is comprehensive understanding of the science of the interactionsbetween tool and workpiece. The production system of the factory is built on this foundation,with all design and operating decisions emanating from fundamental principles of the physicsand chemistry (and more recently, the biology) of materials processing. ManufacturingEngineering is also a design profession, where practitioners are required to make decisions tocreate processing plans and production systems based on both fundamental analysis and the

Conference Session

Course and Curriculum Development

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

AJ Hamlin, Michigan Technological University; Jean-Celeste M. Kampe, Michigan Technological University; Amy E. Monte, Michigan Technological University; Brett Hamlin, Michigan Technological University; Douglas E. Oppliger, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

policy. This pathway also is used for traditional disciplines forwhich we have expertise but not a formal degree program.The pre-approved BSE pathways are 1) Industrial and Service Systems Engineering and 2) Page 25.211.2Geospatial Engineering. The Industrial and Service Systems Engineering pathway emphasizesanalysis, design, optimization, and the planning and management of manufacturing and servicesector operations, including human factors. The courses for this pathway are from ServiceSystems Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Business, and the Social Sciences. TheGeospatial Engineering pathway was defined to integrate a variety of

Conference Session

Design in Freshman and Sophomore Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gail Hohner, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Jennifer Wegner, University of Michigan; Moses K. Lee, University of Michigan; Amy Frances Goldstein, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, expectancy and anxiety.We plan to follow this group of students through their first year of engineering and re-evaluatenear the end of the academic year.educational outcomesAt Michigan Engineering, students are encouraged to work across engineering disciplines andbuild competencies beyond engineering. In addition to providing students with a superiortechnical education, Michigan Engineering is committed to teaching students the value ofcreativity, teamwork, and engineering design. The design immersion program is intended tointroduce incoming students to these key aspects of the Michigan Engineering curriculum andculture, and to offer them direct experience with the creative process of engineering. Aninnovative experience , the program provides

Conference Session

Focus on Elementary

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremy V. Ernst, Virginia Tech; Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University; Elizabeth A. Parry, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

in Elementary Schools is a two-year research project fundedby the National Institutes of Health. The Engineering Design Models in ElementarySchools project model is comprised of teacher professional development, cross-curriculargrade level teacher planning, and ongoing programmatic alignment. The teacherprofessional development phase provides implementation strategy including ensuringfoundational understanding of Engineering, Science and Technology, using engineeringas a core subject integration tool, using recording and assessment tools to documentstudent process and learning outcomes. Additionally the teacher professionaldevelopment involves implementing problem based learning approaches andunderstanding competency alignment with an

Conference Session

Innovative Course Developments in Construction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suat Gunhan, University of Texas, San Antonio; Yilmaz Hatipkarasulu, University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Construction

MEPdrawings are then highlighted and the procedures for their analysis are presented in a systematicorder including the differentiating aspects of various systems. The laboratory portion of themodule concentrates on performing quantity takeoff, digital or manual, where the results aretranslated into work scope sheets. The paper further explains the detailed scope identificationmethodology for each system and their integration into estimating course context.IntroductionConstruction science and management graduates are expected to work in a dynamic workenvironment performing various tasks including planning, estimating, scheduling, and managingthe construction process. The graduates are also expected to be familiar with work scopes for allconstruction

Conference Session

Research Projects, Course Development, and Industry Issues

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Bodenhamer, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Ivan G. Guardiola, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Steven Michael Corns; Cihan H. Dagli, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

, schedule, and technological performance of a designed system Technical Management  Describe and discuss the necessary management articles necessary to Plan oversee a complex engineering system  Plan analysis and design activities, manufacturing operations, integration and test  Plan reviews, configuration freezes, verification activities  Prepare and track performance to budgets  Create a work breakdown structure that represents the execution of the systems engineering effort.  Create

Conference Session

Faculty Career Development

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamela S. Frinzi, Southern Polytechnic State University; Rebecca Hudson Rutherfoord, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Page 25.1485.5dominated. We need to educate our female faculty about ways to overcome these stereotypes.Program History and DevelopmentIn 2009, SPSU developed its new three year strategic plan that is in effect from 2010 to 2013.11This strategic plan has three major goals – one (Goal 3) of which is “To increase the sense ofcommunity within the University and between the University and the region.” One of themajor objectives (Objective 3.2) under this goal is “Increase the diversity and inclusiveness ofthe University community”. As part of the plan, each objective has a set of key indicators (oractions) that would indicate how this objective (and goal) would be met. Two of the keyindicators for objective 3.2 are: 1) Increase the percentage

Conference Session

Factors Affecting Student Performance

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica R. McCormick, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Eugenia Fernandez, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Danny King, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

on probation will stay on continued probation until their cumulativeGPA reaches a 2.0.In order to intervene early for students on probation, the advisors in the NSAAC developed andimplemented a two-step action plan: mandatory attendance at a workshop focused on improving Page 25.1206.6academic success and goal setting, and a follow-up appointment with each advisee. Theworkshop began at the start of the Fall 2010 semester. Students were able to choose from anumber of one-hour face-to-face workshops offered multiple times throughout the semester.Days and times varied so students were able to choose an offering that fit their schedules best.An

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students - Diversity and Assessment

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sylvanus N. Wosu, University of Pittsburgh; Devdas M. Pai, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, Minorities in Engineering

Award, 1998, and the ASEE College Industry Partnerships Division Best Session Award, 1997. Page 25.68.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 A MODEL FOR DIVERSITY AND EQUITY: DIVERSITY IN ENGINEERING GRADUATE EDUCATIONAbstractA model of Diversity and Equity for building inclusive excellence in graduate engineeringeducation is proposed as a systemic action plan for achieving high diversity and equity impactsin women and underrepresented minority (URM) STEM graduate education. The proposedmodel is implemented through the following six strategic dimensions

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Education and K-12

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles S. Wasson, Wasson Strategics, LLC

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

. Page 25.1227.2 • Paradigm Shift- A transformational change driven externally by: 1) the marketplace or technology, or 2) internally through visionary leadership to advance state of the practice or being from one paradigm to another over a planned period of time. • System Engineering - “The multi-disciplined application of analytical, mathematical, and scientific principles to formulating, selecting, and developing a solution that has acceptable risk, satisfies user operational need(s), and minimizes development and life cycle costs while balancing stakeholder interests.” [2]INTRODUCTIONOne of the challenges of industrial enterprises operating in a highly competitive global economyis the capability to

Conference Session

Service as an Element of Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Rippon, Arizona State University; James Collofello, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

activities intolocal K-8 classrooms as a means to reinforce the students’ math and science learning. Bydeveloping activities and utilizing preexisting activities that complement the state math andscience standards, the ASU’s Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering is impacting K-8 studentlearning through training teacher candidates (student teachers) how to incorporate these activitiesin the classrooms to which they are assigned. As may be obvious, the mechanics involved indelivering such an innovative and far-reaching initiative as this involves many individual, yetinteractive pieces. While planning for the collaboration, there were seven major areas ofconsideration.  The Teachers’ College iTeach Program  The development and/or adaptation of

Conference Session

Engineering and Technological Literacy: Past and Future

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven R. Walk, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

States has remained at aboutone half hour since the automobile became the main choice of personal mobility a century ago.This identified invariant is practical and useful, for example, in the design and planning ofautomobiles. The advice to automobile manufacturers is that seat design need onlyaccommodate the average drive, about 30 minutes. This example and other results from studiesof transportation technology histories can provide insight into the design, adoption, andproductivity of telecommuting and „virtual workplace‟ strategies envisioned to be part of thefuture R&D organization and operation.An example of invariant behavior is evident in the consistent trajectories of human exploration,whether terrestrial or extra-terrestrial (see

Conference Session

Computer and Informtion Technology-related Issues

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Se Jun Song, Texas A&M University, College Station

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Ventures Figure 4. Project Team and Supporting Team ProgramAs shown in Figure 4, the preliminary project team consists of two or three EET/TETundergraduate students and one program mentor. The mentor is a supporting team programmember student from either Business School students or previous EET/TET project teammembers. The EET/TET undergraduate students will have primary responsibility for theapplication software design. The mentor student will be tasked to coach marketing strategies andbusiness plan development for project teams. Faculty advisors from each college will mentor theproject team. They will provide technical guidance and development expertise to the team vialectures and seminars. At the end of the semester, some of

Conference Session

Examining Problem-based Learning

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Z. Meyer, Illinois Institute of Technology; James Kedvesh; Joy Kubarek-Sandor, John G. Shedd Aquarium; Cheryl L. Heitzman, Illinois Institute of Technology; Sima Ala Faik, Illinois Institute of Technology; Yaozhen Pan, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, however, has notbeen easy6-9. The interest in promoting inquiry-based teaching has certainly generated actualinstances of inquiry-based instruction - specific curricula and instructional plans. Thesehave limits, though, as specific examples rather than broader concepts. In reviewing thestate of inquiry as an organizing theme of science education, Anderson stresses “teachershave to be the focal point of a move towards more inquiry-oriented science education”4.Our concern, therefore, lies with what conceptual resources have been provided tosupport teachers in enacting inquiry. At the other end of the spectrum from specificinstructional plans, well articulated, abstract goals have been established. Thoseembedded in the various standards documents

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering: Trends and Tools

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy A. Doughty, University of Portland; Steven O'Halloran, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

1.83 associated hardware. 2. I would value seeing applications of data 4.03 4.19 4.09 acquisition in many of my courses. 3. I would value using data acquisition in my lab 4.05 4.22 4.12 courses 4. It is important to reinforce theoretical concepts learned in lecture with lab 4.50 4.26 4.40 experiences involving the same topics 5. I plan to use data acquisition (position measurement, strain measurement, 3.92 4.22 4.05